Isi-Esperanto - kuyini? Ulimi lwamazwe ngamazwe lwesi-Esperanto

Mhlawumbe, okungenani uma wonke umuntu ezwile nge-Esperanto - ulimi oluvamile, olwenzelwe ukuba lulimini lonke. Futhi nakuba emhlabeni kuze kube manje abantu abaningi bakhuluma isiShayina, lokhu kusungulwa udokotela wasePoland kunomlando wayo kanye nemibono. Lapho kwakukhona i-Esperanto, yikuphi lokhu okushiwo yizilimi, ngubani oyisebenzisayo - funda ngokuqhubekayo, futhi sizophendula yonke le mibuzo.

Ithemba lokuqonda okufanayo

Mhlawumbe, kusukela ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo waseBabel, isintu sibhekene nobunzima obuhlobene nokuntula ukuqonda inkulumo yabanye abantu.

I-Esperanto yenzelwe ukusiza ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu abavela emazweni ahlukene namasiko. Lanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1887 nguDkt. Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof (1859-1917). Wasebenzisa igama elithi "udokotela wase-Esperanto", okusho ukuthi "othembayo." Ngakho igama le-brainchild lakhe lavela, okuyinto ayenza ngokucophelela kule minyaka. Ulimi lwamazwe ngamazwe lwesi-Esperanto kufanele lusetshenziswe njengolimi olungathathi hlangothi lapho ukhuluma phakathi kwabantu abangazi izilimi zomunye nomunye.

Unayo ngisho nefulegi lakhe siqu. Kubonakala kanje:

Ulimi olwenziwe ngokolimi lwesi- Esperanto lulula kakhulu ukufunda kunezilimi ezivamile zesizwe, okwakusungulwa ngokwemvelo. Ukuklama kwayo kuhlelekile futhi kuyaqondakala.

Silulumagama

Ngeke kube ukunyanyisa ukusho nge-Esperanto, ukuthi yi- hodgepodge eyakhiwe yezilimi ezinkulu zaseYurophu. UDkt. Zamenhof wathatha njengamazwi angempela ngempela endalo yakhe. Amazwi angama-75% wesilulumagama avela ezilimini zesiLatini ne-Romance (ikakhulukazi isiFulentshi), ama-20% angamaJalimane (isiJalimane nesiNgisi), kanti izinkulumo ezisele zithathwe ezilimini zesiSlavic (isiRussia nePolish) kanye nesiGreki (ikakhulukazi ngokwezesayensi). Amagama asetshenziswa ngokuvamile asetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngakho-ke, umuntu okhuluma isiRashiya, ngisho nangaphandle kokulungiselela, uzokwazi ukufunda cishe 40% wombhalo ngesi-Esperanto.

Ulimi lunombhalo wezingcingo, okungukuthi, wonke amagama abizwa ngendlela efanayo njengoba kubhaliwe. Azikho izincwadi ezingekho ngaphansi kwesikhathi noma okuhlukile, okusiza kakhulu ukufunda nokusebenzisa.

Bangaki abantu abakhuluma isi-Esperanto?

Lona umbuzo ojwayelekile kakhulu, kodwa empeleni akekho owaziyo impendulo ngqo. Indlela kuphela yokunquma ngokwethembeka inani labantu abakhuluma isi-Esperanto ukuthi kwenziwe ukubalwa kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele, okuyiqiniso ukuthi akunakwenzeka.

Noma kunjalo, uProfesa Sydney Coulbert weYunivesithi yaseWashington (Seattle, eU.SA) wenza isifundo esiphezulu kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwalolu limi. Waqhuba izingxoxo ngezikhulumi zase-Esperanto emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, uProfesa Coulbert wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lisetshenziswe ngabantu abangaba yizigidi ezimbili. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ngezilimi ezinjengeLithuania nesiHeberu.

Ngesinye isikhathi inani lezikhulumi ze-Esperanto liqokonyiswa noma, ngokuphambene, linciphisa, izibalo zivela kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-100 kuya kwezigidi ezingu-8.

Ukubaluleka eRussia

Ulimi lwesi-Esperanto lunabaningi abathandayo. Uyazi ukuthi kunomgwaqo wase-Esperanto eRussia? I-Kazan yayiyidolobha lokuqala leMbuso waseRussia ngaleso sikhathi, lapho kuvuleka khona iqembu elihloliselwe ukutadisha nokusabalalisa lolu limi. Yayisungulwa izishoshovu eziningana zezingqondo ezazamukela ngentshiseko umbono kaDkt. Zamenhof futhi zaqala ukuzisakaza. Khona-ke, abaprofesa nabafundi baseYunivesithi yaseKazan bavula iqembu labo elincane ngo-1906, okwakungenakuhlala isikhathi eside kule minyaka eyinhlanhla ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kodwa emva kweMpi Yombango ukunyakaza kwaqala futhi, ngisho nephephandaba lavela ngesi-Esperanto. Ulimi lwaba luvame kakhulu, njengoba luhambisana nomqondo weqembu lamaKhomanisi elibiza ukuhlanganiswa kwezizwe ezahlukene egameni le-World Revolution. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1930, umgwaqo lapho iqembu le-Esperanto lalikhona khona lanikezwa igama elisha - isi-Esperanto. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1947 kwaphinde kwaqanjwa kabusha ukuhlonishwa kwesombusazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuzibandakanya ekutadisheni lolu limi kuye kwaba yingozi, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuthandwa kwayo kwehlile kakhulu. Kodwa aba-Esperantists abazange bayeke, futhi ngo-1988 umgwaqo wawuthola igama laso.

Ngokuphelele, kunezikhulumi zabantu baseRussia abangaba ngu-1000. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu akwanele, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sicabanga ukuthi abathandekayo kuphela kumaqembu bafunda ulimi, lokhu akuyona into encane kangaka.

Izincwadi

Amagama alfabhethi asekelwe kwisiLatini. Iqukethe izinhlamvu ezingu-28. Njengoba ngamunye wabo efana nokuzwakala, kukhona okungu-28 kuwo, okungukuthi: ama-consonants angu-21, ama-vowels angu-5 namazwi amabili-hambo.

E-Esperanto, izincwadi esizijwayele zona ezivela ezincwadini zesiLatini, ngezinye izikhathi zihamba ngamabili futhi zibhalwa "ngendlu" (isheke elichazwe phezulu). Ngakho uDkt Zamenhof wethula imisindo emisha eyadingeka ngolimi lwakhe.

Ukwakhiwa kwegrama nemisho

Nalapha futhi, isimiso esiyinhloko se-Esperanto sithiwa - kulula futhi icacile. Kulolu ulimi alukho igrewu, futhi i-oda lemiyalo emgqatsweni alihambisani nhlobo. Kukhona amacala amabili kuphela, izikhathi ezintathu nezimo ezintathu zesenzo. Kukhona uhlelo olubanzi lwezingqungquthela nezixhumi, lapho ungakha khona amagama amaningi amasha kusuka kumsuka owodwa.

I-flexible word order in the sentence ivumela abamele imindeni ehlukene yolimi ukuthi basebenzise izakhiwo abazijwayele kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bakhulume isi-Esperanto eqondakala kahle futhi eqondakalayo nge-grammatically.

Ukusetshenziswa okuwusizo

Ulwazi olusha ngeke luphazamise, kodwa nansi iziphi izinzuzo eziphathekayo ongazithola ngokufunda isi-Esperanto:

• Lona ulimi lwesibili oluphelele, olungafundwa ngokushesha futhi kalula.
• Amandla okuhambisana nabantu abaningi basuka kwamanye amazwe.
• Kungasetshenziselwa ukubona umhlaba. Kunezinhlu zama-Esperantists alungele ukuthola mahhala ezinye izikhulumi endlini yabo noma efulethini.
• Ukuqonda jikelele. Isi-Esperanto kusiza ukwehlisa izithiyo zolimi phakathi kwamazwe.
• Kungenzeka ukuhlangana nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe emahhovisi, noma uma ama-Esperantist angaphandle evakashele. Lokhu kuyindlela enhle yokwazi abantu abathandekayo.

• Ukulingana kwamanye amazwe. Uma usebenzisa ulimi lwesizwe, umuntu kufanele enze umzamo wokufunda inkulumo engajwayelekile, futhi umuntu usebenzisa kuphela ulwazi kusuka ekuzalweni. Isi-Esperanto yisinyathelo esisodwa komunye nomunye, ngoba bobabili abangane baye basebenza kanzima ukuze bafunde futhi benze ukuxhumana kube khona.
• Ukuhunyushwa kobuciko bezincwadi. Imisebenzi eminingi isihunyushwe ngesi-Esperanto, amanye awo angatholakali ngolimi lwendabuko lwe-Esperanto.

Ukungalungi

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100, ulimi oluvame kakhulu lokufakelwa luye lwavela kokubili abahlonishwayo nabagxeki. Bakhuluma nge-Esperanto, ukuthi lokhu kungenye nje into ehlekisayo yenkathi yama- Victorian, okufana ne-phrenology noma ingokomoya. Kukhona konke okukhona, akukaze kube yimilimi yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isintu asibonisi intshiseko enkulu kulo mqondo.

Futhi, abagxeki bathi nge-Esperanto, ukuthi lokhu akuyona into elula, kodwa lulimi olunzima lokufunda. Ngeluhlelo lwakhe kukhona imithetho eminingi engavumelani, futhi izincwadi zokubhala zinzima ekhibhodi yesimanje. Abamele bamazwe ahlukene bazama njalo ukwenza izichibiyelo zabo ukuze bazithuthukise. Lokhu kuholela ekuphikisaneni nokungafani ezintweni zokuqeqesha. Futhi, ukuhlukumeza kwakhe kuhlaziywa.

Kodwa abalandeli balolu limi baphikisana ukuthi emhlabeni wonke ukukhuluma ulimi olufanayo, iminyaka eyi-100 incane kakhulu, futhi unikezwa inombolo yamanje yamakheli ase-native, i-Esperanto inekusasa layo.