Isakhiwo emizimbeni federal kwamandla esiphezulu

Isakhiwo emizimbeni federal kwamandla esiphezulu emazweni amaningi emhlabeni lapho esezinzile isakhiwo sikahulumeni zokuphatha-indawo, kuchazwa nguMthethosisekelo, ngakho akuxhomekile imiphumela ukhetho lwephalamende kanye kamongameli. ukuzimela okunjalo abayifunayo ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ngaleso zomthetho ezingeni ihlukaniswe isimo sama imisebenzi (simiso ekhonzayo noma ukulawula federal), futhi, eqinisweni, ekuphathweni kwezombangazwe, okwakusho iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi imiphumela yokhetho. Kulokhu, ngaphansi federal esiphezulu emizimbeni befanele Ministry ababedlula kwencazelo umsebenzi imihlahlandlela yenqubomgomo endaweni ethile, kwezomnotho, control kanye nokuqapha imisebenzi, kanye negunya ukuqhuba sicubungule umsebenzi ucwaningo. Kalula nje, yingoba imayelana isakhiwo likahulumeni, inqubomgomo uhlelo yangaphandle iwine ukhetho ePhalamende kanye / noma kamongameli zamanje.

Isakhiwo emizimbeni federal kwamandla esiphezulu kunqunywa inani nezinye izimiso. Okokuqala, uma kubhekwa ukuthi iRussia republic kamongameli, isakhiwo yokubuswa zezombusazwe kuncike Imiphumela wokhetho lobumengameli futhi ingahluka kuncike emigomweni ukuthi inqubomgomo yayo. Kuyacaca ukuthi kwawona emigomweni akuzona njalo futhi kokubili ngesikhathi umjikelezo ukhetho (kamongameli, ukhetho lwephalamende) kungase kushintshwe, futhi kuye ngokuthi isimo kwezepolitiki. Futhi ukulawula bureaucratic uhlelo - lokhu ingenye ukhiye izingxenye inqubomgomo. Okwesibili, isakhiwo yemizimba federal kwamandla esiphezulu kuhlanganisa kokubili zezinkonzo kanye ejensi (uhulumeni wezwe) kanye namahhovisi ensimini yabo (amahhovisi ezifunda), kanye iqoqo izinkampani zikahulumeni kanye namabhizinisi nokuqalisa nezinkontileka zikahulumeni, futhi kuncike enkonzweni "yakhe" . Lolu hlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi iyagcinwa kusukela nenkathi yamaSoviet futhi azizange zishintshe kule minyaka engu-20 edlule.

Isakhiwo yesimanje yemizimba federal kwamandla esiphezulu Imibandela kuchaziwe imibhalo emibili - efanele izinqumo kaMongameli Russian Federation of 22.08.1998 futhi 16.10.2001, iziphakamiso kusuka imodeli kwamandla ezombusazwe kungenziwa kulinganiselwa njengoba yokwehlayo:

• Likahulumeni lihlanganisa zezinkonzo 24;
• Senkonzo (njengoba isimo sezombusazwe kanye nezokuphatha ehlukile);
• amakomiti State (ka 10, isazi ezikhonzayo);
• Federal Commission (3 amayunithi kwesakhiwo ukukhonza njengephayona uhlobo "isixhumanisi" phakathi uhulumeni kanye nePhalamende);
• amasevisi federal (15 izinhlangano ezizimele kungukuthi ngokusemthethweni kufakwe Uhulumeni, kodwa ngegunya zezinkonzo);
• National Agencies (amayunithi 9 inomthwalo wokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zamasu);
• isakhiwo Federal (balandise RF uMongameli). Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "amandla" block Uhulumeni -. MIA, base-FSB, ukuzivikela, njll Ngamanye amazwi, isakhiwo iziphathimandla ukuphoqelelwa federal kusikisela iyunithi kamongameli, ehlanganisa 16 zezinkonzo. Nokho, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukwakheka siqu uhulumeni akuxhomekile imiphumela ukhetho lwephalamende kanye omiswe isimemezelo kamongameli, umfuziselo ukusebenza zikahulumeni de empeleni waba subordinated ngokuphelele uMongameli yeRussia.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni wasekhaya kulawulwa umthetho, kodwa hhayi ecacile, nakuba lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo subordinated yesifunda (republic) izakhiwo. Kule ndaba, abanye abahlaziyi bathini mayelana emahhovisi ezifunda kanye neziphathimandla zendawo, kokubili ngokwezimali futhi engaphansi kwezombusazwe phakathi nendawo sikahulumeni.