Inkantolo, inkantolo iyunithi. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kokuhamba kwedivayisi

Noma yimuphi umakhi womkhumbi, okuyinto uhlela ukuhlinzeka yizimpahla nomgibeli traffic kufanele bazazi indlela efanele ukwakha inkantolo. Imikhumbi kudivayisi - kuyinto isayensi elikuvumela ukulindela ukuhlola kahle ukuziphatha umkhumbi phakathi nokusebenza kwawo noma iyiphi, ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.

Kuyini umkhumbi?

Lo mkhumbi kuyinto elintantayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ubunjiniyela isakhiwo ukuthi ukuzixazulula izinkinga eziningana - kusukela umnotho kazwelonke emphakathini futhi ekhethekile. Ngamunye izindlela elintantayo aqukethe inani elikhulu izindlela namayunithi, amadivayisi kanye yesiguli, amathuluzi okuxilonga ukusebenza edidiyelwe kanye ozinzile futhi okuyinto kudala izitsha. Imikhumbi kudivayisi yinkimbinkimbi futhi kuncike imithetho yemvelo, futhi kusekelwe olwazini nasekuqondeni eziphambili yesimanje nokufeza ezithuthukayo. imikhumbi Modern ethulwa ezihlukahlukene omkhulu kuncike izici design yabo kanye izici eziyisisekelo. Inkantolo sizibangela owawugwedlwa futhi yizinambuzane elintantayo phezu kwamanzi, phezu kwamanzi, futhi ngaphansi kwamanzi, nezinhlobo ezahlukene izindlu.

Kuye indawo navigation emkhunjini ukuwa olwandle, maphakathi nezwe (ie, umfula nechibi) kanye nohlobo okuxubile, okungukuthi, labo ezenza zokuthutha phakathi kolwandle futhi umfula nezimbobo. Kuye ohlotsheni injini, eliphumela ukunyakaza bomkhumbi, kuyinto angawodwa imikhumbi, izikebhe dizelehody. Izinjini ezinkantolo kungenziwa isikulufa, nge injini iphiko, amasondo gwedla, umkhumbi Ungahambisa ku oseyili noma izigwedlo.

Yiziphi enkantolo yomphakathi?

Imikhumbi kudivayisi bekwi zokuthutha civil, wacabanga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza evamile izimali, kuye ngokuthi lapho babelibangise khona. Ethandwa kakhulu emikhunjini yezohwebo - ezokuthutha noma beyodoba. Ezokuthutha izikebhe eyenzelwe ukuthutha abagibeli noma izimpahla, noma kokubili ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi zihlukaniswe liner kanye Trump. Ukudoba ethulwa inombolo enkulu zinhlobo - ukudoba, Whaling, imikhumbi yenkampani, inhlanzi yokugcina ukudla emathinini izikebhe ezinezinjini zika nokunye.

izakhiwo ezisemqoka

isitsha ngasinye has izakhiwo ezithile lobuchwepheshe. Ancike kuzo, izinto ezifana kungenzeka ezokuthutha kanye umnotho, ebonisa Isivivinyo. izitsha Tinsita incike nemingcele ezifana:

• umthwalo umthamo: lokhu ipharamitha ephawula izimpahla ezingasetshenziswa baphathe isitsha ngaphandle kokushintsha Umklamo kokwehla; umthamo net wabhekisela isisindo isamba Inkokhelo, esizolokhu izindlela, futhi deadweight - kuba isisindo ingqikithi yazo zonke izimpahla ngokuyinhloko, kuhlanganise amanani kaphethiloli, amanzi kubhayela, isisindo somthwalo kanye nezisebenzi, okungukuthi isamba sazo zonke izimpahla ebhodini;
• ukufuduka: isamba sazo zonke isisindo njalo, othinta isisindo isiyonke wonke isitsha;
• wezimpahla: ivolumu zonke izikhala wezimpahla ku iyunithi elintantayo;
• okusanhlamvu tonnage: inani ezincwadini isikhala wezimpahla akubhekwa inani izindlu kanye nezinye izakhiwo yangaphakathi;
• sekugcineni umthamo: le nkomba ephawulwe zonke ezivamile umkhumbi ivolumu isikhala, ethwele wezimpahla abagibeli;
• isivinini sokuhamba: kusukela le nkomba incike kahle kwezomnotho bomkhumbi kanye esithwele umthamo wayo;
• ububanzi sihamba: okungukuthi, ibanga isitsha izophela ngesivinini ethile ngaphandle isidingo ubuyise amasheya;
• Maneuverability: lokhu ipharamitha ikhomba ikhono isitsha sika ukwenza izivivinyo kwasekuqaleni ukushintsha isiqondiso nesivinini;
• i ukuzimela: inkomba yokuthi isikhathi bomkhumbi ngaphandle replenishment fuel, amanzi nokudla izimpahla;
• survivability, ie ikhono umkhumbi izimo ezingalindelekile ukuqedela ukubhukuda ephephile.

Ukuzinza - kube inkomba ebaluleke

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakhiwa umkhumbi ifaka ekhatsi kucikelela ukuzinza ngamunye imishini elintantayo. Ngaphansi le ndlela libhekisela izimo isitsha ingaphansi lapho ukunyakaza ime mpo futhi emva eqondisa ukuthambekela. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-ukulayisha lesifanele isitsha ngasinye ngenxa nokwethenjelwa yayo kahle. Lo mkhumbi Ungashintsha ukulinganisela kwaso bedle emoyeni ovunguzayo nasemagagasini, ukuzinza kuxhomeke kulokho isikhundla is metacentre maqondana maphakathi gravity. Metacentre kweqiniso - nanti iphuzu lapho emibili elandelanayo isiqondiso engu- buoyancy. ukuzinza mzuzu nomthelela nokulungisa inkantolo uma nje maphakathi gravity akuncikile ngaphezu metacentre kweqiniso. Uma metacentre ngezansi, umkhumbi ngeke ugcine ibhalansi yakho.

Kanjani esikebheni?

ilungiselelo Jikelele imithambo Imibandela kanje. I element eyinhloko izindlu ehlanganisa i isikhumba yangaphandle - ke isisekelo phansi futhi izinhlangothi. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo wetetindlu emphemeni avaliwe, lapho kungase kube eziningana, kuye ngohlobo isitsha. Emphemeni ongaphezulu has a obuphelele ngapha nangapha futhi kusukela umnsalo esikebheni of yakhe - kuso ahlelwe egumbini ngekwetinhloso letehlukene. Uma emphemeni lide - ngapha nangapha, bese ubizwa ngokuthi superstructure uma ithatha ingxenye kuphela yemali ababeyitholile umkhumbi - endlwaneni eyakhiwe. Eminye imikhumbi kwi emphemeni ongaphezulu zisekhona esifushane emphemeni ukuthola umsebenzi - kungaba isikebhe, uhamba emphemeni. Emphemeni is ngisho ephakeme anencazelo ekhethekile, isibonelo, igumbi umsakazo noma maphakathi okuthunyelwe control.

Isetshenziselwa Plating steel ishidi of ukushuba ezahlukene, kuyilapho lihlale Uhlaka kwangaphakathi, okuthiwa Ukudayela isitsha. Kuhlanganisa transverse isakhiwo ozimele, stringers imishayo longitudinal, ngemishayo asekelayo emphemeni. I onezitezi kungaba kubhaklazeka cut wanquma nasemigwaqweni, okufanele kube eqinile - ukwenza kwabo ngombala amashidi steel kanye sikwele.

Phansi le mikhumbi esimanjemanje kakhulu, kabili, nge flooring yangaphakathi. Lokhu design ohlakaniphile ihlobene izindlela zokuphepha. Ngo ezinzulwini double zingagcinwa fuel ketshezi, amanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi okusimamisa, okuyinto qondanisa umkhumbi obhapathiza ke shí emanzini. Ngaphakathi izindlu sehlukaniswe linezingxenye ngu bulkheads transverse, okuyinto ibangelwa ngenxa amandla transverse kanye umkhumbi unsinkable.

Kuhlanganisa eziningi ezibalulekile kudivayisi izakhi isitsha. Isifanekiso libonisa ukuthi imoto kukhona injini, bendiza kanye isigwedlo. Thruster - idivayisi esithinta ukuguqulwa wamandla mechanical yenjini kule nhlangano amandla bomkhumbi. IRudder luyadingeka ayo, ngesikhathi nothayi banamuhla ke sashintshwa. Cabangela izici ezithile izinhlelo lwemikhumbi ngaphezulu.

Izici yakha isikebhe

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela amadivayisi umkhumbi kusekelwe eqinisweni, yimuphi umthwalo uwela phezu kwakhe. sikebhe Umkhumbi sika ngaphansi kwethonya hydrostatic ingcindezi amabutho, ezimila nge okwandisa ukujula. Ngenxa ingcindezi umkhumbi emanzini asolwandle esebenza imithwalo transverse kanye umthwalo kusukela yayo ivolumu izindlela, kanye buoyancy. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuma izindlu incike isitsha uhlobo nenjongo yayo, kanye tonnage ivolumu edingekayo yombango inani onezitezi, ukuzinza transverse nesivinini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuma izindlu incike ngenhloso ezokuthutha izikebhe izici zaso zokusebenza.

izinto oqondile

Shipbuilding - kuwumsebenzi onzima, edlala indima yonke imininingwane. Modern Umumo umzimba zihluke kakhulu nalezo babedabuka. Okokuqala nokusemqoka, izinguquko ezazenziwa zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe. Uma ekuqaleni izindlela elintantayo zenzelwe ngokhuni, bese-ke kancane kancane esikhundleni sensimbi, steel. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa ngokukhanya isisindo imiklamo ngenkathi sigcina amandla. Ukusebenzisa Welding yokuxhuma izakhi kungenzeka kakhulu ukunciphisa inani timphawu tesakhiwo ngibenze lighter ngaleyo ndlela isikhathi eside.

izindlela zesimanje elintantayo kukhona of okuhlinza mnene futhi waphonsa izingxenye zensimbi, ukukhanya Alloys futhi Plastics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, plastic kabanzi hhayi kuphela ukwenziwa izingxenye, kodwa futhi ukudalwa izitsha ezincane, njenge okudoba noma ezemidlalo noma zokuhlenga.

isikhumba yangaphandle Ikakhulukazi

Isikhumba ongaphandle siyisifiso yangaphandle igobolondo hulls, lapho ingcindezi amanzi uwela. It kuncike amandla somzimba wakhe. Isikhumba yangaphandle - lokhu amashidi ngabanye ohlangana nomunye by Welding. I ukushuba lesi sendlalelo kuyehluka futhi kuncike ubude umkhumbi, ukuphakama uhlangothi lwalo izindonga, kanye kusuka imvula, kanye nebanga phakathi ozimele - izimbambo housings, lapho ukuma umkhumbi ethile. Marine isitsha ilungiselelo lokuba kangangokuthi omunye futhi isitsha esifanayo angase abe ezahlukene ambozwe ukujiya at izindawo ezahlukene. Greater ukuhlolwa ukucindezeleka amidships, ngakho kukhona ukushuba we ishidi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo e emikhawulweni. Njengoba ayefa yokukhulisa isethi phansi umnsalo nengemuva bomkhumbi, ngenxa ithonya ewa.

Deck futhi underdeck

Deck - okuyisici esibalulekile noma yisiphi isitsha esenziwe. Idivayisi sangaphandle nemikhumbi evela iphuzu ezakhayo umbono ofanayo, lapho emphemeni - alokhu kweqa ku izindlu kuyoshaya nendawo. Emphemeni eyayibaluleke kubhekwa main - it yakha izinkantolo imvilophi ezivamile. Zonke onezitezi, elise ngezansi main, sidinga ukwandisa endaweni ezisebenzisekayo bomkhumbi. Deck, kulungisile ngenhla ngokuthi izengezo. Flooring emphemeni main kungaba of ukushuba ezahlukene - kuye ngobude elingaphansi emkhunjini ukuphakama ezinhlangothini zalo.

Izici igiya eziqondisa

kudivayisi eziqondisa Umkhumbi sika wenza iwumgomo oyinhloko - simelane amabutho angaphandle, okusho umoya, wamanje, okungaholela ukuphambuka enkambweni izitsha. Ezikhathini zasendulo, esikhundleni okuyiqondisa esetshenziswa Izigwedlo liyaphambuka emkhunjini, bona-ke babesebenza ushintshe eziqondisa okushiwo, okuyinto wabekwa emphemeni main. Namuhla kukhona izinhlobo eziningana iphini - ezejwayelekile kanye balancer kuya thruster umnsalo. Handlebars nazo yekwentiwa: esidlule akuvumele uphendukisa isitsha phakathi ukunyakaza yamanzi maqondana sikebhe. isondo Active eziqondisa ikuvumela ukushintshanisa njengoba ezihambayo umkhumbi ezuzisayo.

Passive isitsha eziqondisa apharathasi kufaka ijoka nge ukudluliswa, eziqondisa injini, iphini. Imikhumbi ubudala wahlala Izilawuli olulodwa-ungqimba, futhi namuhla ngokuyinhloko yayisebenzisa abacaphuni iphrofayela umkhumbi. isondo Active imisebenzi yayo ngisho uma kwenzeka ukuthi umkhumbi ngaphandle ezinyakazayo, okuyinto ihange. eziqondisa Active kabanzi lisetshenziswe imishini imboni imikhumbi, Whaling imikhumbi kanye nokulungiswa.

Ukuze uthuthukise maneuverability, umkhumbi livame ukusetshenziswa kudivayisi thruster. Basuke ukukhwezwa ngesikhathi ngomnsalo noma engemuva yomkhumbi we izikebhe transversely e mhubhe, ephinde ezimbili ophephela. Lokhu kusho asizayo edingekayo ukusebenza isitsha ngesivinini eliphansi kakhulu. Gear eziqondisa kuyakhethwa kuncike inhloso umkhumbi isetshenziswa: omunye umkhumbi iqembu kuthinte kulondolozwe ukuzinza Yiqiniso, ezinye kusiza ukuqinisekisa maneuverability ezinhle.

Ihange - okuyisici esibalulekile

Okubambelela apharathasi isitsha kuyadingeka ukuze ugcine izindlela sintanta isikhundla lapho kuyadingeka ukumelana ezifana izici zangaphandle ezifana umoya, amaza, yamanje. Inkantolo alala ihange imigwaqo noma ilindele emnyango ethekwini, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo. ihange Modern okwethulwa ezihlukahlukene futhi zihlukaniswe amaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, Rod ihange induku, ihange, ihange ihange Trotman Hall ukuhlomisa izikebhe yezemidlalo noma ukuqeqeshwa ngomkhumbi izindawo.

Ihange izitsha amadivayisi usebenza kanje: lapho ubuyela ihange uwela phansi whereupon it kwenzeka isitsha yokudonsa. Ihange uma ushayela linamathela "izinyawo" I-phansi. Ukuze pick it up, sebenzisa iketango ihange: luphakamisa ihange kwamanzi phansi, abaliqukulayo off emhlabathini. ihange chain ubude incike emoyeni ingcindezi, amagagasi ukushaqeka futhi iyoqhubela sinakekele zonke lezi amabutho angaphandle. Okubambelela kudivayisi ngokuvamile esisogwini umnsalo umkhumbi, lapho wabeka futhi windlass, okuyisona kwi drive kagesi noma wokubacindezela.

Kunamaphuzu amaningana imininingwane ebalulekile

Izinkantolo okubambelela kudivayisi kudingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi obengama ngesikhathi esebhokisini labasolwa ngesikhathi port. Mooring ufezwa mooring imigqa - basondela kusukela umkhumbi ogwini ngokuphambeneyo. Namuhla, lezi zinto zenziwa kusukela plastic okuhlala. Lapho esondela imikhumbi ogwini nazo ukhiphe mooring izindophi.

Idivayisi jikelele futhi umkhumbi kuboniswe eziningi ship system ngesimo omiswe bese isikebhe sizinze izinhlelo, Ukushisa kanye air conditioning. Ngamunye wabo odlala indima: ikhuthaza amanzi ukubuthwa eyabelwe phansi emanzini olwandle the isikebhe sizinze ezidingekayo ukuze liphume igazi futhi sigcwale amanzi olwandle amathangi, nezinye izinhlelo incike zokuphepha nenduduzo wokusebenza isitsha ngasinye.