Indlela ukuxazulula inkinga iqembu igazi RH isici

Isixazululo ezinkingeni zofuzo ngegazi iqembu - ke okungukuthi hhayi kuphela okujabulisayo yokuchitha isizungu eziphilayo ekilasini, kodwa futhi kubalulekile inqubo okungukuthi ezisetshenziswa mkhuba ezahlukene laboratories yezokwelapha-zofuzo kokuthintana. Kukhona ezinye izici kuxhumene ngqo efeni zezakhi zofuzo amaqembu igazi lomuntu.

embodiments abahlukahlukene ebhalana womuntu igazi iqembu

Igazi iyithuluzi ketshezi umzimba, futhi therein akhiwa izakhi - erythrocyte, kanye plasma ketshezi. Ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona noma yimuphi izinto egazini lomuntu kuyinqubo ehlelwe ezakhini zofuzo, futhi ubonisa irekhodi okuhambisanayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga.

Okuvame kakhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezintathu ukuqopha amaqembu igazi lomuntu:

1. Ngokusho kohlelo AB0.
2. Ngokusho khona noma ukungabi khona RH isici.
3. I MN uhlelo.

AB0 uhlelo

Ngesisekelo lolu hlobo rekhodi ekusebenzisaneni isakhi sofuzo njengoba kodominirovanie. Lithi isakhi sofuzo kungenziwa emelelwa alleles ezingaphezu kuka ezimbili ezihlukene, futhi ngayinye kuwo kule genotype komuntu ukubonakaliswa lalo.

Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga ku iqembu igazi kufanele akhumbule elinye kodominirovaniya umthetho: akukho esikhubazayo noma izakhi zofuzo evelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inhlanganisela ezahlukene alleles anganikeza ezihlukahlukene izingane.

A isakhi sofuzo kulesi simiso unesibopho ukubukeka antigen A phezu erythrocyte, isakhi sofuzo B - Ukwakheka the antigen phezu la mangqamuzana futhi isakhi 0 - I-ukungabikho antigen ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma genotype womuntu embhalweni IAIB (isakhi sofuzo mina isetshenziselwa ukuxazulula inkinga nofuzo kwabangaphezu lwegazi), i-erythrocyte abasuke bekhona emihlanganweni yayo kokubili antigen. Uma ayinayo lezi antigen, kodwa amasosha omzimba bukhona plasma we "-alpha" futhi "beta", kulotshiwe njengoba genotype I0I0.

Isekelwe endabeni yokumpompela igazi kusukela donor kumamukeli. Ngo inqubo yokwelapha yesimanje safika esiphethweni sokuthi ukumpontshelwa engcono kunjalo uma onikelayo evelelwa nomamukeli kukhona leqembu efanayo igazi. Nokho, umkhuba kungase kube isimo lapho ungakwazi ukuthola umuntu olungile ngegazi iqembu efanayo isisulu odinga esithile ngokumpontshelwa. Kulokhu, izici phenotypic amaqembu lokuqala nesesine.

Abantu neqembu lokuqala phezu abomvu antigen amangqamuzana bengekho, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukuba uthele le igazi kunoma yimuphi omunye umuntu nemiphumela okungenani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu zinjalo abanikeli bendawo yonke. Uma kuziwa iqembu 4, anjengawengxibongo basonta umamukeli jikelele, t. E. Abakwazi ukumpompela igazi kusuka kunoma iyiphi abanikelayo.

Izinselelo uhlobo lwegazi adinga genotypes ezithile ukuqopha. Nazi 4 amaqembu abantu khona antigen phezu abomvu egazi ashaye futhi genotypes yabo kungenzeka:

Mina (0) -group. Genotype I0I0.

II (A) -group. Genotypes IAIA noma IAI0.

III (B) -group. Genotypes IBIB noma IBI0.

IV (AB) -group. Genotype IAIB.

iqembu igazi RH isici

Enye indlela ubheke igazi iqembu umuntu esekelwe khona noma ukungabi khona RH. Lokhu isici is a amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi olukhiqizwa igazi. It ifakwe ufuzo eziningana ahamba ngamabili, kodwa ngokuchaza indima izakhi zofuzo enzelwe by izinhlamvu D (RH omuhle noma RH +) kanye d (RH angemahle noma Rh-). Ngakho, ukudluliswa kwalesi uhlamvu kubangelwa monogenic ifa kodwa hhayi kodominirovaniem.

Izinselele lwegazi nge isinqumo kudinga okufakiwe genotypes ezilandelayo:

• Abantu ne RH-HIV genotypes lwegazi abe DD noma Dd.
• Abantu ne genotype RH-negative kulotshiwe njengoba dd.

uhlelo MN

Le ndlela ukuqoshwa landile eNtshonalanga Yurophu, kodwa lungasetshenziswa ekuxazululeni inkinga lwegazi. Kusekelwe okubonakalisa ezimbili alleles, okuyinto zizuzwe ngu kodominirovaniya hlobo. Ngayinye yalezi alleles unesibopho amaprotheni zamagama egazini lomuntu. Uma genotype umzimba yiyona inhlanganisela MM, uhlobo olulodwa kuphela amaprotheni ekhona igazi labo, okuyinto okubhalwe ngu isakhi sofuzo elihambisana. Uma ushintsho olunjalo esikhathini MN genotype, plasma kuyoba zezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene amaprotheni.

Izinselele iqembu igazi ngokusebenzisa uhlelo kudinga okufakwe ezilandelayo MN genotypes:

• Iqembu labantu nge genotype MN.
• Iqembu labantu nge genotype MM.
• Iqembu labantu nge genotype NN.

Izici izixazululo ngezinkinga zofuzo

Lapho senza izinkinga zofuzo kubalulekile ukugcina imithetho elandelayo:

1. Bhala ithebula wafunda izimfanelo, kanye izakhi zofuzo kanye genotypes, okuyinto banesibopho okubonakalisa le mfanelo.
2. Bhala genotypes abazali: lalotshwa kuqala zesifazane ngabanye bese besilisa.
3. Khomba gametes onikeza ngamunye.
4. Gadangisa genotypes futhi phenotypes enzalweni F1, futhi, uma lo msebenzi kudinga, bhala ematfuba nesenzakalo yabo.

Futhi, ikhambi izinkinga zofuzo ku zamaqembu egazi kudinga kuvisisa uhlobo ukuxhumana ukuthi Zincane yini kuwe izinduduzo esitatimendeni. Kuleli kuncike ngentuthuko izixazululo, kanye ungakwazi sibikezele imiphumela owela kanye ematfuba okungenzeka zygotes. Uma imigomo efanayo Site ezimbili noma Bole uhlobo isakhi sofuzo nokuxhumana uthethe njalo elula kakhulu kubo.

Imisebenzi ka AB0 uhlelo

Biology imisebenzi igazi iqembu AB0 uhlelo isixazululekile ngu okulandelayo:

"Owesifazane has a iqembu lokuqala igazi, yashada umuntu lwegazi lesine. Anqume genotype futhi phenotype izingane zabo, kanye ematfuba okuvela zygotes nge genotypes ezahlukene. "

Okokuqala sidinga ukwazi lapho izakhi zofuzo ezinye okubonakalisa izimpawu uthi:

Khona-ke, thina bhala genotypes abazali gametes zabo:

• P: ♀ I0I0 x ♂ IAIB.
• G: I0 I0 IA IB.

Ngokulandelayo, seqe kuyithuba lethu gametes etholakala ndawonye. Ungasebenzisa Penneta hlupha:

Njengoba amathuba kumiswa gametes kokubili abazali 50%, bese ngamunye ezahlukeneyo 4 izingane genotypes singenzeka nge 25% amathuba.

Isixazululo zezinkinga: uhlobo lwegazi, RH isici

Ekuxazululeni izinkinga kwi RH isici, singasebenzisa imithetho evamile yefa monogenic zezici. Ngokwesibonelo, siba indoda nowesifazane, sashada futhi bobabili heterozygotes RH-HIV. Into yokuqala sibhala etafuleni zezakhi zofuzo nemikhuba ahlobene phenotypic:

Sabe ukuqopha genotypes abazali gametes zabo:

• P: ♀ Dd x ♂ Dd.
• G: D d D d.

Okwesibili Law Mendel sika lithi Ukunqamula heterozygotes ezimbili cleavage phenotype 3: 1 futhi genotype 1: 2: 1. Lokhu kusho ukuthi asikwazi ukuthola izingane omuhle RH isici e-75% amacala, futhi nge negative RH isici nge Amathuba 25%. Genotypes ikani kanjena: DD, Dd futhi dd ku isilinganiso 1: 2: 1 ngokulandelana.

Ngokuvamile, inkinga iqembu igazi RH isici isixazululekile lula kunalokho ohlelweni AB0. Ukuze sithole RH isici kwabazali ikusasa lezingane zabo Kubalulekile ukuhlela umndeni, t. Ukuze. Kukhona amacala RH ukungqubuzana, lapho umama RH + futhi ingane Rh-, noma okuphambene nalokho. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kukhona ingozi kwesisu, abesifazane abakhulelwe ngakho ebonwe izikhungo.

Izinselele igazi ngohlelo MN

Izinkinga zofuzo yalolu hlobo kuyagcinwa kodominirovaniya imithetho, Nokho, ikhambi is lula khona ezimbili kuphela alleles. Ake sithi indoda nge genotype MN washada nabesifazane nge izakhi zofuzo ezifanayo. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa genotype futhi phenotype kwezingane, kanye ematfuba nesenzakalo yabo.

Kulokhu, ukuqopha zezakhi zofuzo nokhondolo akudingekile, t. Ukuze. Amagama kukhona ezivamile futhi musa ukudlala indima enkulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga.

• P: ♀ MN x ♂ MN.
• G: MNM N.

Uma ukupenda Izinsimbi Penneta, sithola isithombe efanayo njengoba ngefa monogenic. Nokho, cleavage ngu genotype 1: 2: 1 zizofana wokuqhekeka kanye phenotypically, t lapha ukuze allele ngamunye has ukubonakaliswa kwayo, nezakhi zofuzo evelele futhi esikhubazayo bengekho ... Izingane nge genotype MN ozozalwa nge Amathuba 50% uma ingane nge genotype MM noma NN uzovela nge Amathuba 25% ngalinye.