IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala: impi enkulu. Marine kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala impi

The First World War - omunye zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho emlandweni wesintu. zinqobe ngo-1914 ne Sarajevo kokubulawa. Juni 28 iNkosana Franz Ferdinand wabulawa amaphekula, umfundi Bosnia. Lokhu kwabangela ubudlova e-Europe, ukulwa retracts emazweni angaphezu nokuningi. Ngenxa empini imibuso emine abangu kusulwe kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba, abulala amasosha 10 million nezikhulu, abalimele bekukhona izikhathi ezinhlanu. IMisa nabantu nabangenasihawu khumbula kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. yezimpi ezinkulu "grinder" abantu baseYurophu abathuthela kule namuhla bazongena esitelekeni nobukhulu bayo nobukhali.

ukusebenza Tannenbergskaya

Ngenye indlela, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi i-Battle of Grunwald. Ngalesi impi empumalanga Prussia bavumelana amabutho isiRashiya, ibutho lokuqala nelesibili, lapho kwakukhona abayizinkulungwane 250, futhi ibutho laseJalimane sekunamasosha angu 200,000.

ukuxabana Ukuhlala njalo nekubate ngaphakathi amasosha Russian okwaholela ukuthi ukwehlukana okwenzeka lonke kwaphulwa futhi kabi emuva. Ngenxa yalokho, kwashona amasosha abaningi abavamile. Ukulahlekelwa ohlangothini Russian babe wokuvelela ngaphezulu: 150-200 eziyinkulungwane, okuyinto eyabangela cishe 2/3 we isamba based endaweni ezempi. Germany elahlekile 50,000 kwezikhonzi zakhe, owalwa ngaphansi phansi ifulegi layo njengophawu.

Russian ibutho Tannenbergskoy wehlulekile. Futhi lokhu kuye kwaholela yokuthi amaJalimane bakwazi ukudlulisela eWestern azowalekelela Front abalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo kusengaphambili asheshe amabutho Russian evela eJalimane usike sizana of amasosha Austro-Hungarian. Ukuthola kungekho usizo Prussia, balahlekelwa enye impi ebalulekile, Galician, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi idume kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. impi Main futhi zihlanganisa ukulwa ohlwini yabo igazi.

Impi yase-Galicia

Kwathi ehlobo, ngo-August 1914. Isigaba esiyinhloko Yawela wokuqala kule nyanga. Ngokusho zomlando archival Amarekhodi, amabutho Russian futhi Austro-Hungarian abuthana izinombolo alinganayo: kusuka zombili waba nengxenye izimpi 4 Army.

izimpi ezinkulu kweMpi Yezwe I ziqhelile futhi lezi izimpi, eyaqala eduze Lviv, Galic futhi Lublin, ensimini Ukraine-Polish. Isiphetho impi Galician kokuvalelwa lapho Russian Tarnavka eduze ephukile futhi waqala phambili. Lokhu babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu inkambo izenzakalo futhi babe ikhadi yabo trump ukuthola ukunqoba athandwayo.

ngu Galician impi ukulahlekelwa eMbusweni Austro-Hungarian babe eningi amasosha 325.000. Kwakuwusuku wesithathu Empire amabutho Eastern Front. Ngenxa yalokho, lo ziyazika lokhu ukunqotshwa kwezwakala imisebenzini yezempi. Wayengumngane abakwazanga ukuma ngemva igalelo kwasani, futhi sibonga kuphela ngosizo amaJalimane iwine nedlanzana impumelelo ezincane.

ukulwa Sarykamysh

Ukukhuluma ngalezi zehlakalo oyinhloko ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (ngakho wambiza ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II), ingasaphathwa, futhi lo msebenzi. It ligcwaliswe Russia nase Turkey ngosuku olwandulela entsha 1915. Nakuba umyalo Turkish kuye neqhinga lokubhekelela ngobuqili: ukuyokudla Karas futhi ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele ibutho eCaucasus.

amabutho Crescent abangu phambili. Russian sebephila e Sarikamis, kodwa baqhubeka ubamba amabutho main sesitha ukuvimbela intuthuko yayo. Ejwayele sezulu esipholile, abaphikisi babo akazange ame ebusika nokhahlo. Kusukela yesithwathwa ezinzima neqhwa iziphepho ngosuku olulodwa owabulala amashumi ezinkulungwane amasosha Turkish.

Russian ngalesi sikhathi walinda, kwaba ukuthi isinqumo esifanele. kwavela Ngokushesha azowalekelela Sarykamysh, futhi Crescent ibutho wahlulwa. Sekukonke, lo msebenzi sabulala abantu abangaba izinkulungwane 100. Impi enkulu kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala futhi unikeze le mpi, ngoba uye wafeza indima ebalulekile amasu: isimo eCaucasus iye ngcono, futhi ayikwazanga ukunqanda imbangi ebabayo Russian - Turkey.

Brusilov wokuhlasela

yezimpi ezinkulu neMpi Yezwe 1, hhayi ngaphandle isibindi namakhono amasu Jikelele Brusilov. Ehlobo lika-2016, ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, Russian sephula South-Western Front. Ibutho Austro-Hungarian elahlekile amasosha amaningi nezinduna. I sibalo abatelekile - 1.5 million efile.

Russian matasa eBukovina futhi Galicia. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu amaJalimane ukuze aqinise isikhundla yayo lapha, ngokuletha endaweni amabutho ezengeziwe ezivela Front Western. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, umbimbi waseRussia kwaqinisa kule ndawo, le Entente futhi beefed Romania, okuyinto emiswa Union.

amabutho isiRashiya ngaphuthelwa lukhulu heroes angamaqhawe. Futhi ngakho kuleli zwe yamemezela igagasi elisha ukugqugquzela, ekhuthaza zifiki ukuba ugcwalise ezinhlwini mpilo yempi. hambisa Lo hulumeni engathandwa sika kwaqubula ukucasula nokukhungatheka zabantu abavamile. Abantu ngeke kube "inganono ifolishi", ngoba akekho ubudala noma abasha abasindi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Main impi show ukuthi kwakukhona ukulahlekelwa eziningi esusela Russian futhi ingxenye abaphikisi babo.

Kerensky okuhlaselayo

Ngo-1917, amaBolshevik wagumbuqela ohlanga, ngakhoke Yiqiniso ikusasa ezazenziwa empini nje isuke ibangelwa izenzakalo wamavukelambuso ezweni. okuhlaselayo Russian saqala ngo-June 1917, kodwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili zemibhikisho hambisa asebenzayo phambili bona wavele wayeka. Amasosha wacabanga ukuthi lokhu kwanele, benza ngokugcwele emsebenzini zawo ezingcwele.

I Cubs akwenqaba ume phakathi kwababusi phambi. Lonke Lesi lokudlela nokungalaleli jikelele senzeka ngokumelene okwenza we defections njalo, eyavusa inguquko. yezimpi ezinkulu neMpi Yezwe angikaze ngiyibone mass enjalo esiphithiphithini netwetwe abasebenzi lempi.

Ngalesi sikhathi, sibambe isimo, amaJalimane ehlasela futhi lalifuna ingxenye Russian isikhundla ubudala. Kanye Army Qina, ume isibindi Russian baphela njengesizwe amandla ehlelekile. Germany ayisekho wesabe ophikisana naye futhi wakwazi ukuqinisa kuzo zonke izimpi. Russian kwadingeka ukuphetha Brest ukuthula, ezingezinhle futhi ilulaza ezweni lethu.

"Goeben" futhi "Breslau"

izimpi zasolwandle we kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala futhi besesitelekeni isikali yayo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-izimpi amaqembu ukuba impi yabhekisela lubhekisele oLwandle iMedithera. Kwaba eqakathekileko ukuthuthwa ibutho, isiFulentshi ikakhulukazi. Ukuze udlulisele ngaphandle kwesithiyo amasosha abo emanzini Mediterranean, eFrance zaba ukubhubhisa impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu German "Goeben" futhi "Breslau", okuyinto cruised eduze nogu ka Sardinia.

Ngo-August 1914, umkhumbi ezimbili German wadubula nezimbobo Algeria salibangisa iConstantinople. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzama amabutho aseBrithani, kodwa imikhumbi-German safinyelela eSea of Marmara. Ngemva kokujoyina i-imikhumbi-Turkish, "Goeben" futhi "Breslau" ixoshe on izikhundla Russian e oLwandle Olumnyama. It kwashintsha kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Russia iqale impi ngo-Turkey, kuyilapho amabutho aseBrithani futhi French waqala ukuvinjelwa le iDardanelles. Babenomuzwa wokuthi kwakudingekile iwukudambisa Austrian umbimbi eJalimane. imikhumbi Anglo-French sawela ngokuphindaphindiwe Adriatic, enethemba Duel imikhumbi Austria, kodwa akuzange elamukelekile.

Operation "iDardanelles"

Enye impi enkulu asolwandle, welula ngesikhathi lonke 1915. Lo mkhankaso kuhlanganisiwe ekuthatheni eStraits kanye lokufikela ukufika Anglo-French. Kodwa izimo ezingalindelekile libhekene kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. musa yezimpi ezinkulu hhayi njalo angene emshungwini wokugubha la uhlelo, ngezinye izikhathi wehlulekile. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka nge uhlelo lwamasu ngokuthi "iDardanelles". Izinhlangothi balahlekelwa ezinkulukazi: ku ibutho Turkish, cishe bangu-200 000 amasosha alimele, amabutho oMfelandawonye - eziyinkulungwane 150. Kuyinto efile futhi elimele, futhi elingekho.

Ngenyanga kaMeyi, Entente wajoyina Italy. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngwenya German bakwazi ukungena endaweni iMedithera. Bakwazi ukucwila izitsha ukuhweba 100 ngenkathi kokulahlekelwa kuphela omunye amayunithi yakhe. Ngakho, naphezu kosizo lwabangane Italy, oMfelandawonye emkhankasweni ulwandle 1915 kwahluleka ukufeza ubuhle. I plus kuphela kwaba kuhlengwe ibutho Serbian, okuyinto wahlulwa amabutho ekwindla.

Impi e oLwandle iBaltic

Lokhu ngaselwandle ibizwa ngokuthi yesibili. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, izimpi ezinkulu ezenzeka hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi phezu kwamanzi, musa ukugembula oLwandle iBaltic. AmaNgisi babekholelwa ngoxhaxha Russian ekhathele ngemva kwempi Russian-Japanese, ngakho musa osizweni lwakhe. Baltic bamhlohla kuphela imikhumbi emidala.

Kodwa ngo-August 1914, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa sigameko okungase kuthinte phakathi nempi kule ulwandle obunokuthula nokuthula. impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu German "laseMagdeburg" wacwila eGulf of Finland. Kungakabiphi wayeseqhuba ethumba Russian. Bathola incwadi isignali ye umkhumbi, walinika British - ke waba nendima esemqoka ekuvezweni cipher asolwandle eJalimane. Ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi, i-umbimbi cranked eziningi lisebenze ngempumelelo.

Lokhu kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo yezimpi ezinkulu isikhathi. Futhi zazinengi kangaka. yezimpi ezinkulu neMpi Yezwe II, amashadi, amatafula kanye ihluzo imisebenzi, ukuziphatha kwabo enemininingwane echazwe namuhla ezincwadini zomlando. Ukufunda kubo, siyaqaphela ukuthi olunegazi waqala naleso sikhathi, futhi kwakuthinta kanjani isiphetho amazwe ukudonselwa ke.