Imikhakha yolimi nezinhlobo zabo. Umbhalo njengoba isigaba namalimi wemiphakathi. izigaba kanye nezinkinga emkhakheni ngokolimi ulimi

Kulesi sihloko sibheka imikhakha ngokolimi eziyisisekelo, ukunikeza izibonelo. Uzofunda ukuthi yezilimi egqanyisiwe izinhlangano ezehlukene, okuyinto kungenziwa labizwa kwelinye noma elinye iyunithi.

Kuyini isigaba

Wona kanye umqondo welithi "Isigaba" yaqale akhiwa Aristotle. Ikakhulukazi, wakhetha izigaba 10. Nampa: sikhuthazela, isenzo, isimo, isikhundla, isikhathi, indawo, isimo sengqondo, ikhwalithi, ubuningi, nemvelo. Ngezindlela eziningi, umthelela wabo ukwabiwa yokusungula alandelayo isilandiso ahlukahlukene, isilandiso kwemusho kanye netitfo tenkhulumo.

isigaba lomqondo

Ngaphambi kokucabangela imikhakha kanye nezinkinga emkhakheni ngokolimi ulimi, kubalulekile ukucacisa leli gama. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile libhekisela uhlobo uhlelo avaliwe abakuzuzile semantic isici jikelele noma yinzuzo ngayo le mfanelo kuyinto okuhlobene indlela yokukhuluma ( "ebekela obala" noma "okufihlakele") ne-degree of grammaticalization ngolimi inikezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, sikwazi ukukhuluma khona le mikhakha elandelayo lomqondo :. Alienability / inalienability, umsebenzi / sokungasebenzi, izimbangela, izindawo, izinjongo, njll yezilimi, kukhona izigaba ngokolimi lucebe-semantic. Ngezansi kubo ehloselwe amakilasi ezifana amagama lizwe, imisebenzi, kanye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Uma derivational Inkulumo esisemthethweni uthola Sema categorical, izigaba ngokolimi zibizwa ngokuthi izwi-kumiswa. Izibonelo zibandakanya: amagama isilwane (Pancake-Chik, intuthu-ok, indlu-IR), amagama umholi (ukusebenzisa-un, i-WHO-Chik, ukufundisa-Tel).

isigaba neziLimi ngomqondo obanzi futhi ayibanzi

isigaba Ulimi - inhlanganisela ukuthi ingabonwa njengoba ezibanzi ngomqondo emincane. Esimweni sokuqala yiliphi iqembu izakhi okuyinto abelwe esekelwe impahla ezivamile. Ngomqondo ewumngcingo izigaba ulimi - kukhona imingcele ethile (izimfanelo), ukwahlukanisa ecashile amayunithi eyohlobo ka kwenani elithile amakilasi disjoint. amalungu abo zinezikhathi value ezithile trait. Izibonelo :. Isigaba uhlobo, icala, vusa / ezingaphili, voicelessness / nokuveza njll Nokho, ngokuvamile le gama lisho elilodwa lamanani lokhu ipharamitha (sici). Izibonelo: isigaba inanimateness, umenziwa wesenzo isimo voicelessness uzibophezele fomu.

Izinhlobo izigaba ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ehlukahlukene

Kuye ngokuthi yiziphi uhlamvu has uphawu ehambisana ne ivelele kuso okuningi, kanye nokuxhumana kwalo ukwahlukanisa emakilasini, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene izigaba. Setha kungenziwa sakhiwa phonemes, okuyizinto amayunithi eyohlobo. Kulokhu, ukuhlukanisa ezahlukene Imphimiso izigaba namalimi wemiphakathi. Lokhu, isibonelo, bahlukaniswe voicelessness / sonority. Esinye isibonelo - isigaba stop ongwaqa. Ngesisekelo umehluko ngezigaba ifonotiki senziwa kulesi simo.

Setha idividendi ngezigaba, kungashiwo sakhiwa ubunye zamazwe amabili. Ngokuvamile lezi iziphakamiso, amabinzana amazwi. Kulokhu, lo labelwe kwemagama, lucebe-semantic, syntactic, nemithetho yolimi nendlela kwezinye izigaba. Ngokusho izici ethile semantic noma syntactic lwenteke ngezigaba. Kungaba njengoba syntactic efanele, semantic, futhi obschekategorialnym (leli gama ngokuvamile aqondwe njengokufaka "okubhekisela titfo tenkhulumo").

Ekulinganisweni nokushintsha izimfanelo

Yima kanye nezinye izici. Mayelana amakilasi zihlukaniswe ngodonga ngononina (abakhethayo, ebalulekile) nokushintsha (flexion, futhi umehluko). Isici kwabanye nto olusha uma sifana elementi ezinye ekilasini ukwahlukanisa ehlukile kuphela ngokuthi ukubaluleka lesi sici. Lokhu kuphikiswa ubizwa ngokuthi ezifanayo. Uma lokhu ningagcini, for the element okuhambisanayo kuwuphawu we ngeengaba. Kuleso simo, sikwazi ukukhuluma ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile ngaphezulu amayunithi ngesisekelo baguquke? Ake uphendule kulo mbuzo. Khona-ke, lapho izakhi ihluke nomunye kuphela izimiso isici ukulungisa. Kepha ekulinganisweni, ukubaluleka kwalo njalo, eqondiswa iyunithi.

Ukuguqula kanye ekulinganisweni izigaba

Ezimweni eziningi, iningi yezinhlobo lwewashi uphawu. Khona-ke isigaba sisonke ubizwa nangokuthi lwewashi. Ngokwesibonelo, it is inflected (inflectional) isigaba. Lezi zihlanganisa inani lokufa kanye ibizo, icala, inombolo, isiphawulo ubulili, ukuthambekela, isikhathi, umuntu, inombolo ozalwa isenzo. Uma inani elanele izakhi imfanelo categorical is ekulinganisweni ke ngakho kuyoba esigabeni esifanayo iyonke. Isibonelo, izinga lucebe-semantic. Izibonelo: animateness bohlobo titfo tenkhulumo kanye ibizo transitivity / ngadingi umenziwa, ngokulinganisa isenzo amakilasi, njll ...

"Imithetho" futhi "Okuhlukile"

Khona-ke lokho uhlobo kufanele ichasiselwe noma isigaba, kuye ngokuthi yini ngezigaba amayunithi ngokolimi wayedabuka, futhi siyini "umthetho" i-isigaba esithile, futhi yini okungenzeka ukubizwa "ngaphandle." Isibonelo, kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi isiRashiya ezigabeni ezithile of tento isigaba uhlobo Ukuphakama kwephimbo (lwewashi), futhi namanye azifundele - derivational (kuhlukaniswe). Noma ungathatha Kwesinye salezo zinqumo maqondana ikilasi lonke amathokheni ngamazwi. Qaphela ukuthi zonke zazo ethulwa kolimi Russian.

imikhakha izipesheli

Ukutadisha-syntax ubudlelwane paradigmatic ekhona, abacwaningi abaningi ukusebenzisa umqondo wegama elithi "imikhakha kuchumana lwetakhi telulwimi" noma "iziphakamiso zokusesha". Ngezansi kubo ehloselwe izici semantic esasenza imisho ethile (i-syntax modality, ukwamukelwa / ukuphika, tseleustanovka izitatimende). Ngaphansi ngokuvamile kungase amagugu ngabanye idatha izimfanelo (isib kuphikisa esigabeni). Abacwaningi abaningi, ikakhulukazi, N. Y. Shvedova, linikeza umqondo ezahlukene. Bathi ukuxoxa izigaba frazoizmenitelnyh. Kunezinye imiqondo.

isigaba lwetakhi telulwimi

Lwetakhi telulwimi izigaba kwezilimi izinhlobo ezithile kuphela zingezinye zezibhedlela ifundelwe kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu. isici izici zabo - ukulungisa sici uhlobo, kuthathwe njengesisekelo, yokuhileleka yayo syntax, khona ngendlela ejwayelekile lapho lubonakaliswa, kanye 'eboshiwe "ukukhetha (izwi) amafomu lenye esethini ebekiwe, omunye namagugu awo. imikhakha lwetakhi telulwimi kukhona izinhlelo avaliwe amagugu, ahlobene. They buza nokwehlukaniswa ngezigaba disjoint isethi olubanzi temagama. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifana incazelo nethi elisebunyeni noma ubuningi ewonke inombolo isigaba.

Umqondo wombhalo

Ngaphambi kokuba sicabangele ngokolimi isigaba umbhalo, ukuchaza umqondo ukhiye. Umbhalo - raznoaspektnogo into yokufunda yezilimi, kodwa izincwadi kuze kube manje lo mqondo sitolikwa ngokuhlukile. Kukhona futhi akukho definition owamukelwa. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi okuyinto ezivamile.

Umbhalo uwonke kwachazwa ngokuthi umkhiqizo imisebenzi womuntu othize (rechemyslitelnoj). Lesi sakamuva kungenzeka inqubo yokuxhumana engaqondile futhi ngqo, futhi inqubo Ulwazi lomuntu ngokoqobo.

Umbhalo njengoba isigaba ngokolimi

Amayunithi yakha izingxenye zalo (izingxenye zesakhiwo) kokuba atshalwe emshweni esisodwa noma iqembu. Isiphakamiso (texteme, ibinzana, umusho) iyona element eyinhloko umbhalo. Kuyaqondakala futhi beqonda njengoba ukuhlanganiswa nanoma sipho. Okungukuthi, kuba ingxenye ingxenye umbhalo wonke. Ukunikeza - iyunithi yalo ephansi impela yekuchumana.

SCC (SFU)

I nokwakheka kolimi lombhalo , kanye iziphakamiso ngezinye izikhathi kuhlangene ngamaqembu, abacwaningi ezahlukene anamagama ahlukene. V. A. Buhbinder, isibonelo, libhekisela ensembles yabo futhi Emabitomvama nemabito lalukhuni Emabitomvama nemabito lalukhuni unities. Inxanxathela lonke syntactical (SCC) ukholwa NS yabo Pospelov, A. P. Peshkovsky, S. G. Ilenko, L. M. Loseva. Microtext (SFU) ukubabiza TM Nikolaeva, oi Moskalskaya, I. R. Galperin. Boznacheniya iqembu iziphakamiso ahlobene ngaphakathi kwencazelo yoMthetho SFU ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi SCC. Lena ubunye iyinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo, okuyinto aqukethe iziphakamiso okungenani ezimbili ezihlukene, ezithinta esimeningcondvo anokuhambisana inkulumo ubuqotho semantic, kanye isenzo njengengxenye zokuxhumana ephelele.

iziphakamiso Mahhala uqine

Qaphela ukuthi kule nokwakheka kolimi lombhalo, akuzona zonke iziphakamiso eqoqelwe ndawonye. Labelwe futhi mahhala, okuyinto akufakiwe kuzo, kodwa wokufihla ezihlobene eyodwa noma elinye iqembu. Iqukethe imibono, umbhali ukubaleka. iziphakamiso ezinjalo ukuhlobana SSC, kuthiwa indlela waqoka mikrotema entsha.

Abanye abacwaningi baye baphawula umbhalo oqinile isiphakamiso. Bona kungaqondakala ngaphandle kokwazi okuqukethwe kwabanye. iziphakamiso ezinjalo e SSC akufakiwe.

amayunithi Ukuxhumana namayunithi emikhulu

Iziphi ezinye izigaba ungabahlukanisa umbhalo ulimi? iziphakamiso Iqembu ehlangana amabhlogo ingxenye lube lukhulu nakakhulu. Zibizwa ngokuthi ezifundweni ezahlukene noma izingxenyana noma izakhiwo yekwenta-isihlobo. Enye igama ezivamile - amabhlogo zokuxhumana.

Izinhlangano kukhona lukhulu nakakhulu. Bekhulumisana umbhalo izingxenye ezilandelayo: inhloko, ingxenye isigaba, isigaba.

Ngakho, iziphakamiso kanye namaqembu abo - main izakhi zokuxhumana kombhalo. Zonke ezinye Kwenziwa njengoba umthetho, umsebenzi umbhalo ukwakha. Zivame interphase nezokuxhumana. Sinikeza incazelo, futhi lo mqondo.

Isibopho interfacial

Limelela isixhumanisi phakathi SCC, iziphakamiso, izahluko, izigaba, kanye nezinye izingxenye umbhalo, okuyinto uhlela ubunye baso kwesakhiwo semantic. Kulokhu, ubudlelwane semantic phakathi iziphakamiso ngamanye ngezincwadi lucebe futhi nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Kuyinto ngokuvamile izixhumanisi parallel noma iketanga. Lesi sakamuva yaqaphela ngokuphinda akuloba engxenyeni yokugcina yencwadi lo musho ngandlela-thile, ku ukuthunyelwa alandelayo ingxenye oyiyo. Iziphakamiso uxhumano parallel akusho bandakanya, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa. Kulokhu, izakhiwo kuyendlulela noma juxtaposition ivumela ukuqhathanisa, kuye ngokuthi okuqukethwe abafanele lucebe.

Esebenzisa ukuqaliswa kwe-izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana

Ngosizo izinsiza ulimi luyasetshenziswa ngamunye izinhlobo zokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ekhuthaza izinhlayiya esetshenziswa umbhalo izinhlangano, okokufaka nabanye. Ukuze ukuqaliswa kwe-links chain phakathi iziphakamiso SSC asetshenziswe ngomqondo ofanayo, ezinikezwa syntactic, inkulumo nge ngekwendzawo nezesikhasana value, tabito kanye nabanye. Mayelana uxhumano okufanayo, ukuze lelisu ezifanele impindamqondo e ukwakha imisho ngawo. Lubonakaliswa tento ukusetshenziswa nesimiso ezivamile kwesikhathi, izakhi anaphoric ye-oda esifanayo, nokunye. D.

imikhakha yolimi creolized imibhalo

Basuke izimpawu imikhakha ngokufanayo okuthiwa classical imibhalo ngamazwi eyohlobo. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa umqondo wegama elithi "creolization". Kuyinto inhlanganisela izindlela ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo ukungena ngemvume eyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto isimo obhekene tekstuarnosti. izingxenye Visual kukhona oshumayela creolization tematheksthi ngamazwi. Sinenkosi nomthelela obalulekile nencazelo yabo futhi kuwo wonke yezobuchwepheshe ezihlobene design kombhalo, ezithinta ukuthi asho ukuthini. Phuma phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo: umbala wesizinda kanye ifonti kombhalo, kusho izimpawu zokuloba, isipelingi, kwakhiwa kwemagama, graphic design (e ikholomu ngesimo sibalo), iphrintwe izinhlamvu yisakhiwo sodumo (okwakuyimifanekiso, Pictograms) nabanye.

Umbhalo Ngakho isakhiwo ethile, lapho izingxenye kanye iziphakamiso ngamanye oxhumene. imikhakha yolimi futhi okunengqondo - ngesihloko okuyinto kungembula isikhathi eside kakhulu. Siye sazama ukugqamisa into ebaluleke ukuzedlula zonke oyidingayo ukuze ukwazi njalo philologist.