Igesi Mustard: umthelela umuntu, izibonelo isicelo, imiphumela

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, umyalo German waqala okokuqala ukusebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali ukuhlasela izitha. Ngenxa yalokho yokuhlasela chemical, kwashona abangaphezu kwesigidi abantu. "Inkosi" amagesi anobuthi ka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwaba lwesinaphi. Lesi sihloko siphendula imibuzo ngalokho a lwesinaphi lapho isetshenziswa.

Umlando sokudalwa

Mustard - igama yesayensi 2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. Ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ayengobani lokuqala kwemiqondo igesi akunakwenzeka. Ngesikhathi (1860), ososayensi eziningana zakwazi ukuhlukanisa emoyeni egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. EJalimane, wenza ukutholakala Albert Niemann, England - UFrederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. German Victor Mayer (1886) ngakwazi ukusungula indlela yokukhiqiza lwesinaphi okumsulwa. Futhi, lezi ososayensi waqhuba ukuhlolwa kuqala laboratory, okuye kwaphumela amaphepha echaza imiphumela anobuthi lwesinaphi igesi nomuntu.

Uzakwabo, naye waba nengxenye cwaningo, kanye B. Mayer, kwaba usosayensi Russian Nikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. Ngeshwa, ngo-inqubo ND Zelinsky wathola ukusha futhi ubuthi yilo igesi, akunakwenzeka ukuba siqhubeke isivivinyo. Kususelwa imisebenzi Mayer, ngo-1916, osokhemisi ezimbili, B. Lommel (Lommel) noB Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), bethuthuka futhi iqalise ukukhiqizwa yezimboni igesi enobuthi, okuthiwa Lost (okubili izinhlamvu zokuqala amagama ososayensi). Igama at igesi akuyona simile.

Ngo-1917, ngomhla ka-July 12, ngesikhathi kuhlasela we edolobheni laseBelgium Ypres, amaJalimane esetshenziswa ezimayini egcwele oily ezinobuthi. Ukuchayeka lwesinaphi igesi wayeyindoda isigelekeqe esinonya. Yena siye sadlulela ngalé ngokusebenzisa izingubo nezicathulo. Ngenxa yalokho we bombardment lwesinaphi abathintekayo abantu mayelana 2,500, abantu abangaba ngu-100 babulawa. Ngemva igesi ukuhlasela ngezikhali lethiwa wamanje - lwesinaphi. Eyesibili igama Ubuthi, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngesikhathi sokulalela, "lwesinaphi igesi". Lokhu kungenxa iphunga eqondile lwesinaphi igesi, okuyinto okusikhumbuza Iphunga lwesinaphi noma horseradish.

Izindlela ngokukhiqiza umkhakha

Ngemva kwezenzakalo ezinobudlova Ieper izimbangi German aseqalile ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokukhiqiza yezimboni nesisi esinobuthi. AmaNgisi, amaMelika kanye French ukwenziwa ether esetshenziswa zamagama oqondile ezihlongozwayo Nimono futhi Guthrie. Mustard etholwe ngenxa ngokujoyina izinto ezimbili, ethylene chloride nesibabule. Le nqubo singekho isikhathi ukudliwa futhi kumbe eqolo, njengoba indlela esetshenziswa amaJalimane.

EJalimane, i-producing lwesinaphi igesi esetshenziswa indlela B. Mayer, kodwa kulekelelwa. "Mustard negesi" ezikhiqizwa ngokuxhuma thiodiglycol ne phosphorus trichloride. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule nqubo kwathatha isikhathi esijana ukuze zamagama, amaJalimane esetshenziswa kuphela kuye. Ngemva umkhiqizo wokugcina etholwe izikhathi ezimbalwa ngaphezulu (95%) kuka nezinye izindlela.

izakhiwo

Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi Izakhiwo zanoma 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• Lolu ketshezi, esingeyena umbala.
• Iphunga eqinile, efana garlic, lwesinaphi.
• abilayo - 217 ° C.
• Ukuqeda lokushisa - 14,5 ° C.
• It ukubola izidakamizwa lokushisa 150 ° C; noqhekeko ephelele at 500 ° C.
• Ingqikithi ukuminyana ngaphezu kwabantu amanzi.
• Emazingeni aphezulu, igesi enobuthi emoyeni ukumelana kuyehla, kodwa inani ester e amangqamuzana emoyeni kwandisa ngenxa simo esishubile ezinhle.

chemical izakhiwo

Ukuze chemical izakhiwo lwesinaphi ihlangabezana sulphur, ama-athomu amabili chlorine ne ethylene:

• Kahle oncibilikayo emanzini. Kuhlangana kwenzeka kuphela eshukumisayo ngamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ungena noma iyiphi inhlangano wamanzi lwesinaphi ngeke chaza emanzini, kodwa zizohlala efanayo amakhemikhali ukwakheka, kuyilapho ngesikhathi ukujula. Kwezinye izimo amanzi bangase bafinyelele phezu ifilimu elincanyana.
• Kuyinto oncibilikayo yemifino kanye ezilwane, ezihogelwayo.
• Inert ukuze izinhlobo eziningi izinsimbi; esitsheni for uketshezi ukugcina bangaphakela aluminium amaphilisi.

Mustard: umthelela womuntu

Mustard libhekisela ezinesihlungu izinto ibhamuza. Uyini lo mshini wezenzo ubuthi emzimbeni womuntu?

• Ngenxa solubility ezinhle lwesinaphi igesi amafutha yemifino kanye isilwane imvelaphi, angakwazi ngokukhululekile ukungena emzimbeni womuntu ngesikhumba. Kushisa, ukumuncwa enamandla igesi enobuthi neqhaza umjuluko ukukhululwa.
• Kubantu, lwesinaphi uhlukanise ngokushesha. Lokhu kukhipha nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali anobuthi ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu kubantu.
• Ama-lymphocyte asemhlophe egazi kanye okokuqala ukuzwela emiphumeleni lwesinaphi igesi. Ngenxa yalokho, izivikeli mzimba kuba sengozini.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngezinga of nomthelela omubi kukhona izinhlaka uhlelo hematopoietic, le mucosa emathunjini.
• Mustard igesi uyakwazi ukwakheka DNA.

imiphumela Toxic lwesinaphi igesi emzimbeni simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• Phakathi contact okokuqala encane ngemithamo lwesinaphi umuntu akakwazi ngokushesha ukugcina umthelela igesi phezu kwesikhumba noma ipheshana zokuphefumula. I esicashile isikhathi - amahora 6-8. Kuphela ukwanda okuhlushwa igesi isahola imvelo ukuze sneezing, noma umphimbo obuhlungu.
• Ubuthi aqoqana emzimbeni, kanjalo ibe yimbi isimo lesiguli.
• Ngoba noma yisiphi nomthelela phezu ijwabu lwamafinyila futhi iqala yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo, okuholela kokufa ingxenye lilimele.
• Izicubu ukulungisa emva kokulimala kancanekancane.
• Ezindaweni yomzimba kabana into enobuthi, lapho vesicants isilonda. Ngenxa yalokho bangangenwa yilesi sifo eyehlisiwe bathelelane ezinye izifo singenzeka, okwakuyoholela izinkinga yokutakula nesineke noma kuholele ekufeni.
• Kukhona izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa.
• It kwandisa ukuzwela omzimba Amagciwane.

Mustard: ngemiphumela ifomu ukunqotshwa igesi enobuthi

Umthelela eyinhloko lwesinaphi igesi phezu kwamehlo, umgudu wokuphefumula nesikhumba. Uma ejenti zamakhemikhali olufuthwe ngesimo igesi, lwesinaphi igesi ukuchayeka abantu ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa izinhlaka emehlweni ke izitho zokuphefumula kanye isikhumba kancane kancane. Liquid droplet uhlobo lwesinaphi igesi ngokuyinhloko zithinta isikhumba. Imiphumela iphathwa kuhlaselwa ngesisi ungcono amafomu liquid ezinobuthi.

amafomu Ezintsha umonakalo isitho kuphakama endabeni yesikhathi esifushane ukuhlala komuntu ezonini ye into enobuthi nge lokuhlushwa elincane gas (0.002 mg \ L) kanye ewuketshezi (0.01 mg \ cm2). Okulingene - ne esengeziwe molecule ezinobuthi imvelo: negesi - 0015 mg \ L, uketshezi uyadedela - 0.1 mg \ cm2. Heavy lwesinaphi igesi elinobuthi, okungaveza ukufa, kwenzeka lapho lokuhlushwa ketshezi isimo umusi - 0,07 mg \ L. Izithombe nemiphumela lwesinaphi igesi nomuntu kungabonwa esihlokweni.

amafomu Abathathu izilonda zokuphefumula:

• Ifomu omnene yokulimala: ukuvuvukala emphinjeni kanye nekhala. Kubonakaliswa le uketshezi obuningi kakhulu obuvela ekhaleni, nobunzima ukugwinya, umphimbo obuhlungu. Emva kwezinsuku 10-12, izimpawu bahambe.
• ifomu esijwayelekile: ukukhwehlela ne ubovu ocucuzayo, izinga lokushisa komzimba okusezingeni eliphezulu, ubuhlungu endaweni esifubeni. Ngempatho enganele kuholela nenyumoniya. Isikhathi yokwelapha ebekiwe ikhuthaza linokuphulukisa ngenyanga nesigamu.
• Ifomu okunzima: izimpawu ushevu zenzeka amahora ambalwa ngemva kokungenwa lwesinaphi igesi. Ukudakwa - ukukhwehlela ne ubovu osenyameni flue, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, i-pneumonia eba ngosuku lwesithathu, okungase ukuthuthukela necrosis kwamaphaphu nokufa. Yokutakula iziguli emva ubuthi ezinzima uya kanzima.

ukulandiswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu umonakalo isitho:

• Amehlo sizwele emiphumeleni lwesinaphi (igesi) ukuphi. Ngisho ngesikhathi lokuhlala aphansi (0.005 mg \ L) e isigamu sehora - ngehora lesithathu wazizwa kabuhlungu, evutha, uzizwa isihlabathi emehlweni, iso lwamafinyila zigcwala ukusebenzisa kakhulu izinyembezi. Emasontweni ambalwa isimo sibuyela kwesejwayelekile.
• Lapho izimpawu ocular of kobukhulu ngokulinganisela, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, kuthiwa iyakhula, eminye corneas avuvukele avele ubomvu. izilonda okunjalo ingelashwa, yokutakula kwenzeka emva kwezinyanga ezintathu.
• amafomu Sinzima nolokubhujiswa zenzeka uma ketshezi droplet lwesinaphi igesi singena amehlo akho. Uyahlupheka kakhulu cornea, ukuvuvukala kwenzeka kuqala, bese turbidity, ngemva kokufa izicubu corneal, ngokuvamile kuholela ubumpumputhe.

amafomu Abathathu Izilonda:

• ifomu Ezintsha kokunqotshwa: esizeni isikhumba contact kanye into enobuthi kukhona ukuvuvukala, kukhona amnyama, uyaxebuka. Ngemva kwesonto kanye nezimpawu isigamu zinyamalale, lesikhumba kuphela ingahlala isikhathi eside.
• Ngo imiphumela ngokulinganisela esikhumbeni avele Bubbles ezincane, abese kuhlanganiswe zibe munye ekuqhumeni kokuvula izingqimba ongama. Lokhu kungenzeka ezinye izifo ukuthi babhebhethekisa lesi sifo. Futhi, leli fomu libhekene ukulunywa ezinzima futhi ubuhlungu. Izimpawu zinyamalale ingakapheli nenyanga.
• Ifomu olunzima - eyesithathu. It libhekene izilonda kwezicubu ngokujulile ukuthi zibe hardhealed izilonda necrotic. Yokutakula kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga 4.

Mustard igesi Ungafaka futhi esiqeshini gastro-emathunjini ukudla noma amanzi anobuthi. izinguquko Toxic ezilotshwe ngomlomo ingaphakathi, emphinjeni nasesiswini. Emathunjini, ngokuvamile kuphakama kungekho ukuvuvukala kusukela lokuthi ubuthi ingena egazini lisuka esiswini. Izimpawu: imfiva, ukuhlanza, ukukhishwa isisu, ukungasebenzi inhliziyo, Ukuwohloka ingqikithi emzimbeni. amafomu Sinzima ubuthi siholela ekufeni.

zosizo lokuqala

Kwasekuqaleni, ukuze ugweme umphumela anobuthi lwesinaphi igesi umuntu, kubalulekile ukuvikela isikhumba futhi umgudu wokuphefumula, amehlo izindlela ezikhethekile - buso igesi kanye suit zokuzivikela.

Ngemva contact nge lwesinaphi igesi lehla iwukudambisa isikhumba kungaba isicelo elinama obalulekile kusuka ngomhla ka anti-gas iphakethe lomuntu oyedwa, uma kungenjalo, khona-ke zisebenzisa i solution utshwala chlorine bleach. Uma ezilimele iso ukugeza ngamanzi agobhozayo noma isixazululo soda ababuthakathaka. Ukungena lwesinaphi igesi ipheshana yesisu ivinjelwe lavage esiswini nge isixazululo ezibuthakathaka potassium permanganate.

isicelo

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukusetshenziswa lwesinaphi igesi amaJalimane kwenzeka phakathi nempi phakathi Quadruple Alliance kanye Entente. Ezincwadini, lokhu zinqobe uvame ukubizwa empini njengelungu zamakhemikhali, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi, ihlolwe futhi isicelo owawudinga anobuthi izinto ezibulalayo.

Amasosha aseJalimane esetshenziswa lwesinaphi igesi ukumisa ngaphambi ibutho isitha ngasedolobheni Ypres. Ngobusuku buka-13 Julayi, 1917 amaJalimane ahlasela amabutho we Entente lwesinaphi igesi. Imiphumela kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe esinobuthi zazizimbi kakhulu: zathinta abantu mayelana 2,500 babulawa indawo mayelana 100. Abaningi Kushone operation lempi, ngoba igesi umphumela obulalayo kuyobe kungakazukufika masinyane. Ngemva lokhu kuhlasela amaJalimane eBritish, amaMelika, amaFulentshi wanquma ukuba afihle lokho ayikho lwesinaphi kakhulu.

Izinkulungwane efile, ikusasa efile, umzimba, ukubhekana amasosha nezakhamuzi, ukungcoliswa komhlaba namanzi - ngemiphumela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali phakathi nempi. Nomhlaba ophucukile akanakukuvimbela Ukuphinda nezenzo zonya ezinjengezimpi esikhathini esizayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1925-ke wasayina Geneva Protocol ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa nezikhali zamakhemikhali, izikhali ezingamagciwane ngesikhathi sempi siye saba.

Naphezu kokuvinjelwa, emazweni amaningi baye basebenzisa ejenti zamakhemikhali ukuze ugqule imbangi yakhe ibe ekhoneni futhi ukunqoba impi.

UMussolini akazange anqikaze alisebenzisa lwesinaphi igesi ekulweni Italian State yaseTopiya (1935-1936). Inhloso esemqoka - ukuba zibuswe ifulege Italy, engxenyeni esenyakatho-Afrika, ngakho-ngokuhamba babe izindlela zobudlova ezempi, ezihlanganisa himataki. Ngenxa yalokho, Italy kwase yayinqoba iTopiya kuhlangene Eritrea futhi Somaliland Italy kuleli koloni elisha.

Ngo-1943, kwaba khona usizi, lapho abathintekayo hhayi kuphela lempi kodwa futhi izakhamuzi ezibulewe Bari port. I isigaba German ngamabhomu imikhumbi American, omunye ibithwele amagobolondo ezazigxishwe lwesinaphi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amabhomu ziphuthunyiswe ngaphandle fuses, isiteleka air kwakwanele ukuba kusebenze okuqukethwe ezinobuthi. Kube ukuhlaselwa ikhemikhali sabulala abantu abangaba ngu-90.

I-Japanese udlulele ngalé yonke ingxenye yokuhlola kanye nokusebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali China. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 base othengwe kusukela imishini German ukwenziwa esinobuthi ngezinga ezimbonini. Ibutho Japanese eyakhelwe izitshalo eziningana kwamakhemikhali izifundazwe China. Ukuvivinywa Kokungathathi ezinobuthi abazenzi ku iziboshwa zempi futhi abalimi abavamile! Amasosha yelanga eliphumayo babekholelwa consumable Chinese. Ibutho Japanese "kokululama" ezikhali zamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sempi China (1937-1945). Ngemva kokuphela kwempi Sino-Japanese, amaJapane, ukususa "ubufakazi", wangcwatshwa noma baminza amanzi ukunqwabelana omkhulu ezikhali zamakhemikhali. Eminyakeni 90 Ekhulwini lama-20, kwaba nezigameko lapho himsnaryady ngokuxhamazela kabusha ezilimele, futhi umphumela anobuthi lwesinaphi igesi lakuthola abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Ngo-2010, cindezela libike ukuthi ukwakhiwa zalesi sihlahla oyokwenziwa e China for udoti wangcwatshwa amaJapane ezikhali zamakhemikhali.

ukwenqatshelwa kokusetshenziswa kwabantwana Chemical Izikhali

Septhemba 3, 1993 siphakamisiwe ukungena ngemvume neSivumelwano mthetho ezikhali zamakhemikhali. Ngalokho, uthi wajoyina ngo-Ephreli 1997, ngemva kokuba ungene ngemvume 65 uthi. Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, amazwe kufanele ukubhubhisa indawo yabo bonke izikhali zamakhemikhali ukunqwabelana nezinhlelo ukuze alondoloze ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwethulwa izinhlobo ezintsha ubuthi. Kuze kube manje, emazweni 190 ngemvume komhlangano, amalungu eNhlangano yeziZwe. Babalelwa ku-60% azo zonke esitokisini ezikhali zamakhemikhali ilahlwe.

ezingokoqobo zamanje

Isentha sasekelwa emazweni amaningi, kodwa ezinobuthi uqhubeke izosetshenziswa ezimpini nje kuphela kodwa futhi ku bombardment of emadolobheni ezisetshenziswa. Kusukela entwasahlobo ka-2017 abezindaba yamila imibiko ukusetshenziswa lwesinaphi igesi e-Iraq wamasosha. ezintweni Himataki babe abameleli Islamic State (uvinjelwe eRussia). Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali Syria ukuba abambe futhi amadolobha (2016-2017 GG.). Ukuhlaselwa ezinobuthi asithinti nje kuphela wezempi kodwa futhi nezakhamuzi. Nakuba uhulumeni yaseSiriya umemezele ngokusemthethweni ukuthi batch zakamuva ezikhali zamakhemikhali lakhishwa ngo-June 2014. Laboratory ukwenziwa lwesinaphi igesi e-Iraq, amasosha bathole baseMelika. UN Commission kwenziwe uphenyo esimweni ngasinye ukusetshenziswa ezinobuthi.

Mustard - ikhambi?

Ngemva kwale nhlekelele ngo-1943 esikhumulweni semikhumbi Italian Bari, abacwaningi bahlola kwesidumbu. Ngenxa yalokho sokuhlolwa, kwatholakala ukuthi izitho igazi-ukwakha futhi lymph node ngingekho leukocyte. Lokhu okwatholakala utshelwa ososayensi ukuthi lwesinaphi igesi ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ezifweni umdlavuza. Abacwaningi Melika Goodman Gilman ngesisekelo lwesinaphi igesi baye basungula ikhemikhali ngemithamo emincane zaphathwa isiguli-lymphoma. Ekuqaleni, umuthi ezicindezelayo nomthelela isimila kumiswa. It kwehle ngosayizi. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile umdlavuza iye yathuthuka. A zanqwabelana emzimbeni into ngesisekelo lwesinaphi kungaqali ukusiza umzimba, kodwa kunalokho ukuze bafake ubuthi kuye. Le ndoda yafa lokudakwa.

Ngezinye lokuhlala aphansi, lwesinaphi igesi isetshenziswa ekwelapheni isifo sesikhumba psoriasis. Ngesisekelo esungulwe lwesinaphi wamafutha lapho eziqukethwe isilinganiso 1 kuya ku-20 000 noma 40 000. Kodwa engu-20 edlule, imithi kuyaqabukela yakhetha indlela elinjalo ezinkulu ukwelashwa.

Phakathi nezimpi ngokuhamba izindlela ezehlukene, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu ngesihluku leyo migomo. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, kube sekupheleni olungisisa izindlela. Ngakho ngalokho okwenzeka kuma-ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Imiphumela ukusetshenziswa anobuthi izinto ukushaqeka (kuhlanganise nemiphumela lwesinaphi igesi nomuntu). Kuze kube manje, isintu besilokhu bazama ukubhekana nemiphumela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Kuze kube manje, umsebenzi oyinhloko nomhlaba ophucukile hhayi ukuphinda amaphutha ezinjalo.