Ibhajethi - kuyinto ... Ukulungiselela nokwamukelwa kwesabelomali

isimo ngasinye has isabelomali lalo. Incazelo leli gama kuba ezijwayele iningi lezakhamuzi Russian. Kwezinye izimo, ubizwa ngokuthi "Chief Financial Law" noma "idokhumenti" isimo. Nokho, kukhona amabhajethi lesifunda kanye kamasipala. ukusebenza yabo inezici. Uyini Ukwakheka kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali? Kangakanani umthetho "main" kwezimali isimo?

Inchazelo

"Ibhajethi" - kungcono ngesiNgisi, "isikhwama". Lokho inqolobane, okuyinto namuhla avame ukuqondwa ngokuthi zezimali. Bangase babe isimo, noma yiziphi yayo isimo ilungu, idolobha, yasendlini, noma ngabanye. Kukhona isabelomali kwenhlangano, okungakwazi sibe nobuhlobo esimweni. Igama elithi okukhulunywa - jikelele. Ngamunye ungaba isakhiwo ayo isabelomali. Yiqiniso, leli gama livame ukubhekisela uzwakale nezindaba zomphakathi. Kanjani it enza umsindo nencazelo efanele?

Ongoti Russian ekhishwe imvelo elandelayo. Ibhajethi - idwetshwa nguHulumeni yezwe, kusifunda noma kudolobha uhlu engenayo kanye nezindleko maqondana esithile isikhathi, okuyinto sivunyiwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho wabantu bonke aqine. Ukubalwa izimali kanye nezindleko ngokuvamile ibalwa - libonise simo okungenzeka kakhulu.

Umnotho isiRashiya, indima engxenyeni kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu. Ezinye izazi ziye kuchazwe ke njengoba phambili. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izinguquko imvelo bangaphandle ezithinta izimali kungabhekwa njengokuvikela izici ezimbi ngenxa Russian umnotho kazwelonke kanye nokukhula kwemali ngeniso.

isabelomali amazinga e-Russia

Esikhathini umkhuba Russian kukhona amazinga eziningana nokulungiselela ukukhishwa isabelomali - federal, zezifunda kanye lendawo. I ebumbeneko uthi ezingeni lesifunda engashiywa. Labo okuyizinto isiko eqinile ikakhulukazi federalism, isibonelo, e-US - ngisho kwezabelomali zomasipala zingahlukaniswa zibe ngetakhiwo letehlukene.

Kukhona okuhlukile lapho izibalo ngayinye amazinga isabelomali Russian tente. Kwakheka isethi ezivamile izinkomba zezimali. Kulokhu, ibhajethi elihlanganisiwe yezwe. Isetshenziselwa uma ufuna ukubikezela noma ukubala komnotho omkhulu.

Izimali kanye izindleko

Yikuphi imithombo uhola izwe, isifunda noma umasipala? Yiziphi imithombo eyinhloko isabelomali? izintela Income zivame ubalwe njengenye, excises, imisebenzi kanye nezinye izindleko eziphathelene nabo. Bathunyelwa yengcebo oda singenakushintshwa. Nakuba kwezinye izimo umthetho sihlinzekela uhlobo oluthile ukudonsa imali eholweni, lapho izindlela kolwesiNgisi ngefomu ahoxise izinkokhelo kusukela isabelomali, kodwa zisetshenziswa.

Izindleko zihlanganisa imali, okuyinto, ngokuhambisana izindinganiso ngumthetho, okuhloswe kuzo ukuze sikhokhele lolu imisebenzi eyenziwa iziphathimandla nomasipala. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ngabanye ukuthola lezi zimali ngokuthi ibhajethi sistemoy.Raskhody yebhajethi oluthathwa zibe zindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthi bakuyiphi zomnyango. Izindleko Kulokhu ziqoqwa esekelwe ukusatshalaliswa ukwabiwa maqondana abamukeli ethize. Okwesibili, njengoba kungenzeka futhi kwezomnotho ngezigaba. Kulokhu, izindleko ziqoqwa esekelwe ubuntu babo, ukuzikhethela legatsha.

AmaFanktjhini ne-value isabelomali

Thina ukuqedela kwencazelo "isabelomali" nomqondo ulwazi lokho main imisebenzi ke wenza. Okokuqala, it is a lokwabiwa kabusha fair kwezimali ngaphakathi kohlaka ingeniso kazwelonke. Iqiniso lokuthi ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe, uma kuziwa Russia, amazinga ehlukene intuthuko yomnotho. Kusukela lapho izimali zosizo ngaphezulu uya lapho kukhona isidingo ukusekelwa ngokwezimali. Okwesibili, isabelomali ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe wezokuvikela ngokwenza izakhamuzi amandla, ukusebenza izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nakwentiwa. Okwesithathu, inikeza sokuthuthukiswa ukhiye sphere ezibalulekile emphakathini - imfundo, imithi, ibutho.

Sakhiwo amazinga isabelomali

Ake sibone ukuthi isakhiwo isabelomali isimo. Siye ngokuthi imisebenzi ke. Ukuze kulungiswe ukuqaliswa zabo kudinga uhlelo elihambisana uyayixazulula inkinga ka ukuhanjiswa izimali nokulawula okwalandela phezu ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Ngakho, isabelomali - iwumthombo, ngokuvamile eyodwa, futhi sihlinzekela yokwehlayo izifundo, isetshenziswa.

Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa igunya sokuthuthukiswa imithombo yezimali zomphakathi? Iqhaza main lapha kungokwalabo Treasury Federal. Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi kube khona ukusebenzisana phakathi nendawo futhi isihloko umfelandawonye ekubhekaneni Izinjongo yomnyango? Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe emkhakheni wezemfundo unesibopho Federal Ministry of obonisa ukulawula isakhiwo esicongweni aphansi. Ngokufanayo - kweminye iminyango - Ministry of Health, Wezangaphakathi. isakhiwo isabelomali isici ukusatshalaliswa kwezimali phakathi isikhungo sikahulumeni futhi izifunda eRussia iyafana imodeli nokubusa. Kukhona Ihhovisi lesifunda seeMali Federal. Kubo, futhi kufanele ibuye ukusatshalaliswa ukheshi nokuphathwa kwesabelomali notshwala zezimali.

Isabelomali esifundeni, ngaleyo ndlela isakhiwa ngokuhamba ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi iziphathimandla kuncike isiKhwama Federation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho ichaza iziteshi okuyothi ngalo esifundeni Ungagcwalisa izinqolobane zabo zezimali. Ibhajethi ka esifundeni kanye nezinye izikhonzi umfelandawonye kungenziwa kulekelelwa izintela lesifunda, kanye nokwabelana eyatholakala kusukela izinhlobo ezithile amacala sikahulumeni.

Ngandlela-thile ezahlukene kunjalo, uma sikhuluma ezingeni lamasipala. City isabelomali nokuphathwa ngokuyinhloko ibanga kusuka zamakhono isimo. Izimali ngoba umthamo wemvula komasipala abizwa ngokuthi ukubuyisa bebodwa. Izinsiza main le njongo - ukuthengiswa kwempahla ziphethwe yidolobhakazi noma isifunda, kanye namasevisi ikhokhwe olunikezwa eminyangweni kahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, lizinga isabelomali wendawo wathola kwezimali olwengeziwe kusuka isimo. Futhi, yengcebo kamasipala agcwaliswa ngu ekhokhwa ngokuhambisana nomthetho intela - ngqo, noma njengoba kwakusho imithetho yentela yombuso Izikhungo kwezakhiwo ezibanjwayo. Mhlawumbe replenishment isabelomali idolobha ngezithukuthuku izinhlobo ezithile Imali isimo icala amabhange ukuthi sisebenza insimu kamasipala.

Izabelomali komasipala, efana analog wabo sikahulumeni ingase waqinisa format. Okungukuthi, kuba iqoqo uzuza kanye ukulahlekelwa, sibonakalisa isiphetho esihlukile. Izabelomali okuyinto, nakho indlela etholakala endaweni yayo zasemizaneni. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zincwadi zezimali zendawo zingase olwenziwe ezingeni zemizimba ukuzibusa.

Umsebenzi komasipala - ukunikeza ezidingekayo ibhalansi amabhajethi wasendaweni, ukwenza ngokuvumelana neziqondiso eyasungulwa umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinqubo-mgomo ekhuluma kubulawa ayindlala izinhlelo zezimali kanye izikweletu.

Le ndawo eyinhloko ukusebenzisana phakathi komasipala kanye nemitimba yahulumende endaweni inqubomgomo yentela - ukubika kuqala mayelana yokugcina. I-oda, okuyinto kunqunywa imithetho efanele, komasipala ithunyelwa lesifunda amandla isakhiwo ibika sendlela isabelomali wendawo wabulawa.

Kusilela futhi isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona

Isabelomali kungase kube yindlala khona, isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona futhi kunokulinganisela yini. Esimweni sokuqala, izimali for sikhathi - izindleko aphansi. Esimeni sesibili - kunalokho. Esikhathini ukulingana lwesithathu siyenzeka (at tolerances ubuncane). Phakathi osomnotho, ongoti abaningi bakholelwa kuyinsakavukela kusilela (inqobo akusiyo enkulu kakhulu). Isabelomali ehlelelwe okuzenzakalelayo ezimweni eziningi ungenisa ngakho. Njengomthetho, aphethwe, umnotho wokuncintisana kuba njalo okuthile ukugcwalisa. Yini?

Okokuqala, ukukhululwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene izibambiso (ngokuvamile kumasheya ezindawo zikahulumeni). Zimali othenga kubo, esenana ezinye uhlobo isibopho (lokhu ngokuvamile ukukhokha inzalo ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile), isimo - usebenzisa ukuqhutshwa ukuze sivale lapho sisilela imali eshodayo kusabelozimali. ERussia, lobo buhlobo kakhulu.

Okwesibili, kungaba loans kwesabelomali. Leli lungiselelo, lapho angatholakala kusukela lesifunda kanye kamasipala izinqolobane zezimali.

Okwesithathu, isabelomali kungasiza Central Bank ngokunikeza izimali ezidingekayo.

Amalungiselelo ngaphezulu zenza lokhu kusilela kukhona yangaphakathi. Kodwa kukhona imithombo yangaphandle. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- ukudayiswa izibopho emakethe international;

- ukuheha ukubolekisa kusuka izinhlangano yangasese yangaphandle;

- ukubolekisa kusukela nohulumeni bezinye izizwe;

Ngokuvamile le miklamo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zisetshenziswa kanyekanye. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi maningi ithemba emnothweni isimo sika at abakweletwayo ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele, ukwesaba kancane kungaba uhulumeni mayelana ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali. Ngakho-ke, abahlaziyi bakholelwa kuncane iphuzu wonder ukuthi emazweni amaningi athuthukile, kuhlanganise nase-United States, ngokwe-uhulumeni izibopho izikweletu ilingana 100% we-GDP noma nakakhulu. Ngakho ababolekisi ngokwanele uthemba ukuzinza komnotho emazweni lapho ukuthenga izibopho. Nakuba, kukhona iphuzu okuphambene umbono. On izinkokhelo wakhe nesabelomali ngo zokweboleka unomphela ukunikeza bengayi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isimo kuzophela izinsiza ukusevisa izikweletu angaphandle.

Kangakanani isabelomali Russian

Cabanga ngalokho ibhajethi yakho, kwencazelo eside, ukuyihlola sitholwa kanjani. On isibonelo izindlela ezisebenza eRussia. Okokuqala, ukuthi isabelo sezimali kwenzeka.

Inqubo embuzweni, kuhilela ukuthola lemali edingekile of izimali ezidingekayo isimo ukuxhasa umsebenzi we kwemigwamanda enesibopho ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile. Uhlaka lwesabelomali ethuthuka Ministry of Finance yeRussia. Njengomthetho, umsebenzi ku isabelomali ngonyaka ethile iqala kakade ngoJanuary wangonyaka odlule.

Isinyathelo sokuqala, Ministry of Finance kulingisa zimo ezihlukene lapho umnotho ingathuthuka. Uma sekuvunyelwe nguHulumeni, ejensi iqala ukwenaba imithombo engenayo kanye nezindleko amaphethini. Kubalulekile ukuba sibe nesikhathi ukukwenza kuze 15 Julayi. Ngemva - uhlaka lwesabelomali waphinda wathumela kuHulumeni ukuze sicatshangelwe. Anakho ngenyanga ngaphandle ukwenza iziphakamiso ze ngcono le dokhumenti. Ngemva - isabelomali kuya Duma State. Le nqubo ithatha indawo ngezigaba eziningana.

Okokuqala, uhlaka lwesabelomali we State Duma amasekela basafunda ngokwabo. Lokhu zihilelekile ochwepheshe abathintekayo eKomidini Ibhajethi. Ukulandela, idokhumenti ithunyelwa kwamanye isakhiwo Duma, uMongameli kanye Ukubala Chamber, ukuze esiphethweni elinikwe. Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni zonke lezi izigaba iqala ukuvunyelwa isabelomali.

Inqubo yokugunyazwa isabelomali

Le nqubo, kanye ukulungiswa idokhumenti zezimali eyinhloko isimo, oqala Duma State. Zonke kumele zidlule ukufundwa ezine.

Esikhathini Duma State lokuqala ukuxoxa nomqondo isabelomali, it is kuqhathaniswa ne umhlahlo yentuthuko umnotho kazwelonke, kanye eziseqhulwini inqubomgomo yentela. Ingabe ukutadisha izici eziyisisekelo idokhumenti - imithombo imali, izindleko, noma ngabe amacebo ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali.

Esikhathini Ukufundwa yesibili evunywe izinto kwezindleko ngokuvumelana esungulwe ngezigaba uhlelo. Okunqumayo ukubaluleka ukwesekwa yesiKhwama ukuze Russian Federation. Isikhathi phakathi lapho Duma State kufanele abe isikhathi sokucabangela isabelomali ukufunda yesibili, kusukela ekwenzeni kwakhe kuqala - 15 izinsuku.

Ukufunda lwesithathu ikhomba esihlokweni othize izindleko neminyango fixed obhekene ukusetshenziswa ngokufanele izimali. Igama elithi, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane State Duma lapho kwemukelwa idokhumenti Ukufundwa yesibili - izinsuku ezingu-25.

Ukufundwa Okwesine kuhlanganisa ukucabangela izichibiyelo kungenzeka isabelomali. Iphinde iveze ongakhetha isabelo sokwaba izimali kanye nezindleko nsuku ngekwata.

Usebhekene zonke izigaba ingxoxo ku Duma State uhlaka lwesabelomali ithunyelwa endlini engenhla wePhalamende Russian - Federation Council. Uma amalunga ukwamukela idokhumenti, lithunyelwa isignesha kuMongameli. Ngemva - atholwe isimo umthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqala ngonyaka ozayo, izihlinzeko enikeziwe ukujabula sebeqala ukuba lusebenze.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa isabelomali

Ibhajethi - kuba umthetho ukuba abantu babulawelwe kuzo lesifanele. Lubhekele umnyango wakhe - Federal Treasury, bayolandisa kaHulumeni. Abanye ochwepheshe ukugcizelela yokuthi lapho kukhishwa isakhiwo isabelomali yesigungu hhayi angenza noma isiphi izinguquko idokhumenti. Kufanele babe nesimo imithetho kahulumeni nazo ezithathwe kweqhaza State Duma Federation Council futhi uMongameli. Ibhajethi - idokhumende, okuyinto ukuqaliswa okuzenzakalelayo eqala ngo ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni. Uma kunesidingo wokubukeza izinto kwezindleko idokhumenti main wezimali ka isimo (njengoba umthetho, ezimweni ezinjalo sikhuluma ekunciphiseni kwabo), inqubo enkantolo loluphelele. ERussia, sici yayo eyinhloko ukuthi, uma iziphathimandla kuzothatha isinqumo esifanele, izindleko kwesabelomali ziyancipha kuzo zonke izici - e njalo ngenyanga kusukela kwamukelwa umthetho ku enkantolo kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka.

Lawula ukuthi isabelomali uyabulawa ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabili amagatsha kahulumeni. Uma lokhu izakhiwo omele - kuba umbuzo ukulawula ePhalamende. Uma kule nkampani, ilandise kuhulumeni - esihambelanayo kokuqondisa zokuphatha okukhulunywe.

Umsebenzi lokulawula ePhalamende babelwa Chamber of akhawunti. Le nhlangano enegunya okuyohlola - e zezinkonzo, ngaphakathi izakhiwo zabo, kanye namabhizinisi, okungase iqhaza ekuqaliseni ukusebenza kwesabelomali ngandlela-thile. I Audit Chamber ubophekile ukuba ilethe imibiko njalo ngekota ku-ngohlaka lomthetho sendlela ukugubha umthetho ngezimali zikahulumeni oyinhloko. Futhi, umzimba ePhalamende inikeza imibono imibiko nguHulumeni, okuyinto kusebenza futhi isabelomali ukubulawa intuthuko.

Indlela enze inqubo efanayo emazingeni lesifunda kanye kamasipala? Ngokuvamile, nezinqubo zifana eyenziwa federal amandla izakhiwo kuncike ekuhambisaneni RF Ikhodi Ibhajethi.

Umehluko enkulu kungabonakala nasemkhakheni nezinqubo eyenziwa ezingeni lomasipala. Ngokwesibonelo, kwamanye amadolobha nezifunda Russia indima imeya - ehola, kwezinye izindlela ezifanayo yokuma uMongameli correlative roomates nezinye iziphathimandla. Kodwa kukhona komasipala lapho okuthunyelwe zekhanda yokuphathwa - kunalokho bokuzisholo. Kukhona indima enkulu kudlalwa yiphalamende wendawo.

I engavamile we ukwamukelwa kubukezwa amabhajethi kamasipala yokuthi wonke amaqiniso ngokuphathelene le nqubo kumele ngokusemthethweni ishicilelwe. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zonke izigaba umsebenzi neziphathimandla zendawo. Kusukela isinqumo ukuthi avumela isabelomali ziphethe umbiko ekukhishweni idokhumenti zezimali main kamasipala. Futhi, ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi, waziswe emphakathini, ezihlanganisa isimo wekota kolwazi sendlela isabelomali uyabulawa.

Umxhaso, subvention noma umxhaso?

Nquma ukuthi yini kanti indima isabelomali ngokuhlola isimo lesi simanga, kuyoba usizo ukufunda eminye imigomo ehambisana idokhumenti zezimali oyinhloko wombuso. I-Russian abezindaba ochwepheshe, ezinye zazo ezisetshenziswa njalo.

Kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi yini inika. Ngalokhu Leligama kuqondwe izimali Russian olunikezwa isabelomali elilodwa ezingeni kwesinye. Uxhaso kudingeka ezimweni lapho into irisidi yabo nebafuna nezindleko zangempela. Lesi isilinganiso inikezwa ukwesekwa isabelomali khulula.

igama elithi "uxhaso" livame ukusetshenziswa nengqikithi "subventions". Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho le miqondo emibili atholakala. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ngaphansi subventions eRussia siqondwa njengendlela isabelomali elilodwa Nokho ezingeni komunye nokudluliswa mahhala, ngezinhloso ezithize.

Womabili la magama, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, useduze "uxhaso". Kodwa umehluko phakathi ke, subventions kanye nemixhaso kukhona lubonakale. Into yokuthola imali kungaba hhayi kuphela ezingeni ezahlukene isabelomali, kodwa futhi abantu yemvelo, noma inhlangano. Umbandela ukhiye kuleli cala - umsuka enhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe. Njengomthetho, isibonelelo - kuba nokubuyisela esinqunyiwe. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi luhlobo ngezimali futhi eminye imithombo imali.

Kunenye ngeqiniso elithakazelisayo - loan isabelomali. Leli lungiselelo zombuso ukusekelwa ngokwezimali, yena, nsuku reimbursable ngokugcwele.