Ibanga - okungukuthi: izici zayo

Njengoba yayazi ukutshala izilimo, abantu baqala ukuzama ukuthuthukisa balondolozwe nokukhiqizwa eliphakeme amafomu izinga. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, izinhlobo eziningi kakolweni, amagilebhisi ziye zadalwa, izihlahla ahlukahlukene izithelo. kwavela Ngakho isayensi ekuthuthukiseni isitshalo izinhlobo ezintsha - Ukukhetha.

Ukwehlukanisa umsuka izinhlobo

Class - kuyini? Ibanga ngokuthi iqembu okusimeme izitshalo esungulwe izindlela zizalela abese ehlala izici heritable ngaphansi kwaleli qembu. Ngamunye ezihlukahlukene isitshalo sesinesethi morphological, begazi, izici kwezomnotho, enquma izici zayo. Incazelo ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganisa izici eziningana. Umsuka kubonisa umthombo ezisetshenziswa ukudala ke. Kukhona ezihlukahlukene omkhulu izitshalo kutshalwa futhi zasendle kuyiphi akhethiwe izinto wazifunela Ukukhetha. Ngokwalesi simiso zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili, umqondo amakhulukazi njengokungathi ezihlukahlukene. Kuyini ezihlukahlukene zalo - ngezansi. 1. Local - sizila Ukukhetha eside owenziwa labantu endaweni ethile. Sinenkosi nezimo ezinhle isimo esifundeni.

2. Ukukhethwa - kukhona esekelwe izindlela zesayensi kanye, kuye ngokuthi indlela ukususwa, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana:

• grade umugqa etholwe Ukukhetha ngabanye lenzalo komunye izitshalo self-impova, kanjalo ukufana libhekene izici nezici, kodwa isikhathi ngenxa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ulahlekelwe lokhu ukufana;
• banga-labantu - ngokuvamile landraces ezakhiwe cross-impova izitshalo Ukukhetha mass, lapho kanyekanye kwenzeka futhi hybridization zemvelo nezinye izitshalo ahlobene;
• Ukufaniswa izinhlobo nenzalo eyodwa, okusakazwa vegetatively, isiko futhi ube homogeneity okusezingeni eliphezulu nokuzinza;
• grade nzalo uhlobo ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa nge isethi isici amasiko izizukulwane eziningana, ukhetha izitshalo nge izakhiwo ezifiselekayo.

izimpawu yemvelo

Breeding izinhlobo. Kuyini siveza izimpawu ezilandelayo kwezomnotho-begazi?

1. Ukumelana izici kwezemvelo okunomthelela omubi kakhulu:

• eziqinile - amelana ongaphakeme okushisa isiko endawni ku band aphakathi nendawo kanye nasezindaweni ezisenyakatho ngaphezulu, kuye ngokuthi ibanga;
• nesomiso ukumelana - bakwazi ukwenza ukungabi abalulekile umswakama kanye nokulahlekelwa sakugcina umkhiqizo.

2. Isikhathi yokukhula - inkathi yesikhathi lapho isitshalo kumele zidlule lonke umjikelezo we ukuthuthukiswa. It kuncike hlobo isiko, ikilasi, ukushisa-onothando noma ukumelana ezibandayo, nezinye izinto eziningi. Lena inkomba ebaluleke begazi edingekayo ukuze nokuklanywa efanele izitshalo.

3. isivuno kunqunywa umkhiqizo komkhiqizo, okungukuthi, isivuno ngokwesilinganiso sikabhanana, futhi nenombolo isilinganiso izitshalo per unit endaweni zitholakala. Ukuze izitshalo bok zisetshenziswa, kulinganiselwa kakade lapho isikhulile, ngokuvamile amakhilogremu isihlahla ngasinye.

4. samoplodnye ephawula ikhono izitshalo ukwenza esibelethweni by self-impova. Uma ngabe le izinga liphansi noma uziro, ngakho kumele kube eduze isitshalo wempova kungaba ngaye.

5. izimfanelo Nambithani zihlukile kuye okuqukethwe izithelo izithelo acid kanye ushukela.

6. Ukumelana nezilokazane nezifo kuyimfanelo ebalulekile kakhulu imikhiqizo imvelo, njengoba ukucutshungulwa zinambuzane kuholela ekuqongeleleni yabo izitshalo futhi imvelo. Lokhu isiqondiso alikho ukukhethwa kuphela omunye main, kodwa futhi kunzima kakhulu, ngoba eliphezulu kakhulu ukushintshashintsha zivele futhi ikhono nokuzala kusuka nezilokazane Amagciwane.

7. Ikhono we amahlumela ukuze ukhula lwenkohlakalo egcwele isethwe ikakhulu ngoba berry sezihlahla.

izici yangaphandle

Izinhlobonhlobo kuhluke izici morphological:

• izimbali ezinemibala;
• ukuma imiphetho namazombezombe amashidi;
• ukuphakama isitshalo;
• Potato - umbala kwesikhumba, ukuma tuber.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo ezihlukahlukene entsha ukulahlekelwa impahla eyigugu, futhi inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe kwezolimo kwenza ukuba amasiko ekhiqizwa izimfuno ephakeme, ngakho inqubo yokudala futhi sithuthukisa amamaki kufanele kube phakade.

Ukuhlola ezihlukahlukene entsha

Ngakho, ezihlukahlukene entsha okukhipha. Uyini Noma kunalokhu kuvikeleka kwezomthetho we-International Union for the Ukuvikelwa Ukukhethwa Izimpumelelo? Ilungiselelwe bavikele izithakazelo abalimi kanye recoverability kwezimali esetshenziswe kuwo. Ukuze uvikeleke angokomthetho ezihlukahlukene kumelwe ibhekane ubuchwepheshe lobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise izici ezintathu.

1. umbandela bokuhluka izinhlobo - izithombe, incazelo ke, kufanele usibhekise ngokucacileyo akachazeki kunoma iyiphi enye eyaziwa ngalesi sikhathi.

2. Imigomo ka homogeneity izinhlobonhlobo - izitshalo ezihlobene zilwane ezihlongozwayo kufanele kube okufanayo kule ndlela yokuzala.

3. Ukuzinza zindlela - zonke izimfanelo futhi izakhiwo kumele zihlala zinjalo ngemva esiphelweni okuphindaphindiwe.

Uma entsha isitshalo ezihlukahlukene kuzodlula konke ukuvivinywa esayithini ekhethekile sinikezwa igama varietal, futhi busuka irejista isimo zizalela impumelelo.

Development of izinhlobo ezintsha inikeza esintwini yizitshalo ngaphezulu, kuyinto livikela kakhulu izici eziningi ezingezinhle kwemvelo. Life ubeka phambili izidingo nezinto ezintsha Zohlelo ezihlukahlukene izitshalo, ngakho manje nezindlela for usheshisa zizalela ukuthi kuzonciphisa ukuthuthukiswa nesikhathi esisha eliphezulu zezitshalo esikhathini esizayo.