I-tundra yindawo engokwemvelo. Incazelo emfushane

I-tundra yilaphi? Akuwona wonke umuntu okwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo obonakala sengathi ulula. Ake sibone. I-tundra yindawo engokwemvelo (ngokuqondile, umbono wezindawo) elele ngaphesheya kwezilwane ezisenyakatho yehlathi. Inhlabathi ihlale iqhwa, ingasetshenziselwa amanzi namanzi olwandle. Isembozo seqhwa asiqabukeli ngaphezu kwe-50 cm, futhi ngezinye izikhathi asimbozi umhlabathi nhlobo. I-permafrost neyomoya oqinile njalo ingathinta ukuzala (humus, okungenaso isikhathi sokuthi "ikhulile" ehlobo, ikhishwa futhi iqhwa).

I-Etymology yegama

Empeleni, i-tundra ingumqondo ovamile. Okunye ukucaciswa kusadingeka lapha. I-Tundra ingaba impela: i-swampy, i-peaty, i-stony. Kusukela enyakatho, zikhawulelwe eziqhingini ze-arctic, kodwa uhlangothi lwaseningizimu luqala i-Arctic. Izici eziyinhloko ze-tundra yiziqhingi ezinamaxhaphozi ezinomswakama ophakeme, imimoya ephezulu kanye nemimoya eqinile. Izitshalo zilula. Izimila zicindezelwa emhlabathini, zakha amahlumela amaningi okuvimbela (imifino "imithwalo").

Umqondo uqobo (i-etymology yeli gama) ubolekeke e-Finns: igama elithi tunturi lisho "intaba engapheli". Sekuyisikhathi eside le nkulumo ibhekwa njengesifundazwe futhi ayizange yamukelwe ngokomthetho. Mhlawumbe lo mbono wawubonga ngenxa kaKaramzin, owakhuthaza ukuthi "leli gama kufanele libe lisigameni sethu," ngoba ngaphandle kwalo kunzima ukukhomba amathafa amakhulu, aphansi, angenamaqhwa agcwele ama-moss, okungahamba kuwo abahamba ngezinyawo, abachwebi bezwe, kanye nezimbongi.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, i-tundra ingumqondo ojwayelekile. Empeleni, ihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-arctic, middle and south. Ake sibabheke ngokucophelela.

1. I-Arctic tundra. Lesi sansi sinotshani (ikakhulukazi). Efaniswa nama-semishrubs amafomu afane nemisamo nemisundu. Azikho izihlahla "ezilungile". Kunemikhakha eminingi enezinhlanzi ezinamabala kanye nama-hillocks we-permafrost ukuvuvukala.

2. I-tundra ephakathi (ebizwa ngokuthi ejwayelekile) ikhululekile kakhulu. Eduze emachibini kukhona utshani obunomhlabathi obunesizotha notshani. Lapha ungabona amawilintshi ezinwabuzelayo ezinama-birches amancane, ama-lichens, ama-mosses afihliwe.

3. I-tundra yaseningizimu ikakhulukazi yindawo ye-shrub. Imifino lapha ixhomeke kubude.

Isimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu lapha sibi kakhulu (ngaphansi). Yingakho inyama ye-tundra ilula kakhulu - akuzona zonke izilwane ezikwazi ukubhekana nemimoya nemifula enamandla. Ngokuvamile kunabameleli bezilwane ezinkulu. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu ye-tundra itholakala ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle, ubusika lapha abukakhulu kakhulu, kodwa futhi bude kakhulu. Ahlala ezinyangeni ezintathu, njengokujwayelekile, kodwa kabili isikhathi eside (okuthiwa ubusuku be-polar). Ngalesi sikhathi ku-tundra kubanda kakhulu. Isimo sezulu sezwekazi sisho ukuqina kwebusika. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elivamile ku-tundra ngu -30 ºС (futhi ngezinye izikhathi liphansi, elingajwayelekile).

Njengomthetho, ayikho ihlobo lezulu e-tundra (lifushane kakhulu). Agasti kuthathwa njengenyanga efudumele kakhulu. Ukushisa okujwayelekile okwamanje ku + 7-10 ° C. Ku-Agasti ukuthi izitshalo ziphila.

I-flora nezilwane

I-Tundra yindawo yama-lichens and mosses. Ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuba uhlangabezane nama-angiosperms (ngokuvamile lokhu kungukusanhlamvu okuphansi), izihlahla ezincane, izihlahla ezincane (birch, willow). Abameleli abavamile bezilwane - i-fox, i- reindeer, impisi, izimvu zeqhwa, i-hare-hare, i-lemming. Kukhona nezinyoni ku-tundra: i-plever emhlophe, i-Lapland plantain, i- partridge, i- owol owol, i-plover, i-snowball, ihhashi elibomvu.

I-tundra yiyona "emaphethelweni omhlaba", amanzi ayo azinhlanzi (croissant, chir, omul, nelma). Izilwane ezidabulayo azikho: ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi umsebenzi obalulekile wegazi elibandayo awunakwenzeka.