Intuthuko yemvelo

intuthuko eziphilayo - kuba isiqondiso kuphela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuye kwaholela ukubukeka indoda. Lokhu kuthambekela kuholela shintsho inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezingeni emphakathini.

Njengoba wazi, ukuzuzwa intuthuko begazi, ekuthuthukiseni zomlando (phylogeny) ngoba taxon ngasinye (iqembu) kuncike zone oluhambelana lapho, eqinisweni, ziphenduke lokhu taxon. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako kukhona ukulungiswa kungenzeka isakhiwo senhlangano ye-iqembu.

Ezithinta inkinga eyinhloko ukuze ingaxazululwa ngokuthi intuthuko yemvelo, ososayensi balalela indima ngayinye isici ekhona ekutheni mkhuba esithile ekuthuthukiseni. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba ekutadisheni lo mbuzo zisenza sikwazi ukubona kungaba kanjani ukwandisa ukuqina ukuvela wonke.

Eyokuqala umuntu owaqala ukufundelwa kule ndawo, baba zh. B. Lamark. Usosayensi wabelane intuthuko yemvelo izinhlobo ezimbili. Eyokuqala wathatha ukushiyana kwezidalwa - okwandisa izinga yenhlangano. Umyalo wesibili kubo njengokomumo ososayensi, Ukwakheka kwezitho zinhlobo ukwehluka enhlanganweni ngayinye ezingeni elithile. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ezimbili bazimele abekho nomunye. Ngakho, ukushiyana kwezidalwa okubangelwa isifiso sangaphakathi esikusiza ukuba uthuthuke, ukuhlukahluka ezivezwa imvelo. Kumele ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zh. B. Lamark lahunyushwa mshini izinkomba ezimbili, khona kwabo nje kukodwa kuyinto eyenzeka umgomo.

Darwin kubhekwe intuthuko begazi kwenye. Yena, akhiwa le imiqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi lithathelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuvumelana Darwin, okwandisa izinga yenhlangano ukuthi ngokwengxenye kuphela umphumela lonke inqubo. Njengomthetho, ne eyinkimbinkimbi kwenhlangano inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlanganiswe ukwanda okuzivumelanisa. Phakathi kwehlukana izici (kwehlukana) kuyinto inkinga njalo naphakathi biotic. Darwin aphakanyisiwe obengeziwe bokuthi lithathelwe konemimoya eziyinkimbinkimbi ingatholakala kuphela isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimba. Ngemva kwalokho, intuthuko begazi ibilokhu wafunda ngezindlela ezimbili. Lezi zifundo yayiqhutshelwa Severtsov Russian futhi phesheya J. Huxley noB Rensch.

Njengoba zh. B. Lamark, B. Rensch babekholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo akufanele kuphela thwi, kodwa futhi nendawo. ukwehluka imfundo ezingeni elifanayo yenhlangano wabizwa ngokuthi Renshaw kladogenezom, wokukhipha kuleveli entsha - anagenesis. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, John. Huxley wabuyela kwencazelo "Grad" (ezingeni), ehlongozwayo ngu Lamarck. Nokho, isazi sesayensi labelwe futhi isiqondiso yesithathu kwenzeka intuthuko begazi ngokuthi stasigenezom. Lona isiqondiso ayecabanga lo mkhuba njengoba sinjalo, ukulondolozwa ophikelelayo, amagatsha ezingaguquki. Ukuhlaziya zonke izinkomba-ndlela, J .. Huxley wafika embuzweni wokuthi ingakanani ngokuvamile kungabangela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi lokho kungaba ukufanelekela ukuthola progressiveness yayo. Umphumela waba indida J. Huxley ngubani okuqhubekayo - tubercle bacilli, ingqondo isifo womuntu, noma umuntu ngokwakhe.?

Ososayensi ozama ukuxazulula izinkinga abasafufusa kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa angenamkhawulo futhi kulinganiselwe. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, yebo - inqubekela phambili begazi. Nokho, lokhu kwenziwa yiqembu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, elinganiselwe. Ukudlulisa komunye esigabeni kwesinye, taxon ngamunye (iqembu) uyathuthuka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, iza yokuqothulwa, okungukuthi stasigenezu. Kulokhu, eyodwa kuphela indlela yokuthuthuka, okwaholela ukubukeka umuntu akanamkhawulo. Lokhu kungenxa, ngokuyinhloko, kanye nokufinyelela ezingeni elisha lonke yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - nomphakathi.