I-Eastern Siberia: isimo sezulu, imvelo

I-Eastern Siberia iyingxenye yensimu yase-Asia ye-Russian Federation. Itholakala emngceleni we-Pacific Ocean kuya eMfuleni waseYenisei. Lo mkhakha ubhekene nesimo sezulu esibi nakakhulu kanye nezilwane ezinomkhawulo.

Incazelo yezwe

EMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Siberia kuthatha cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zensimu yaseRussia. Zitholakala epulazini. Indawo yangasempumalanga ihlanganisa indawo engaba yizigidi ezingu-7.2 million. I-Km. Izimpahla zakhe zanda kuze kube sezintabeni zezintaba zase Sayan. Iningi lensimu liyizintaba. Izintaba zeTransbaikal zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kosizo.

Naphezu kwezimo ezinzima zezulu, kunezindawo ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezinkulu eSiberia saseMpumalanga. Okukhangayo kunazo zonke embonweni wezomnotho yiNorilsk, i-Irkutsk, i-Chita, i-Akinsk, i-Yakutsk, i-Ulan-Ude, njll. Ngaphakathi kwendawo yiTransbaikal neKrasnoyarsk Territories, iRiphabhlikhi yaseYakutia, iBuryatia, iTuva nezinye izindawo zokuphatha. Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwezimila yi-taiga. Ihlanzwa ukusuka eMongolia kuze kube semingcele yehlathi. Ukuthutha okungaphezu kwamamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-5. I-Km. Iningi le-taiga limelelwa amahlathi e-coniferous, okwenza u-70% wezitshalo zendawo. Imhlabathi ithuthuka ngokungalingani ngokuphathelene nezindawo zemvelo. Esikhathini se-taiga zone, inhlabathi iyabonakala, inzile, endaweni ye-tundra-stony, efriziwe.

Amabhugi angabalulekile angabonwa ngaphakathi kwe-interfluve nasezindaweni eziphansi. Kodwa-ke, zincane kakhulu kune-Western Siberia efanayo. Kodwa esifundeni esempumalanga kuneziqhingi ze-arctic ngokuvamile nezitshalo eziqhamukayo.

Izimpawu zokukhululeka

I-Siberia YaseMpumalanga YaseRussia isesimweni esiphakeme ngaphezu kolwandle. Iphutha lonke yi-plateau, ephakathi nendawo. Lapha, ukuphakama kwepulatifomu kuyahluka kusuka kumamitha angu-500 ukuya kwangu-700 ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle. Ukulinganisela okulinganiselwe kwesifunda kuphawulwe. Amaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu yiLena kanye ne-Vilyui plateau - kuze kufike ku-1700 amamitha.

Isisekelo sepulatifomu yaseSiberia simelelwe isisekelo se-crystalline ehlanjwe, lapho kukhona khona izingqimba ezinkulu ze-sedimentary ngobukhulu obungamakhilomitha angu-12. Inyakatho ye-zone inqunywa i-Aldan Shield kanye neMassif ye-Anabar. Ubukhulu obuphakathi kwenhlabathi buyikhilomitha ezingaba ngu-30. Kuze kube manje, isikhulumi saseSiberia sinezinhlobo eziningana ezinkulu zamadwala. Lena imabula, ne-crystalline shale, ne-charnockite, njll. Imali edala kunazo zonke ibuyele eminyakeni engama-4 ebhiliyoni. Amadwala aseMagmatic akhiwa ngenxa yokuqhuma. Iningi lala ma-deposit alitholakala e- Plateau Central Siberia, kanye nase-Tunguska.

Ukukhululeka kwanamuhla kuyinhlanganisela yamapulazi namagquma. Emigodini, imifula igeleza, izimpande zakhiwa, emagqumeni kukhona izihlahla ezikhulayo ze-coniferous.

Izici zendawo yamanzi

Kuyavunywa ukuthi iMpumalanga Ekude ibhekene ne-Arctic Ocean "nesigcawu" sayo. Isifunda esempumalanga sinqamula ezindaweni ezinjenge Kara, eSiberia naseLaptev. Kulamachibi amakhulu kunesidingo ukuhlukanisa iBaikal, uLamu, iTaimyr, iPyasino neKhantaysk.

Emigodini ejulile, imifula igeleza. Okubaluleke kunazo zonke yi-Yenisei, Vilyui, Lena, Angara, Selenga, Kolyma, Olekma, Indigirka, Aldan, Lower Tunguska, Vitim, Yana neKhatanga. Ubude obuphelele bemifula buyi-1 million km. Iningi lesifundazwe sangasese esifundeni se-Arctic Ocean. Ezinye izindawo zamanzi zangaphandle zihlanganisa imifula efana no-Ingoda, Argun, uShilka no-Onon. Umthombo oyinhloko wesondlo emgodini wangaphakathi wase-Siberia sase-Eastern isembozo seqhwa, esivela emanzini amakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya elangeni kusukela ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Indima ebalulekile ebalulekile ekwakheni indawo yamanzikazikazikazi idlalwa yimvula namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokugeleza emgodini kubhalwe ehlobo.

I-Kolyma ibhekwa njengomfula omkhulu kunawo wonke futhi obaluleke kakhulu esifundeni. Indawo yalo yamanzi inamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-640 000 square. I-Km. Ubude buyizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.1. Umfula uqala ukuqala e-Upper Kolyma Highlands. Ngonyaka ukukhishwa kwamanzi kudlula ama-cubic metres ayi-120. I-Km.

I-Eastern Siberia: isimo sezulu

Ukwakhiwa kwezici zemeteorological esifundeni kunqunywa indawo yendawo. Isimo sezulu sase-Eastern Siberia singachazwa ngokufutshane ngokuthi i-continental, ihlukumezekile. Kukhona ukushintshashintsha kwenkathi okuphawulekayo kwenkathi yokushisa, izinga lokushisa, nokushisa. Amafomu e-Asian anticyclone asezindaweni ezijulile zokucindezela okwandisiwe, ikakhulukazi lokhu kwenzeka kwenzeka ebusika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithwathwa esinamandla senza ukujikeleza komoya kuguquke. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngezikhathi ezahlukene zosuku kubaluleke kunasezintshonalanga. Isimo sezulu saseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia simelelwa izimo zomoya eziguquguqukayo. Ibonakala ngokunwetshwa okuphezulu kanye nesembozo seqhwa elinyene. Kulesi sifundazwe, imifudlana yezwekazi ikhona, epholile ngokushesha emgqeni womhlabathi. Yingakho ngoJanuwari izinga lokushisa liwehla kancane. Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka imimoya yase-Arctic ikhona. Ngokuvamile ebusika, ungabona izinga lokushisa lomoya-degrees -60. Ngokuyinhloko, ama-minima anjalo ayingxenye yemigodi nezigodi. Esiqhingini, izinkomba azishiyi ngezansi -38 degrees.

Ukufudumala kubonakala lapho kufika umoya ovela eChina nase-Asia Ephakathi kuya esifundeni.

Isimo sezulu ebusika

Akuyona into yokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi iSiberia yaseMpumalanga yizona zimo ezinzima kakhulu futhi ezibuhlungu kakhulu . Ithebula lezinkomba zokushisa ngesikhathi sasebusika lubufakazi balokhu (bheka ngezansi). Lezi zinkomba zenzelwe eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule.

Ngenxa yokomile kwenyuka emoyeni, ukuqhubeka kwesimo sezulu nokuningi kwezinsuku ezishisayo, izindinganiso ezinjalo eziphansi zihanjiswa kalula kunesimo sezulu eshisayo. Esinye sezici ezicacile zezimvula ebusika eMpumalanga Siberia ukungabi khona kwemimoya. Iningi lesikhathi kukhona ukuzola okulinganiselayo, ngakho-ke akusikho i-blizzard ne-blizzards.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi engxenyeni eyinhloko yeRussia iqhwa--15 degrees lizwakala likhulu kakhulu kunaseSiberia -35 C. Noma kunjalo, izinga lokushisa elinjalo kakhulu liba yingozi kakhulu izimo zokuphila kanye nemisebenzi yabakhileyo bendawo. Zonke izindawo zokuhlala zinezindonga ezinamandla. Ukushisa izakhiwo sebenzisa amafutha abizayo abizayo. Isimo sezulu siqala ukuthuthukisa kuphela ekuqaleni kuka-Mashi.

Izinkathi ezifudumele

Eqinisweni, entwasahlobo kule ndawo isifushane, njengoba ifika isikhathi sekwephuzile. E-Eastern Siberia, isimo sazo sezulu sishintsha kuphela lapho kufika ukufudumala kwamanzi ase-Asia, eqala ukuvuka phakathi no-Ephreli. Ngaleso sikhathi ukuzinza kwamazinga aphakeme amazinga okushisa phakathi nosuku kuphawulwe. Ngo-March kukhona ukufudumala, kodwa akubalulekile. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli isimo sezulu siqala ukushintsha sibe ngcono. Ngo-Meyi, ikhava yeqhwa iyancibilika ngokuphelele, izimila ziyaqhakaza. Esikhathini sasehlobo eningizimu yezwe lesimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-steppe yaseTuva, iKhakassia ne-Transbaikalia. Ngo-Julayi, izinga lokushisa likhuphukela kuma-+25 degrees. Amanani aphakeme kakhulu ahlonishwa endaweni yokulala. Ezigodini nasezintabeni zihlala zipholile. Uma sithatha sonke iSiberia saseMpumalanga, khona-ke izinga lokushisa lokujwayelekile lapha ehlobo livela ku- +12 kuya ku-degrees ze-+18.

Izici zesimo sezulu ekwindla

Kakade ekupheleni kuka-Agasti iMpumalanga Ekude iqala ukumboza ama-frosts okuqala. Ziyabonakala ikakhulukazi enyakatho yesifunda ebusuku. Emini, ilanga elikhanyayo likhanya, imvula eneqhwa elimanzi, ngezinye izikhathi imimoya iyanda. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ukushintshela ebusika kuyashesha kakhulu kunokusuka entwasahlobo kuya ehlobo. Esikhathini se-taiga, le nkathi ithatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, nasendaweni ye-steppe - ezinyangeni ezingu-2.5. Zonke lezi zici eziphawulekayo ezahluke kwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho zaseMpumalanga Siberia.

Isimo sezulu ekwindla sibheke futhi ngobuningi bezimvula ezivela entshonalanga. Kusukela empumalanga, imimoya yasePacific ivame ukushaya umoya.

Izinga lokukhuphuka

Ukukhululeka kunomthwalo wokusakazwa kwemvelo eMpumalanga Siberia. Kokubili ukucindezela kanye nokuvinjelwa kwamanzi okugeleza kwamanzi kuxhomeke kuyo. Cishe ngo-700 mm wezulu kunonyaka esifundeni. Isibonisi esiphezulu sezinsuku zokubika singu-1000 mm, inkomba encane ingu-130 mm. Izinga lemvula alichazwe ngokucacile. Esigodini esiphakameni esiphakathi, izimvula zivame kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu inani lemvula ngezinye izikhathi lidlula uphawu lwama-1000 mm. Isifunda esomile kakhulu yi-Yakutia. Lapha inani lemvula lihluka ngaphakathi kwe-200 mm. Imvula encane kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusukela ngoFebruwari kuya ku-Mashi - kufika ku-20 mm. Izindawo ezizungezile zezitshalo ezihlobene nemvula yizindawo ezisentshonalanga zeTransbaikalia.

I-Permafrost

Kuze kube manje, akukho ndawo emhlabeni engakwazi ukuncintisana ngokuqondene nezwekazi kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo nesifunda okuthiwa i-Eastern Siberia. Isimo sezulu kwezinye izigcawu siyamangaza kakhulu. Endaweni eseduze kwendilinga ye-polar yindawo ehamba phambili.

Le ndawo ibonakala isembozo seqhwa kancane namazinga okushisa aphansi kulo nyaka. Ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sezulu sezintaba nenhlabathi kulahlekelwa ukushisa okukhulu, kuqhwaza yonke imitha ejulile. Inhlabathi lapha ingamatshe amakhulu. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba akhuliswa kahle, ngokuvamile eqhwaza iminyaka eminingi.

Imifino yesifunda

Imvelo yase-Siberia yaseMpumalanga iningi imelwe yi-taiga. Izitshalo ezinjalo zihlanganisa amakhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka kuLena umfula ukuya eKolyma. Eningizimu, i-taiga imingcele eLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Izinto zendawo zingabantu abangafundwa. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile, kuhlale kusongelwa imililo emikhulu. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa e-taiga liwela ku--40 degrees, kodwa ehlobo izinkomba zivame ukuphakama ku- +20. Ukunciphisa kufanelana. Imvelo yaseMpumalanga Siberia nayo iboniswa yi-zone ye-tundra. Le ndawo iseduze ne-Arctic Ocean. Umhlabathi lapha ubonakala, izinga lokushisa liphansi, umswakama uphelele ngokweqile. Ezisezintabeni, izimbali ezinjengotshani utshani, i-gravel, i-poppy, ne-saxifrage ziyanda. Kusukela emithini yesifunda, ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-spruce, i-willow, i-poplar, i-birch, i-pin.

Umhlaba wezilwane

Cishe zonke izindawo zase-Siberia zaseMpumalanga azicebile. Izizathu zalokhu yi-permafrost, ukungabi nalutho kokudla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamapulazi ahlukumezayo.

Izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ibhere elibomvu, i-lynx, i-moose ne-wolverine. Ngezinye izikhathi ungathola izimpungushe, ama-ferrets, ama -ermermini, ama-badgers nama-weasel. I-musk deer, i-sandy, inyamazane ne-snow izimvu zihlala ebhanini eliphakathi.

Ngenxa yenhlabathi efriziwe, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zamagundane: ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks, ama-flying, ama-beaver, ama-marmots, njll. Kodwa izwe lezinsizwa lihlukile kakhulu: i-wood grouse, isivuno, i-hazel grouse, i-goose, i-crow, i-woodpecker, i-duck, i-nutcracker, i-sandpiper, njll. .