Howitzer: Ukucaciswa. howitzer Self ezinezinjini (isithombe)

Njengoba sekunama-wezikhali ngo izinqolobane wamabutho yamazwe ahlukene kwakukhona isidingo lunye ezahlukene amathuluzi isizathu sazo ehlosiwe. ngcono okuqhubekayo kwezindlela izinqaba ukuzivikela, amasu ecasula futhi amaqhinga zempi kwaholela ekuhlukaneni izikhali ezinamandla ku amakilasi.

kamnemety lasendulo

Empeleni, lokuvimbezela amadivayisi - okhokho ezikude wezikhali - esesizile Warriors wasithatha izinqaba ehlasela futhi inqaba esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukusetshenziswa mass neziqhumane. I catapult nemilayezo ngoba Ballistae nomlomo Isivinini (okuyinto evamile amatshe esitsheni ngetiyela abilayo, ugodo ezinkulu noma tshe) lalisetshenziswa izakhiwo nokunwebeka elula intambo, lapho womshini okwakuthandelene wire lensimbi. I umfutho yazuza kokuqina ikhishwe ngesikhathi ukukhululwa ukukhiya ekhethekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi kwakungekho igama elithi "howitzer". Ukucaciswa "umshini kamnemetnoy" (njengoba ekuhumusheni German yegama Haubitz) babe nesizotha kakhulu, ukudubula for a emashumini ambalwa amamitha kanye ekhiqizwa umphumela ngokwengqondo, yize ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi amakhono ezinhle izibalo sanamuhla sama imbangela yomlilo (uma igobolondo kwaba incendiary) . Intuthuko Kulezi amadivayisi ebulalayo kuye kwaholela ekwandeni indima akude isikhali izinhlelo.

amakilasi wezikhali

Kusukela ngekhulu nane, ibutho zaseYurophu zaqala ukusebenzisa izibhamu. Ezigqulweni ngesikhathi baba isigaba enamandla kakhulu kwezibhamu. Ngisho igama labo ezithusayo (lisuselwa Mortier Dutch, esikhundleni salokho, waboleka Latin impande mort - «ukufa») kubonisa ukusebenza okusezingeni eliphezulu ezibulalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho phansi kwaba howitzer, Ukucaciswa zazo (igobolondo isisindo futhi ububanzi) Kuthi kunabayeni ukuthi sikakhonkolo. Lezinhlobo obanzi kunayo futhi mobile ezibhekwa isibhamu (uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli). Calibres ezahlukene, kodwa kwakungeyona nje kubo. Uphawu oyinhloko kwaba ekilasini nokobana umklamo emgqonyeni, okuholela ukumiswa kwabo. Ngalokhu, ukwakheka okuyinto wezikhali yebutho isimo, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi kwakunokwenzeka ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho mayelana nezinhloso zamasu kanye imfundiso lempi uhulumeni wakhe.

Izinguquko Emculweni We-izigqulo futhi howitzers

EMpini Yezwe lokulwa positional ezenze kwamaqembu alwayo ukusebenzisa esindayo lokuvimbezela izibhamu. Igama elithi "nosimende" bawela lingasetshenziswa ngokushesha ngemva ukunqoba eJalimane lobuNazi ngo-1945. izilo esifushane obukhulu wakhala ukuxegiselwa ezinkulu-osezingeni izigqulo futhi ukuhlasela ekuhlaseleni. Ngemva ukufakwa ku arsenal of cishe kuwo wonke amazwe yezikhali ezicitshwayo, kuhlanganise ballistic, isidingo ukusebenzisa izibhamu esindayo futhi ezihamba kancane trudnotransportiruemyh sikhathele siyingcuba. Umzamo wokugcina ukusebenzisa imizamo yabo babe Abaklami German ukudala ezinye silo esisabekayo kunomzimba waso ezifana "UKarl", njengoba ayephethe osezingeni 600 mm. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi nalesi sigaba ifa khona isiqu iDemo enezindonga obukhulu. kokuphakama Big cishe kulingana yesimanje nosimende inkomba. Kartuzny indlela ukushaja, asele namuhla ziqhamuka umkhumbi onamandla nezibhamu ogwini-based, nako kuye kwanezela ukuthandwa izigqulo. Iziqhumane abe enkulu ethize, zingabantu hygroscopic, futhi phambi izimo zangempela ukuqinisekisa izimo isitoreji cishe akunakwenzeka nomswakama esinqunyiwe. Kodwa isisindo projectile kanye nohlobo howitzers labadubuli baba ngakho ukuthi lesi sigaba wezikhali kwaba Kungenzeka ukwabela imisebenzi ukuthi yayikade wenziwa nodaka.

trajectory Parabolic, noma Kungani ngidinga howitzer?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukuba uqale ucabange trajectory ballistic amakilasi ezahlukene zomculo. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi wakhululwa ne kokuqala isivinini komugqa umzimba wenyama, noma kungaba i itshe abavamile noma inhlamvu akusho fly emgceni locondzile kanye parabola. Amapharamitha kwalesi sibalo zingase zihluke, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqala ishayela ukwanda ekuphakameni kuzonciphisa ibanga ovundlile lapho le nto fly. Ukuphakama kuyinto esiphezulu engela kwesokudla kuya ovundlile, kodwa kulokhu kunobungozi ukuthi igobolondo egijima (noma itshe elifanayo) ewela ngqo ekhanda we thrower. I steepness emkhondweni, futhi yilokhu lihlukile isibhamu howitzer. Iphinde ichaza kanye nokobana aphoyintimenti.

Ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo nalokho ukudubula

Uma sicabanga ukuthi isitha sifuna kahle isikhundla kwanoma iyiphi impi, khona-ke kufanele kulindeleke ngokuhlaselwa. Ngo-pre-shelled ebiyelweyo endaweni umhlambi amathangi kanye elihamba asekelwe ukuhlaselwa izindiza. Besabela kuleso simemo, ohlangothini sivikele kuyosebenza zokumelana nomlilo kusuka wezikhali yabo futhi ngezikhali ezincane. Kodwa uma kuhlaselwa kulindeleke, kuyothiwa oyi-ayakhiwe ngokulandelana ensimini ezivikelweni, bemba imigodi yesisekelo iphrofayela egcwele, bunkers eyayakha pillboxes, siqhumisa imikhakha kube nzima imvume umugqa yokuzivikela. Ngokuvamile, ngamunye amaqembu uyokwenza konke ukuvimba izenzo wesitha. Kulesi simo, umlilo phansi lishonile kunesikhumba subunits sivikele ungentiwa kuphela indlela okuthiwa esinanyathiselwe. Flatness (ie, cishe zifana emkhathizwe) umlilo kuyoba bahluleka: amasosha Enemy kusekeliwe kufihlwe ngemuva uthango nezinye izakhiwo zokuzivikela. Cishe engenamsebenzi kungaba isibhamu evamile. Howitzer, ogama izici ogibele, ngeke 'ngibheme out "abavikeli ka emiseleni ayecashe kuyo futhi dugouts, unqwabelanise amagobolondo emakhanda abo esibhakabhakeni. Cannon is kokudubula labo bavikela. Badinga ukubhubhisa eziningi amathangi isitha kanye namasosha igijima izikhundla. Avame alwisane kuhlasela.

osezingeni howitzer

Izinkinga zanamuhla howitzer wezikhali ngalé umbuthano ngaphambilini kuchazwe. trajectory Esinanyathiselwe we projectile Akukuhle nje ukuthi bahlanganyele nezisebenzi, uvikelekile ku emiseleni ayecashe kuyo futhi dugouts, kodwa futhi ezinye izinjongo. Izinqaba ivikelwe ungqimba obukhulu ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu ngokuvamile futhi ngokujulile embiwe emhlabathini. I zempi frontal amathangi nezinye izimoto armored uyakwazi withstanding eziningi zempi izindlela, ngesikhathi esifanayo phezu sengozini wakhe ngaphezulu. Uma ezivamile izibhamu ukunemba okuphezulu kufinyelelwa sibonga okusezingeni eliphezulu Isivinini sokuqala projectile, omunye izimo ukufinyelela ipharamitha wokugcina iyona isisindo isihlobo ningukukhanya projectile uqobo. osezingeni elikhulu - ehlukile isibhamu howitzer. Ngenxa yalesi ekilasini amathuluzi adingekayo 100-milimitha amagobolondo, futhi kukhona lukhulu nakakhulu.

B-4

Howitzer - ithuluzi nzima, futhi lokhu impahla yakhe, kuhlangene i injongo okuhlaselayo kudalela ezithile. Isibonelo kuba isicelo ngempela yimpumelelo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela owaziwa B-4 (52-L-625), eyasungulwa ngo-namathathu banesifo esibi futhi isidlulile yonke impi. Isisindo izibhamu, kuhlanganise ikalishi, emgqonyeni nge izingxenye beya futhi ingxenye wahosha, ezingaphezu kuka-17 (!) Tonnes. Ukuze uyisuse, udinga ugandaganda. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo ethize emhlabathini sisetshenziswa abakhasi. Ubukhulu isibhamu - 203 mm noma 8 amayintshi. Projectile phakamisa esindayo, isisindo saso singamakhilogremu kusuka 145 kg quintals (betonoboynymi samuntu), ukuze izimpahla izinhlamvu wenziwa roller elihambayo ekhethekile. Ukubalwa kunabantu nanhlanu. Ngezinye iphansana nomlomo Isivinini (kusuka 300 kuya 600 m / s) uhla kokudubula a howitzer B-4 idlula 17 km. Umkhawulo izinga - One Shot ngemva kwemizuzu emibili. I isibhamu has a amandla omkhulu obhubhisayo ukuthi yanikezwa phakathi ehlasela Mannerheim umugqa phakathi neMpi Winter ne Finland. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa kwaba sobala ukuthi gomuso fanele kuze wezikhali izinhlelo zokuzisiza ezinezinjini.

SU-152

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ezithathwe Abaklami zaseSoviet isiqondiso yokudala eziphambili kakhulu amayunithi self ezinezinjini, waba SU-152. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso impendulo enjalo ukuvela namathangi enamandla armored German ifakwe izibhamu eside barreled nomlilo imishini sethu sime kude (amakhilomitha noma ngaphezulu). Indlela engcono ukuthi bacekele phansi umgomo kahle bavikela owayebonakala ukumboza igobolondo wakhe esindayo endiza ensikeni trajectory parabolic. Howitzer 152 mm ubukhulu ML-20, ogibele ithangi (SW) ukuze chassis fixed enikezwe ukugawula futhi wafakazela izindlela kabusha kusho uyakwazi ukuxazulula le nkinga.

"Uhlobo lwembali enephunga elimnandi"

Isikhathi post-yimpi-aspect samasosha lobuchwepheshe libhekene njengendlela sikhathi sokwanda okusheshayo amakghono zobuchwepheshe. Esikhundleni izinjini piston izindiza iza jet wagxila. Ezinye wayenakekela imisebenzi ngokwesiko Iyala Gunners ukurarulula amabutho missile. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona revaluation kanye isilinganiso ukusebenza kanye nentengo. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ngomqondo abe mncintiswano indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho. Izikhathi lapho "intengo bengeke bame" wawuba. Kwavela ukuthi izindleko eyodwa wezikhali round itsatfwa ngaphansana Tactical missile kwethulwa cishe ukusebenza alinganayo, wezwakalisa njengoba ibutho elimazayo. Ngo-USSR, kuyaqondakala ngesikhathi esisodwa: Kuboshwe abaholi Khrushchev uwile a kwesasa ethile ngemuva ukubonakala ku arsenal of eSoviet Army missile kwezidingo izinhlelo. Ngo-1967 ngesikhathi laseKharkov izixaxa (yebo) simila lwenzelwe "Pink" - eSoviet "imbali" howitzer lokuqala self ezinezinjini. izici Technical kakhulu bebakhulu kwemigomo zonke wezikhali, ekhiqizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezempi-industrial wase-USSR ngaphambili. Kuhilela ukusetshenziswa rocket-basiza projectile (ezinye hybrid wezikhali nezinhlamvu nge rocket), kulesi simo, uhla labadubuli lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba 15.3 kuya 21,9 amakhilomitha. Amacala kungaba ezahlukene: ezuziwe, ephezulu kuqhume, electronic (ukudala ukuphazamiseka), intuthu kanye nezinye, kuhlanganise ekhethekile (chemical). Amade kuze kube sekupheleni iphuzu trajectory ovunyelwe ukusebenzisa izikhali zembubhiso. Umzimba kancane armored behlaliswe izinhlamvu amagobolondo amane.

"Acacia"

Howitzer, maphakathi nawo - sixties ngasekupheleni, wangenela inkonzo ngo-1970. It engaciba at ibanga 20-30 km (kuye ngokuthi version). Umshini ngokwawo bekulula, isisindo saso singamakhilogremu kancane kakhulu kwesilinganiso ethangini, okuyinto yafinyelelwa ukwehla mass zempi. Kungenzeka futhi umlilo ngqo, kodwa injongo eyinhloko ayiguquki - ukunqoba ngenhloso esikude. Chassis eyenziwe perednemotornoy isikimu uye wafakazela kuwufanele yayo phakathi neminyaka yempi. Umklamo uyakucabangela isipiliyoni yokudalwa kwendawo ACS 100, futhi imbangela yalokhu reminiscence kwakuwukuba khona kwezithunywa izibhamu American M-109, ikhono ukudubula ephansi amandla icala Tactical yenuzi (TNT okulingana amathani 100). Impendulo kwaba "Acacia" - howitzer kungekho izici nakakhulu.

Czech "Dana"

Ngokuvamile, ibutho lamazwe sezenhlalo bebehlome nenkambiso yamaSoviet eziphathelene nezempi, kodwa kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokusobala, ukukhumbula ubukhazikhazi esedlule (futhi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, eCzechoslovakia lalingu omunye abakhiqizi eziholela izikhali e-Europe kanye emhlabeni wonke), onjiniyela abavela kwa-eCzechoslovakia ngo maphakathi nawo-seventies, eklanyelwe wakha wezikhali isibhamu esisha, okuyinto has eziningi ezivelele ngokokuqala idatha Tactical futhi lobuchwepheshe. howitzer Self ezinezinjini "Dana" libhekene izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu lomlilo (One Shot ngomzuzu), has a ukubala elincane (abantu 6), kodwa inzuzo yayo esemqoka kwaba chassis omkhulu "Tatra", nge maneuverability okusezingeni eliphezulu, lobubhalo kanye nesivinini. ubuholi wezwe, acabangela ukuthengwa isimangaliso Czech ngoba izidingo Army Soviet, kodwa ukwazi ukuthi ezweni lethu basebenzela ukudala awabo, kangcono ngisho howitzer amagobolondo, umcabango wenqaba kukhawulwe ukuthengwa amakhophi amaningana lapho kutadishwa "isipiliyoni anobuhlobo ". Self ezinezinjini howitzer "Dana" futhi namuhla enkonzweni nge eCzech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Libya nakwamanye amazwe amaningana lapho leli thuluzi wakhululwa ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nempi Georgian-Ossetic, ibutho Russian athumba ezintathu "enikezwa" njengoba Trophies.

D-30: Gun Classics

Nge zonke ngokuchichima wezikhali izinhlelo zokuzisiza ezinezinjini, umuntu eshibhe kuyinto evamile isondo howitzer. 152-mm isibhamu ukukhiqizwa Soviet liyaziwa ngalé yayo isici emhlabeni. Esikhathini ukuthutha labadubuli isikhundla, ebeka ngokuphelele isekelwe izisekelo ezintathu kuya phansi, ukuze amasondo ningathinti phansi, esinikela - ngakolunye uhlangothi - sizogxila onokwethenjelwa futhi ngakolunye - kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba aqhube labadubuli isiyingi. Isici esiyinhloko we howitzer D-30 - shot Ibanga 5.3 km, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi kwanele. Ezokuthutha izikhali akuyona inkinga: ke unesisindo esingamathani angaba ngu-3.2, okuyinto wenza sikwazi iyiswa cishe wonke amabhuloho, futhi evamile "Ural" ingasetshenziswa njengendlela ugandaganda. Ukwenza Izinto Zibe Lula, ukuthembeka kanye nekghono eliphezulu - lawa izici isici izikhali Russian. D-30 no-D 30A ngokuzithandela ukuthenga izidingo ukuvikela emazweni ahlukahlukene, futhi ezinye zazo (China, eYugoslavia, Egypt, Iraq) kubhekwa ukuthi kudingekile ukuba ukuthenga amadokhumenti umkhiqizo wabo. Futhi omunye umsebenzi obalulekile uyasenza lesi howitzer. Photo of the uPetru noPawulu Fortress ukunikeza bendabuko emini volley ngokuqinisekile kuhlobisa leli thuluzi.

I-Sword and Isihlangu

Russian howitzer - ikhomponethi esisemqoka wezikhali kanye missile isihlangu wezwe lakithi. aphoyintimenti wabo ocasulayo ukhuluma mayelana nolaka eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu lempi, kodwa ngoba akekho ibutho emhlabeni alikwenqabeli ukuphuza yokwesabela ukuhlaselwa noma pre-emptive iziteleka, angithi? Ngaphezu kwalokho, onjani wezikhali akukho okushintshile kangaka kanye universalization izici ezifana a howitzer. izici Kobuchwepheshe namathuluzi ongawasebenzisa ukuyisebenzisela zokudubula trajectory flat, ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukuvikela, kuhlanganise anti-tank.

A powder kufanele igcine yomile njalo.