Garden ring, eMoscow: umlando nesithombe

Kukholelwa ukuthi umlando weJardin Ring of Moscow uqala ngekhulu le-XIX. Khona-ke umgodla, udutshulwe emadolobheni amadala, wagcwala, futhi udonga lomhlaba lwabhujiswa. Kule ndawo yaqala ukuvela ekhaya nezitidi kanye nezingadi zangaphambili, kwakhiwa izitaladi, ezazitholakala engxenyeni yenhloko-dolobha.

Idolobha lomhlaba

Ngo-1591, ngokomthetho kaBoris Godunov umhlaba wasungula eMoscow. Ngakapheli unyaka umgodi wawuhlanganisiwe, futhi ngaphezu kwawo kwakhiwa udonga lwe-oki, okwakhula ngamamitha angu-5. Kwakukhona abantu abayizithulu eziyikhulu kanye nemibhoshongo engu-34 yokuphuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze kwe-shaft evela ngaphandle, i-moat yashaywa, okwakube sekugcwele amanzi. Isidingo salolo dolobha esizungeze idolobha sakhuphuka ngemuva kokuba iMoscow ibanjwe yizikhali zikaKhan Kazi-Giray.

Izakhamuzi zedolobha zabiza lesi sakhiwo iS Skododomom, igama elisemthethweni - uMhlaba waseDolobheni. Futhi, insimu phakathi kwe-White City ne-rampart noMfula iMoskva waqala ukubizwa. Lapha behlala abahwebi abancane, abadwebi nabasimilayo. Kodwa i-Zamoskvorechye yayihlala ikakhulukazi ngabashayeli. Yingakho le ndawo ibizwa nangokuthi iStletskaya Sloboda.

Esikhathini Sezinkinga (1598-1613) izindonga ze-oki kanye nemibhoshongo zatshiswa, kodwa umgodla wahlala. Kamuva kulokhu kwafakwa i-palisade eqoshwe phezulu kwezingodo ezinzima.

Ukuphila kwesiBili kweShaft Shaft

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVII, lesi sakhiwo sesakhiwo salahlekelwa injongo yaso yokuqala. Waguqulwa waba uhlobo lwamasiko emingceleni yomuzi. Kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ngaphambi kokungena eMoscow, kwavela izimakethe. Odume kakhulu kubo kwakunguSmolensky noSukharevsky.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII shaft, futhi nalo Fort, kancane phansi, endaweni yabo akhiwa amavesi futhi endaweni yonke. Ngo-1812, zonke izakhiwo ezazingaphesheya kwezindonga zawo zabhujiswa ngomlilo.

Ukufometha

Ngo-1816, kunqunywe ukudiliza izinsalela ze-Earth Wall, futhi phansi phansi nokufa kwakugcwatshwe. IKhomishane yokwakhiwa kweMoscow kulesi sayithi ihlele ukudala umgwaqo omkhulu oyingqayizivele oqoshwe ngamatshe. Ngaphansi eceleni komgwaqo komgandayo futhi wathatha 25 m kuphela ibanga phakathi kwemigqa emibili etholakala izindlu engenayo bese kuya ku-60 m. Esikhathini abanikazi asele isikhala kwadingeka uyeke palisades uma bebona kunesidingo. Ngakho waqala ukwakha iJardin Ring (eMoscow).

Kakade ngo-1830 le phrojekthi yayiye yaqaphela. Ngaphandle kwegadidi yangaphambili, kwakukhona iziqephu ezimbalwa kuphela eziseZamoskvorechye kanye nesikwele. Smolensk futhi Zubovskiy izihlahla yaphenduka boulevards futhi Novinsky - esikhaleni agodliwe emikhosini, ngakho wahlala kuze 1877.

I-Garden Ring (eMoscow) yayithuthuka kancane kancane. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ekhulwini le-XIX, kwakukhona izindlela zokubeka ama-trams, ukuhamba ngosizo lwe-horse traction. Lolu hlobo lwezokuthutha lwalubizwa ngokuthi ihhashi. Ngomnyaka we-1912 itjhejwe esikhundleni sesimanje ngaphezulu. Kwakuvele kakade ukushayela kagesi. Umzila ababehamba kuwo wawubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "B", futhi abantu bakubiza ngokuthi "isikhuthazo".

Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-20

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, i-Garden Ring (eMoscow) yaqala ukwakha ngokuqinile. Lapho kwakukhona izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, hhayi kuphela ezokuphatha nezokuhweba, kodwa nezakhiwo eziningi zokuhlala zavela.

Njengoba wazi, ukuqala kwaleli khulu akuzange kube nokuthula. Ngonyaka we-1905, phakathi nokuguqulwa kwezimpi, kwaqalwa izimpi ezinobucayi emigwaqeni nasezitaladini ezakha iJardin Ring. Ingxenyana yaso entshonalanga yayigcwele kakhulu imingcele, eyakhiwe ukuvikela izindawo zokusebenza. Izimpi ezinzima kakhulu phakathi kwamabutho kahulumeni kanye namasosha avukela umbuso zenzeka ezingxenyeni zikaDudrinskaya, Krymsky naseZubovsky.

Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-Revolution ka-Okthoba ka-1917 ezindaweni zangaphambili ezazakhelwe izindlu, ezidingekayo kubanikazi bazo, izisebenzi zazixazulula. Ukwengeza, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezintsha zomphakathi nezokuhlala, futhi izimakethe zaseSmolensk nezaseSukharevsky zivalelwe ngokushesha.

Ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo

Eminyakeni engu-30 yaqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvuselelwa kwenhloko-dolobha, okwakuyilapho i-Garden Ring ivaliwe khona. UMoscow nokubonakala kwawo kwashintsha kancane kancane. Umdwebo we-cobblestone wawugcwele izikhukhula nge-asphalt. Kanti futhi kwandisa kakhulu umgwaqo ngokubhubhisa izingadi zangaphambili, futhi i-trams egijima emgwaqeni "B" ishintshwe ngamabhasi amasha. Kodwa okwamanje lo mgwaqo ogcwele uhlelwe kuphela ngo-1963. Amabhuloho amabili akha phezu komfula iMoskva: Krasnokholmsky noKrymsky.

Ngenkathi iMpi Enkulu yePatriotic iqala, i-Garden Ring yaqiniswa ezindaweni ngezinsimbi zokuzivikela. Futhi phakathi ehlobo lika-1944, ngemva kokunqotshwa ibutho laseSoviet amabutho amaNazi e Belarus, ngoba wahlinzwa omkhulu ezabanjwa phakathi izimpi impi.

Ngemuva kwempi, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwenhloko-dolobha kwaqhubeka. Inombolo yezinto ezinjalo ezizoguqulwa zihlanganisa i-Ring Ring. EMoscow, isithombe esasinda kuzo lezo zikhathi, kancane kancane sathola ukubukeka kakhudlwana okwedlulele. Kusukela ngo-1948 naseminyakeni engu-6 eyalandela endaweni ye-Garden Ring, kwakhiwa ama-skalcraper amathathu adumile kakhulu eStalinist.

Eminyakeni yama-1950, i-Line Ring ye-metro yabekwa, ingxenye eseningizimu eyadlula esiteshini "Park Kultury" eya "Kurskaya" ngaphansi kwayo. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, iKhongolodi YaseJalimane yaqhubeka ivuselelwa. Ezinye izitaladi zayo zaze zanda futhi zenziwa zibe izindlela zanamuhla ezinamavesi angaphansi komhlaba, ngaphezulu, izingqungquthela nemigudu. Maphakathi nawo-1990, kwakungavunyelwe ukuhamba ngamaloli anzima.

Okushoyo

Lokhu kungenye yezindlela zokubambisana ezibaluleke kakhulu edolobheni. Ubude Garden indandatho eMoscow -. Ezokuthutha umugqa Isiyingi ozungeza ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi capital 15.6 km kanye ububanzi 60-70 m, kuba kwangaphakathi umgwaqo ovulekile Ruts ezintathu ezikhona, futhi ngaphandle omdala. I-Garden ring idatasa kakhulu, ngakho-ke lapha kunamakhemikhali amaningi amamitha amaningi. Nokho, noma kunjalo, isebenza ngemisebenzi yayo ngesithunzi.

Izindawo

Ukwakheka Garden Ring siqukethe 18 tikwele: Triumph, Gravity, Small futhi Big Sukharevskaya, Lermontov, Red Gate, Ground Shaft, uKhesari Kunikova, eKursk sesitimela eThembalihle, Taganskaya Paveletskaya, Serpukhov, Kaluga, YaseCrimea, Zubovskaya, Smolenskaya-Hay, Smolensk futhi Kudrinskaya . Ezinye zazo zinkulu, ezinye zingabalulekile kakhulu futhi aziwa ngisho nakwaMuscovites.

Ngokuvamile indaba yeGold Ring iqala ngeT Triumfalnaya Square. Futhi lokhu akulona ngengozi. Ngenkathi iSango eliyinhloko laseSomalia laseMoscow laliyi- Triumph Square yamanje , eyanikezwa igama ngo-1992. Ngaphambilini, kwathiwa ngeVV Mayakovsky.

Okokuqala, kule ndawo, eduze kweTverskie Gate, indawo yokuhlala enkulu yaseMhlaba Town yabonakala. Ngekhulu le-17, isikwele sase siyisikwele samakethe, bese kuthiwa iTurch yokuqala yokuThulwa eyakhiwe ngamapulangwe yavela kuwo. Kancane kancane le ndawo yakhiwa izindlu, futhi lapho kutholakala khona "i-Aquarium" ingadi, izibande nezitshalo zemifino eziseNoodevichy Monastery zatholakala ngaphambili.

Isikwele sasimanje emashumini angu-1930, lapho isikwele sinqunywe khona futhi insimu ishintshiwe. Ngemuva kokuba isikhumbuzo se-V. Mayakovsky sakhiwe lapha, saba indawo ethandwayo yokuqhuba izinkondlo ezihlukahlukene.

Iningi "elingavamile" yizindawo zeCrimea noKesari Kunikova. Owesibini wabo ubizwa ngegama le-hero yeSoviet Union, owahlanganyela eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. Kulesi sikwele akukho indlu eyodwa, ngoba bonke bangabamigwaqo aseduzane. Mayelana ne-Kunikov efanayo ukhumbuza ithebhulethi kuphela.

Imigwaqo

Ngaphezu kwezindawo, i-Garden Ring ihlanganisa imigwaqo eminingi. Omude kunabo yi-Earth Shaft. Ubude bayo bungaphezu kuka-2000 m. Ngo-1938 kwaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yiChikvskaya, ngoba kwakukhona umshayeli odumile waseSoviet VT Chkalov. Igama elidala lomgwaqo libuyiselwe kuphela ngo-1990. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlotshaniswa namagama amaningi adumile abantu abahlala futhi basebenza lapha ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umlobi uSa. Marshal, umklami wezindiza uVM Petlyakov, u-academician AD Sakharov, umculi uKF Yuon nabanye abaningi.

Njengendawo, zonke izitaladi zeJardin Ring (eMoscow) zinomlando wazo. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, njengoba inhloko-dolobha inomlando oneminyaka eminyaka. I-Sadovaya-Karetnaya Street ibhekwa njengeyona mfushane kakhulu, ngakho ubude bayo buyi-406 m kuphela. Kubonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Igama layo eliphindwe kabili lihlotshaniswa nezingadi ezikhulayo kanye nomgwaqo oseduze obizwa ngeCaretny Ryad. Cishe zonke izakhiwo zakudala zabhujiswa ema-70s ekhulwini lokugcina.

Ukuhlala kuphi

Cishe zonke izinkambo zendlovukazi ngandlela-thile zithinta i-Ring Ring. Futhi lapha kukhona into okufanele uyibuke. Endleleni, ihotela elithi "Garden Ring" (eMoscow) linikeza izinsizakalo zayo kubavakashi. Isakhiwo saso sisendaweni yomgwaqo omkhulu wezokuthutha kanye neMas Avenue, esesikhungweni sebhizinisi lomuzi. Akukude nayo i-Red Square, izakhiwo zezemidlalo "i-Olympic", i-Garden Botanical ne-Institute. N. V. Sklifosovsky. "Ring Ring" - ihhotela (eMoscow), okuyinto ekahle kokubili izivakashi kanye nebhizinisi.