Isiko lobuciko laseJapane: intuthuko kanye nezinhlobo

Uyini isiko kwezobuciko of Japan? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba bukhula? On zale mibuzo kanye neminye sizobe ngayo kulesi sihloko. isiko Japanese emise yi-ukunyakaza zomlando, olwaqala lapho amaJapane wathutha esuka ezwekazini iye ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo futhi wazalwa impucuko Jomon.

Ngezinye ukukhanyiselwa samanje abantu kakhulu ukuthonywa Europe, Asia le (ikakhulukazi Korea China) naseNyakatho Melika. Omunye izibonakaliso isiko Japanese kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa yayo yesikhathi eside ngenkathi Imininingwane isimo ngabodwa (inqubomgomo sakoku) kuzo zonke ezinye izizwe ngaphansi kokubusa Tokugawa Shogunate, eyathatha kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu XIX - ekuqaleni Meiji inkathi.

umphumela

has kanjani isiko bokubeka Japan? Ezikhuluma ngempucuko kwakufanele nomthelela ehlukile indawo yesifunda yezwe, zezulu ezindawo izici kanye nezimo zemvelo (izivunguvungu nokuzamazama komhlaba njalo). Lokhu kwabonakala ezimweni zengqondo okungavamile maqondana imvelo njengomuntu ophilayo. I engavamile we-Japanese uhlamvu kazwelonke yikhono zibabaza ubuhle yonke samanje, lubonakaliswa izinhlobo eziningi ubuciko nezwe elincane.

Art isiko Japanese sidalwe ngaphansi kwethonya Buddhism, ubuShinto futhi ubuConfucius. Le mikhuba wathonya futhi ukuqhubekisela phambili nentuthuko yayo.

Ezinsukwini ubudala

Ngiyavuma, ubuciko Japanese namasiko mkhulu. Shinto simile ezikhathini zasendulo. Buddhism kuyafana, nakuba kwakungekho BC, waqala ukusakaza kuphela ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka. Heyanskaya isikhathi (8-12 th cc.) Ingabe kubhekwe ukuba inkathi yokuchuma uhulumeni waseJapane. Esikhathini esifanayo, isiko olunothile kulelizwe ifinyelele waso eliphakeme.

Ekhulwini le-13 kwaba khona ubuConfucius. Kuleli qophelo, futhi kwaba khona ukwahlukana wefilosofi Confucius nobuBuddha.

yokubhala

Ukubona isiko Japan kwezobuciko is owawusekelwe a versification esiyingqayizivele, okuthiwa i-haiku (haiku). Leli zwe futhi kakhulu athuthukile ubuciko calligraphy, okuyinto, ngokusho legend, babevela isithombe sikaNkulunkulu sasezulwini. Bona waphefumulela ulimi ebhaliwe, ngakho abantu nomusa uhlamvu ngamunye isipelingi.

It is namahemuhemu ukuthi isiko Japanese uvezwa izinhlamvu njengoba kukhona izithombe ezizungezile kuqoshwe. Kancane kamuva uqale yokudweba banamathela ngokuqinile uxhumano izakhi kanye inkondlo yinye.

Uma utadisha umqulu Japanese, ungase ukuthole ukuthi umsebenzi uqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili nezinhlamvu. Lokhu iskripthi kumaka - ukuphrinta izinkondlo Colof futhi ebabazekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngizuze okuningi udumo Kabuki yaseshashalazini. Olunye uhlobo yaseshashalazini - kodwa - uncamela ikakhulukazi amasosha. Samurai Japan, ngobubi bawo nonya kwadingeka, kodwa elinamandla.

imidwebo

Art nesiko Japan medieval ufundwa izazi eziningi. A indima enkulu e lasungulwa kudlalwa yokudweba Kaiga ukuthi Japanese kusho umdwebo noma ukupenda. Lokhu art uthathwa njengomgcini ifomu endala yobuciko isimo, okuyinto kunqunywa isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa izixazululo kanye namafomu.

Kuyo endaweni ekhethekile ugajwe ngokwemvelo, ebheka ekuqaleni engcwele. Ukwehlukanisa Imidwebo Sumi-e futhi Yamato-e yasungulwa ngekhulu leshumi. Isitayela wokuqala uye savela eduze ekhulwini weshumi nane. He is uhlobo ezinombala ofanayo emifanekiso. Yamato-e - is constricted nendawo nemiqulu, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukwenza ekuklanyweni imisebenzi izincwadi.

Ngemva kwesikhashana, ekhulwini le-17, lapho avela libhalwe amapuleti - ukiyo-e. Masters kuvezwa namathafa, geishas, abadlali Kabuki ezaziwayo. Lolu hlobo Umdwebo ekhulwini le-18, waba nethonya elinamandla endleleni art Europe. Umkhuba abasafufusa ukuqamba "Japonism". NgeNkathi Ephakathi, isiko Japanese usephendukele ngale kwemingcele yezwe - waqala ukuyisebenzisa ekuklanyweni Interiors zikanokusho imfashini emhlabeni wonke.

calligraphy

Ah, indlela enhle yobuciko namasiko of Japan! Sivisiso ka ngokuvumelana nemvelo kungabonakala ngamunye izingxenye zalo. Uyini calligraphy yesimanje Japanese? Ibizwa ngokuthi Shodo ( "indlela isaziso '). Calligraphy, kanye incwadi ezikoleni Japanese isihloko ayimpoqo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi kukhona art bahlangana lokubhala Chinese.

By endleleni, le mpilo esintu lasendulo yahlulelwe yikhono lakhe calligraphy. Namuhla kukhona inani elikhulu lokubhala izitayela, futhi bathuthukiswe izindela ezingamaBuddha zenza.

ebaziwe

Kanjani isiko Japanese? Ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo kule ndawo yizenzo zabantu sizofunda ngemininingwane yakhona. Ukuqopha uhlobo eminingi yasendulo yobuciko Japanese. Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baleli zwe zakhiwe imifanekiso Ceramic zezithombe kanye nezitsha. Khona-ke abantu baqala ukufaka eziqoshiwe phezu kwamathuna Honeyview qamba nga bumba wokushiswa.

Development of izikebhe sculptural e wesimanje isiko Japanese elihlobene ne ukusabalala Buddhism kuleli zwe. Omunye zasendulo esidala kakhulu ubhekwa abameleli Japanese wabekwa ethempelini Dzenko-ji esifanekisweni Amitabha Buddha, ezenziwe ngokhuni.

Imifanekiso zivame eyenziwe amabhodi, kodwa babheka ocebile kakhulu: labaninizo abangu camera nge-lacquer, igolide kanye nemibala egqamile.

origami

Uyathanda Japanese art isiko? Sivisiso ka ngokuvumelana nemvelo kuzoletha kwalibaleka. Isici nobuntu isiko Japanese baba emangalisayo imikhiqizo origami ( "eligoqiwe iphepha"). Lokhu kuyikhono ubophekile ngu okuvela aye eChina lapho, eqinisweni, yasungulwa isikhumba.

Okokuqala "ngephepha eligoqiwe" isetshenziswa ezinkonzweni zenkolo. Lokhu art ukufunda kuphela ephezulu. Kodwa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, origami imukile emakhaya nabakhulu wathola abayithandayo emhlabeni wonke.

ikebana

Wonke umuntu kumele azi ukuthi isiko bokubeka eMpumalanga. Japan usise omningi sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Enye ingxenye yesigaba sokubhekela isiko leli lizwe esimangalisayo ikebana ( "izimbali ophilayo", "Life of Flowers New"). Japanese - abalandeli sobuhle bayo futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi. Imisebenzi ifakwa lezi zimfanelo ezimbili. Yinkimbinkimbi izithombe ibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kunenzuzo of ubuhle bemvelo kwezimila. Ikebana, efana Origami, naye wakhonza njengengxenye yenkolo.

Isithonjana

Mhlawumbe, abaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi lobuciko nesiko China lasendulo futhi Japan eduze munye. Futhi yeka bonsai? Lena ikhono Japanese esiyingqayizivele ukuhlakulela cishe ngqo version-miniature lomuthi yangempela.

IJapane futhi enwetshiwe ukukhiqizwa netsuke - encane ukubaza, okuyizinto uhlobo charm. Ngokuvamile lezi zibalo awuseyena zinamathele Ingubo Japanese, esingeyena emaphaketheni. Abenzi kuphela ehlotshisiwe, kodwa futhi wakhonza njengephayona counterweight ehlukile. Izintelezi enziwa esime obhasikidi ukhiye, nasikhwama somphako, nazingubo, Ababazi bakha.

Umlando yokudweba

Art nesiko Japan lasendulo nesithakazelo kubantu abaningi. Ubuciko kulelizwe umsuka ngesikhathi Paleolithic Japanese futhi athuthukiswe kanje:

• Yamato isikhathi. Ezinsukwini Asuka kanye Kofun (IV-VII ekhulwini) kanyekanye lapho umuntu eba izinhlamvu, ukudalwa imodeli Chinese zombuso umbuso kanye popularization Buddhism eJapane kusukela China kwalethwa imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko. Ngemva kwalokho, iJapane yaqala ukudlala imikhiqizo ebabazekayo isitayela Chinese.
• Nara isikhathi. I VI futhi VII cc. Buddhism baqhubeka nokuguquguquka eJapane. Kule ndaba, ke baqala ukwanda umdwebo zenkolo, wasebenzisa ukuhlobisa amathempeli eziningi lakhiwa ukhomba ngophakathi. Ngokuvamile, in the Nara isikhathi umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni ebaziwe nezobuciko kwaba ngaphezu in umdwebo. Imidwebo ekuqaleni kwalesi umjikelezo zihlanganisa yokudweba izindonga ingaphakathi lethempeli Horyu-ji Temple e Nara Prefecture, etshela ngokuphila Buddha Shakyamuni.
• nenkathi yeHeian. Ngo Umdwebo Japanese, yangekhulu X leminyaka, mkhuba angawodwa Yamato-e, njengoba sishilo ngenhla. izithombe ezinjalo imiqulu ovundlile, okuyinto zikhonjiswe encwadini.
• Muromachi inkathi. Ekhulwini XIV isitayela Soupy-e (ezinombala ofanayo emifanekiso), futhi engxenyeni yokuqala XVII. abaculi waqala ukusakaza kwendandatho ezibhebheni - ukiyo-e.
• Inkathi Umdwebo Azuchi-Momoyama isikhathi babeka isibonelo esihluke kakhulu nge Umdwebo kwesikhathi Muromachi. Nanguya esivela isitayela polychromatic nge bekholelwa isiliva legolide leaf. Phakathi nale nkathi, udumo okukhulu nodumo wajabulela esikoleni Kano. Umsunguli wawo kwaba Kano eitoku ngubani ngesineke ophahleni futhi iminyango beya emagumbini ehlukene. Lezi zibalo kuhlobisa izinqaba nezigodlo yezikhulu lempi.
• Inkathi Maydzi. Njengoba ingxenye kwekhulu XIX yesibili, ubuciko lahlukaniswa laba ukuncintisana isitayela yendabuko nabaseYurophu. Ngenkathi Maydzi Japan uye washintsha kakhulu emphakathini nakwezombusazwe inqubo yesikhathi sesimanje kanye Europeanization eyayihlelwe neziphathimandla. Ukuthembisa abaculi abasha bathunyelwa phesheya ukufunda, futhi abaculi angaphandle esafika eJapane ukwakha izinhlelo esikoleni art. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, ngemva kokuqhuma kokuqala ilukuluku ukuba isitayela artistic we pendulum West wavuleka kolunye uhlangothi, kanye nesitayela bendabuko Japanese wavuseleleka. Kodwa ngo-1880, amasiko yobuciko Western bavinjelwa nemibukiso olusemthethweni futhi abangu ngokucijile wagxeka.

izinkondlo

Art nesiko Japan lasendulo wafunda kuze kube manje. sici lakhe yizinhlobonhlobo, abanye zokwenziwa uhlamvu, ngoba kwamiswa ngaphansi kwethonya izinkolo ezahlukene. It is ukuthi Japanese izinkondlo classical zaqhamuka ziphuma kule zokuphila kwansuku zonke, osebenza ngaphakathi kwaziwe, nokuthi earthiness yayo ngezinga elithile ezigcinwe okwenza kwamasikho lokhu versification - izinkondlo ezintathu-line kanti haiku pyatistishiya tank, okuyinto ziyehluka liphinyiselwe uhlamvu mass. Phela, kuba izinga ezahlukene zabo kusukela bayavumelana kuya elitism ka "evesini khulula", yaqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eJapane bedle izinkondlo of Europe.

Uke waphawula yini ukuthi izigaba ukuthuthukiswa yehlukene kaningi okubalwa namasiko Japan kwezobuciko? Izinkondlo emphakathini yaleli zwe wadlala indima ekhethekile. Omunye izinhlobo ethandwa kakhulu - haiku, ukuqonda ke kungenziwa kuphela bajwayelane nomlando wayo.

Waqale uvele nenkathi yeHeian, kwakufana renga isitayela, owawungumnyaka wafana ithuba lokukhipha izimbongi ababefuna ukuthatha ikhefu Waha izinkondlo ngokujulile. Haikai waba uhlobo ezimele ngekhulu le-16, njengoba renga isimo saba sibi kakhulu, futhi haiku wencike ulimi olukhulunywa wathula ezihlekisayo.

Yiqiniso, amaJapane art isiko kafushane ezichazwe imisebenzi eminingi, kodwa sizozama ngako kabanzi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Ephakathi omunye Japanese izinhlobo edume kakhulu tetemibhalo kwaba ithangi ( "ingoma laconic"). Ezimweni eziningi lokhu pyatistishiya ehlanganisa pair of mavesi izinombolo ezihleliwe amaqoqo ezinhlamvu: 5-7-5 emalunga emigqeni yokuqala emithathu ivesi, bese 7-7 lesibili imigqa emibili. Ngamagama yokuqukethwe ethangini isetshenziswa isikimu elandelayo: esigaba sokuqala limelela ngendlela ethile yemvelo, kanti eyesibili ibonisa Echoes ngendlela umqondo womuntu:

• Ezintabeni ezikude Izithulu
  Inyoni ye-pheasant tailed ubuthongo -
  I eside, ubusuku
  Ngeke ngilale ngedwa? (Kakinomoto-kodwa Hitovaro, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-8, Sanovich wokuhumusha.)

idrama Japanese

Abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ubuciko Chinese-Japanese namasiko kuyathakazelisa. Uyathanda yaseshashalazini? idrama Traditional of Japan sehlukaniswe jōruri (ngonodoli), idrama Noh (kyogen futhi okoku), Kabuki yaseshashalazini kanye singeki. Customs ubuciko ku-akhawunti izinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo waseshashalazini: kyogen, kodwa Bugakov, Kabuki futhi bunraku. Zonke ezinhlanu zalezi amasiko akhona namuhla. Naphezu umehluko omkhulu, basuke exhumene by ezivamile izimiso tebuciko yobuciko Japanese kusekelwe. By the way, idrama Japanese waqala esiteji, kodwa.

Kabuki yaseshashalazini uvele ngekhulu le-17 futhi yayina kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Amiselwe kwesikhathi ifomu izethulo alondolozwa esigabeni yesimanje ye-Kabuki. Ukusebenza yamabhayisikobho, ngokungafani kuya izigcawu, kodwa sigxile umbuthano ewumngcingo of abayithandayo yobuciko lasendulo, eyenzelwe nezithameli mass. Roots Kabuki amakhono angasuselwa imibono osomahlaya - abaculi farces kancane, imidwebo, eyayihlanganisa ukudansa nokuhlabelela. Kabuki amakhono waseshashalazini azethembe ugxile izakhi jōruri futhi Ho.

Ukubukeka Kabuki yaseshashalazini ixhunyiwe enegama yabasebenza Buddhist engcwele O-Kuni e Kyoto (1603). O Cooney azenzile enkundleni besina zenkolo, okuyinto elahlanganiswa ukunyakaza imidanso yomdabu nembutsu-odori. ukusebenza akhe ayegcwele eyayihambisana kudlala yamahlaya. Kulesi sigaba, ukuzenza yudzo okuthiwa Kabuki (Kabuki courtesans), O-Cooney Kabuki-noma-Onna Kabuki (Kabuki izintokazi).

kwendandatho

Ekhulwini leminyaka eledlule, abantu baseYurophu, abantu baseRussia abangaba bese wawunqamula lokuqopha sibhekene lo mkhuba art Japanese. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eZweni YeJapan umdwebo ekuqaleni ke akazange abheke ikhono emthini, kodwa kwadingeka zonke izici isiko mass - eziphansi, ukutholakala, ukuzungeza. Ochwepheshe ukiyo-e bakwazi ukufeza ukucaciseleka eliphezulu futhi kube lula, njengoba izifundo samuntu, futhi Ukukhetha kwabo.

Ukiyo-e kwaba art esikoleni esikhethekile, ngakho wakwazi ukubeka phambili inombolo abaculi oluvelele. Ngakho, enegama Hisikava Moronobu (1618-1694 GG.) Ubangela esigabeni sokuqala nentuthuko yesehlakalo eziqoshiwe. Esikhathini maphakathi nekhulu XVIII uchwepheshe waqale wasebenza multicolor mikhondo ngu Suzuki Harunobu. Izisusa eyinhloko wakhe izigcawu lyrical lapho alalelwa akunamthelela, futhi ukudluliswa nemizwelo futhi imizwa: uthando, isisa, ukudabuka. Njengomhlaba art enkulu yasendulo ye-nenkathi yeHeian, virtuosos ka ukiyo-e savuka ngendlela kuvuselelwe ezisemadolobheni imvelo ihlelo ubuhle owesifazane elicwengiweyo okungavamile.

Umehluko lana ukuthi esikhundleni heyanskoy aristocrats oziqhenyayo kwendandatho esibonisa geishas ngomusa kusukela ezifundeni ukuzijabulisa Edo. Umculi Utamaro (1753-1806 GG.) Ingabe mhlawumbe esiyingqayizivele emlandweni Umdwebo ochwepheshe Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba achithe ngokugcwele indalo yakhe yesithombe emakhosazaneni e zibhekise ahlukahlukene kanye nezindlu zangasese, ezimweni ukuphila ezahlukene. Omunye imisebenzi yakhe eliwadlula wonke umbhalo "Geisha Osama", okuyinto lilondolozwe eMoscow, ngaleso Museum of Painting Pushkin. Umculi ngokungavamile kungabonakali lidlulisela ubunye isenzo kanye nemizwelo, isimo sobuso.

Manga kanye Anime

Izingcweti eziningi zizama ukwazi indawo ubuciko Japan. Futhi iyini anime (Japanese opopayi)? Kusuka kwamanye izinhlobo izithombe ingaphezu isimo for nezilaleli omdala. Lapha siba division eziphindaphindekayo ku netindlela esiyingqayizivele nezithameli. ebhidliza isilinganiso esivuna ubulili, ubudala noma portrait ngokwengqondo moviegoers. Isikhathi esining impela, anime kuyinto ifilimu a manga Japanese, nakho wathola eziningi yenanelwa.

Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi ingxenye manga senzelwe ababukeli omdala. Kusukela ngomhla ka-2002, u-20% we-Japanese ncwadi emakethe labetibambile manga amahlaya.

Japan ngokwendawo useduze nathi, kodwa, ngisho kanjalo, isikhathi eside wahlala ezweni obscure futhi engafinyeleleki. Namuhla siyazi okuningi kuleli zwe. ngabodwa Long ngokuzithandela kuye kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi isiko laso kuhluke ngokuphelele isiko kwamanye amazwe.