Ngubani owakha iKathhedral ye-Annunciation ye-Moscow Kremlin. I-Annunciation Cathedral ye-Kremlin: incazelo

Umlando weminyaka eminyaka wombuso waseRussia ubonakala ezikhumulweni zobuciko, izakhiwo nezakhiwo. Inhloko-dolobha yezwe elikhulu iMoscow, isikhungo sayo yiKremlin, okwamanje akuyona nje indawo yokuhlala kahulumeni nomongameli, kodwa futhi imyuziyamu ibonisa zonke izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvela kwamandla amakhulu. Eyingqayizivele ekuklanyeni kwayo nasemlandweni, ubunzima bungatshela isivakashi izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Izakhiwo zaso ngasinye ziyingxenye yesikhathi sethu esidlule: imibhoshongo, izikwele, izivande, amathempeli aseMoscow Kremlin. I-Annunciation Cathedral yilezi zakhiwo zasendulo kunazo zonke, ama-shrines ahlale kuwo abuyele emuva esikhathini sokubunjwa kobuKristu eRussia.

Indawo:

Isikhungo sokwakhiwa kweMoscow Kremlin yiCathhedral Square. Izikhumbuzo zomlando ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu zitholakala eduze komjikelezo wayo. Ingxenyeni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yegcawu ibanjwe yi-Annunciation Cathedral, evame ukubizwa nge-Zlatoverhim, ingcwelisiwe egameni le-Annunciation of the Virgin. Ithempeli lingummeleli oyingqayizivele wokwakha waseRussia wasendulo, iparele le-Kremlin. Ngomlando waminyaka eminyaka wokuba khona kwayo, wabuye wakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningi, ehlotshiswe ngabamele bonke abalandelayo bendlu yobukhosi, kodwa awuzange ulahlekelwe injongo yakhe eyinhloko kanye nefomu elifakwe ekuqaleni. Ukuze unqume ukuthi ubani owakhiwe iCathralral ye-Annunciation ye- Moscow Kremlin, kubalulekile ukuphendukela kumlando wendalo yayo. Kuyaziwa kakhulu emlandweni ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhrederalra ye-XIV kakade ikhona.

Umlando

Isonto lezinkuni lika-Annunciation lakhiwa ngo-1290, ngokusho kwedatha engacacisiwe. Ngokomlando, umyalo wokwakhiwa wanikezwa ngu-Prince Andrew, owayeyindodana ka-Alexander Nevsky. Ngubani owakhiwe iCathedral ye-Annunciation yaseMoscow Kremlin ekubulaweni kokuqala kwamapulangwe akaziwa, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIV kwakukhona kuleli fomu. Isidingo sokuqinisa nokubuyisela isonto savuka ngemva kokuba sinikezwe isithonjana seByzantine "uMsindisi kumhlophe we-sacristy." Kungenxa yalesi senzakalo ukuthi ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwenkathi yesonto elizayo kuhlanganisiwe. Kuze kube manje, akukho lwazi olutholiwe kusukela kunguqulo yangempela yesakhiwo. Ubukhulu, umbhali wesakhiwo, umhlobiso wangaphakathi nesangaphandle wesonto uhlala ungumfihlakalo ongeke wenziwe. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le- 14 leminyaka , kwakhiwa isonto lamatshe, elizobizwa kamuva ngokuthi iCannhedral Cathedral yaseMoscow Kremlin. Umlando wokuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwesonto awuhlanganiswa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nesikhulu, bese imindeni yasebukhosini ibusa eRussia.

Ikhulu le-15 leminyaka

Ithempeli lalinecala kuVasily I (indodana kaDmitry Donskoy) ngokuzalwa kwakhe ematshe, futhi wayala ukubeka isonto lendlu emndenini wama-princely. Isimo esiyinhloko sokwakhiwa kwakusondelene nezindawo zokuhlala zeChambers, ngakho-ke i-cathedral ezakhamuzi zaseMoscow Kremlin Blagoveshchensky yabiza ngokuthi ithempeli "lisendleleni." Ngo-1405 ukuhlobisa kwangaphakathi kwakwenziwa ngabadwebi bezithonjana ezidumile zaseRussia (F. Grek, A. Rublev). Izakhiwo zobuciko zesakhiwo esakhiwe, umklamo wayo ubonakalise ithonya lesitayela saseByzantine, esasiqine ngenxa yokuvela kobuKristu eRussia ngaleso sikhathi. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70 ithempeli lasebenza ngendlela engashintshi futhi ngo-1483 labhujiswa ngumyalo ka-Ivan III.

Ukwakhiwa kweKathedral

Ukuqedwa kabusha kwezakhiwo zeKremlin kuqala ngo-1480. INkosana yaseMoscow i-Ivan III yamema abaphathi be-Italy ngomsebenzi, kodwa ngesimo sokuvuselela zonke izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesitayela esidala saseRussia. Ubani owakhiwa iChethralral ye-Annunciation ye-Moscow Kremlin? Kusukela emibhalweni yaleso sikhathi iqiniso liyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ithempeli lakhiwa abakhiqizi baseRussia. Ngenxa yalezi zakhiwo, abahleli be-Pskov bahilelekile, okwathi, ngosizo lwama-masters aseMoscow, baqala ukwakhiwa kwesonto ngo-1984. Isisekelo sawo kwakuyi-podlet endala, okungukuthi, i-cathedral yakhiwe ngendlela efanayo neyayidala.

Ngaphambi kokuba abaphathi baseRashiya babe nomsebenzi onzima, kwakuhlanganisa ngokuvumelana ngokubhalisa ithempeli endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo ze-Kremlin. Kusukela emibhalweni yekhulu le-14 leminyaka umuntu angakwazi ukuthola amagama alabo abakha i-Annunciation Cathedral eMoscow, laba bangabakhi bakaPhkov Myshkin noKrivtsov. Kumele kuqashelwe ikhono lalaba bantu, ngenxa yemizamo yabo, i-Kremlin ithole esinye isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele, esithinteka ngomlando wombuso phakathi namakhulu eminyaka yenkonzo yayo.

Izakhiwo

Ngo-1489, ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kwakuphelile, kwaqokonyiswa yiMetropolitan Gerontius. Izici ezijwayelekile zamasiko ezakhiwo zamakhosi aseMoscow nasePhukov zilandelwa kule sakhiwo. Njengethempeli elikhona ngaphambili, lalinomumo wesigcawu futhi lathweswe izahluko ezintathu. Ephakathi kwakuyinsika, okuvela kuwo amathanga aphansi odongeni ngalunye. Isakhiwo se-cross-dome sasizungezwe zemibukiso ehlanganisiwe. Uhlelo lokuguqula lwaluhlanganisa ithempeli nezakhiwo zokuhlala ezakhiweni zaseKremlin. I-apse (i-altare encane evaliwe ejula) yayisehlangothini lwasempumalanga. Ukuqokwa okuyinhloko (okungokwenkolo) akuzange kubandakanye ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kweKhishedral ye-Annunciation yeKremlin. Incazelo ye-altare yenza kube lula ukucabanga ukuthi umnotho wesifunda ungagcinwa esakhiweni esincane.

Ukuqokwa

Izikhulu ezinkulu, bese kuthi wonke ama-tsars aseRashiya asebenzisa iKathhedral yase-Annunciation yaseKremlin njengesonto lendlu. Kuyo, zonke izimo zomndeni (ubhapathizo, umshado) zenziwa. Umphathi we-cathedral waba yi-confessor of the umbusi waseRussia, wavuma, wasiza ukubhala futhi aqinisekise intando, ekukhulumisaneni okude anganikeza iseluleko se-tsar. Ebandleni lika-Annunciation, izindinganiso zomndeni wasebukhosini (izikhombo, izithombe, izinhlamvu zabangcwele) zagcinwa. Izikhulu zokuqala zaseMoscow zagcina ingcebo kuyo. Ummeleli ngamunye olandelanayo, njengoba ekhuphukele esihlalweni sobukhosi, wazama ukuthuthukisa umhlobiso we-cathedral, enze okuthile ngokubonakala kwakhe, ashiye isikhumbuzo sakhe enzalweni yakhe.

Ikhulu le-XVI

Ubani owakhiwe iChristral of Annunciation ye-Moscow Kremlin, esiyibona namhlanje? Lo mbuzo awulula, lesi sakhiwo sasivuselelwa njalo ngenxa yemililo eMoscow futhi ngenxa yezimpi nokuguqulwa. Izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubukeni kwethempeli kwenzeka ngesikhathi sekhulu le-XVI. UVasily III ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe wayala umdwebo wethempeli "ngokucebile". Kulo msebenzi wakhanga kakhulu abadwebi bezithombe zaseRussia (Theodosius, Fedor Yedikeev). I-motifs eyinhloko yamafresco yayilondolozwe, kodwa umhlobiso namatshe ayigugu avela emhlobheni we-cathedral. Inani lekhaya lenyuke libe ngu-9 (uphawu lweMariya oNgcwele eNkolweni yobudala yaseRussia), ngayinye ehlanganiswa ngegolide, ngakho-ke leli khathi eliphakeme liba lezinwele zegolide. Ingeniso yaseningizimu ngesigwebo sakhe isho kuphela ukuvakashela umndeni wasebukhosini (ohloniphekile), lapho banikela izipho futhi baphumula emva kwenkonzo.

Ivan the Terrible

Ngo-1547, izakhiwo zaseMoscow nezakhiwo zaseKremlin zazilimaza kakhulu ngomlilo omkhulu. I-Annunciation Cathedral yayingeyona into, ngakho-ke u-Ivan the Terrible wayala ukuba libuyiselwe ngokuphelele (empeleni lakhiwe). Ngomnyaka we-1564 ithempeli lakhiwa, lidwetshiwe, lihlotshiswe ngokweqile kunekayise (uBasil III), futhi lakhanyiswa. Amapulangwe ahlobisa izigcawu eziqoshiwe zetshe elimhlophe, elabulawa ngamakhosikazi ase-Italy. Iminyango yethusi, ehlotshiswe ngegolide, yayingavamile ngaleso sikhathi. I-iconostasis nomdwebo wendonga, izindonga nezinsika zethempeli zahlelwa kabusha. Ngokwe-Ivan the Terrible, umkhumbi (Grozny) unamathele eKathedral of the Annunciation, kwakuyiyona ndawo lapho inkosi yabona kusengaphambili ukufa kwakhe.

Umlando wanamuhla

Isihlalo sobukhosi saseRussia sasihlala emndenini wamaRomanovs, owagcina futhi ehlobisa i-Annunciation Cathedral. Umlando wakhe oqhubekayo uyisibonelo sengqondo yokucophelela emathempelini amadala aseRussia. Ithempeli lahlushwa umonakalo obaluleke kunazo zonke ngo-1917, ibhantshi laseGrozny elingabuyiswanga libhujiswa ngokushaya i-projectile. AmaBolsheviks athuthela inhloko-dolobha eMoscow futhi wabeka ubuholi bezwe eKremlin. Izinto eziyingqayizivele zomlando, zenkolo, ezakhiwe zafinyeleleka kubantu abavamile. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, uhulumeni omusha wavula ukungena kwendawo yomlando yedolobha, ekwakheni iminyuziyamu yaseMoscow Kremlin. I-Annunciation Cathedral yasebenza kulokhu kuze kube ngu-1993. Namuhla kungenye yezindawo ezindala kunazo zonke ezenziwa ama-Orthodoxy ensimini yombuso wethu.

Isakhiwo samanje

I-Annunciation Cathedral yakhiwe ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka. Empeleni iqukethe izakhiwo eziningana zesikhathi esihlukile, ezihlanganiswa ngokuvumelanayo futhi zakha ithempeli elijwayele kumuntu wanamuhla. Ekhulwini le-16, ama-chapel amane ahlanganiswe nekontrafa, ngalinye likhishwe ikhanda, kanti izahluko ezintathu eziyisishiyagalolunye zihlobisa. Isikhala sangaphakathi siyingcosana, ngoba i-cathedral yayihloselwe kuphela umndeni omkhulu wezikhulu. Isakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo singachazwa ngokuthi IsiRashiya Esidala, ngamasiko aseByzantine. Isakhiwo seDome ngenxa yokukhanyisa senza umphumela wokunyakaza okuqondile, ngendlela yokuhlobisa ingalandelwa esikoleni se-Pskov esakhiweni (izinsika eziyisikwele, izinsika ezihlanganisiwe). Amakhosi aseMoscow akhiphe isakhiwo samasonto amakhulu amabhande aphethwe ngamadonga kanye namajamo. I-Annunciation Cathedral iyingqayizivele ekwakhiweni kwayo nasemlandweni wokwakhiwa.

I-iconostasis

Okuyingqayizivele ekubunjweni naseqoqweni leminyaka, itholakala kuma-tiers amaningana (imigqa). Izithombe zekhulu le-14, lama-15, lama-16, izinto eziyingqayizivele yobuKristu baseRussia lasendulo zimelelwa esontweni. Phakathi kwazo kukhona imisebenzi ka-Andrei Rublev noTheophanes isiGreki, esasinda kuze kube yilolu suku. Izithombe ezibonisa izenzakalo zokuphila kukaKristu zadalwa ngekhulu le-16, imiholo yabo yenziwa ngokuhlelekile ngo-1896. I-iconostasis ye-Annunciation Cathedral iyamangalisa ngoba ishiya igumbi lesithombe sombuso olawula isikhathi esithile. Ngemva kokufa kwenkosi, isithonjana esinesithombe sakhe sidluliselwa eNkathini YaseKhanathra Eyinhloko futhi yafakwa ethuneni.

Ukudweba

Ama-sampuli asendulo asendulo kakhulu e-frescos alahlekile emlilweni nasekwakha kabusha i-cathedral. Imidwebo yanamuhla yilabo abalingana nabo, yenziwe ngabadwebi bekhulu le-16 abazama ukuveza izixazululo zombala, ubujamo nokubaluleka kwezindaba. Okumangazayo yiqiniso lokuthi kanye nezinhlamvu zendabuko zeBhayibheli ezindongeni, emagcekeni, amakholomu abonisa ubuso bezinkosana zaseRussia kanye namafilosofi yasendulo, lokhu kuyanezela esiqhingini esinjalo njengeCatral Cathedral yaseKremlin. EMoscow, iRussia ayinayo izibonelo eziningi zasendulo zokugubungula kwamahempeli. Le myuziyamu igcina imisebenzi yobuciko bezenkolo, ezingenalo izifaniso. Isithombe se-Annunciation sibhekisela kuhlobo oludala nolunqabile lwe-iconography.