British Labour Party: amafilosofi Isungulwe, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

UK Labour Party (LPV) ingenye amabutho amabili ezepolitiki ukuthi empeleni onilwelayo amandla Albion. Ngokungafani enkaba-Conservative Party, yoMbutho Wezisebenzi ekuqaleni begxile kakhulu ekwenteni ncono emazinga yezenhlalakahle ukuze izakhamuzi zawo. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuphelele izinqubo zezepolitiki e-UK kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa indima inhlangano emphakathini. Ake sithungathe umlando kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwaleli amandla ezombusazwe, kanye ukuthola imibono ababethi ngu yoMbutho Wezisebenzi.

ukuvela

YoMbutho Wezisebenzi yasungulwa ngo-1900. Nokho, igama loqobo kuzwakala sengathi Wobudlelwano Ukumelwa Committee. Uma uye kahle ngokwaso njengoba omele isigaba sabasebenzi, united inyunyana ukunyakaza, futhi uye wafuna angenele ukulwa ibuse ngaleso amaqembu isikhathi eBrithani - Ababesadla ngoludala futhi Liberal. Omunye wabaholi lenhlangano kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala Ramsay MacDonald baba ekusungulweni yayo. He is ehhovisi lakhe lalisenyakatho efulethini. Okunye abaholi owaziwa babe Dzheyms Keyr Hardi, u-Arthur Henderson futhi Dzhordzh Izingobo.

Ngo-1906, inhlangano atholwe ngegama lalo lamanje, okuyinto ngesiNgisi kulotshiwe njengoba Labour Party, bese zihunyushwa Russian ngokuthi "Labour Party".

Zisandakuqala ukuthuthukiswa

Okhethweni lokuqala ngo-1900, lapho ababehilelekile asanda wadala yangaphandle nanhlanu yabakhona lePhalamende LaseBrithani lidlule amadoda amabili, nokuthi izimali umkhankaso, amakhilogremu 33 kuphela.

Kakade okhethweni olulandelayo ngo-1906, inani abameleli Labour Party ePhalamende liye landa abantu 27. Umholi iqembu ePhalamende kwaba Dzheyms Hardi. Lokhu ubuholi kwakusho nalolungakahleleki kuleli qembu, njengoba iposi ahlukene yinhloko Labour Party zazingekho kuze 1922.

Njengoba ngishilo ngenhla, ekuqaleni Labor Party e-UK babe emthunzini amaqembu ngoludala futhi ovulekile, lapho ezama ukubaleka. Nokho, ekuqaleni ngenxa inombolo encane izihlalo ephalamende, baphoqeleka ukuba babambisane nabo kumaGreki eduze ovulekile. Lokhu Ukubambisana eduze siyoqhubeka kuze 1916. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho Ngohlelo we the Liberal Party wabelwa indima umzalwane osemdala.

In the phakathi neMpi Yezwe I ngo-1918, i-Labour Party uyokwamukela sisekelo wayo siqu hlelo, kamuva elaba yekucala izikhundla senhlangano ezindabeni ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Iqembu elibusayo

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakukhona ukuhlukana phakathi kwababusi Liberal Party kanye embuthweni wezabasebenzi waqala ukuthola okwandisa okwamanje ngenxa ukukhula isimo wamavukelambuso eYurophu. Futhi British Labour Party wangena umdlalo omkhulu, njengoba ibutho ahlukene ezepolitiki.

Ngo-1924 base okokuqala emlandweni sebakwati uhulumeni. YoMbutho Wezisebenzi anamukelanga iningi ephalamende, nakuba kwathatha inombolo irekhodi abamele iqembu - abantu 191. Kodwa Ukuxabana phakathi emthethweni futhi Liberals uvunyelwe ukuba yakha iKhabhinethi. Ngakho-ke lwaphuka hegemony amaqembu ngoludala futhi ovulekile, eyathatha amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izimbangi lomcoka emzabalazweni waqala yabaSebenzi kanye Ababesadla ngoludala.

Ummeleli we-Labour Dzheyms Ramsey MacDonald baba Undunankulu wase-Great Britain.

Nokho, ekupheleni konyaka uhulumeni Labour, ngenxa yokucindezela futhi usongo nibuthana ukulwa naso emthethweni futhi Liberals, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ukugeleza izimbangi angathalalisi ukhetho ePhalamende Labour Party, babaleka, kwaba nenani nabameleli bayo lancipha laba abantu abangu-151.

Kodwa kwaba kuphela lokuqala elilandelayo Ukufa Labor IKhabhinethi.

uhulumeni Macdonald

ukhetho ngo-1929 kakade, yoMbutho Wezisebenzi okokuqala emlandweni won izihlalo eziningi ephalamende (izihambeli 287) futhi usezuze ilungelo kabusha yakha iKhabhinethi. Undunankulu wase-Great Britain futhi kwaba Dzheyms Makdonald. Kodwa ngenxa yochungechunge oluthile lwezinto ezenzeke ukwehluleka kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki uhulumeni omusha kwakukhona uqhekeko kuleli Labour Party uqobo. Dzheyms Makdonald wahambe rapprochement ne Ababesadla ngoludala ukuba abe basekela ephalamende. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi ngo-1931 washiya inhlangano, wadala ngokumelene ke National Labor Organization, kodwa baqhubeka okuthunyelwe undunankulu kuze 1935, lapho lesi sikhundla salandelwa kummeleli emthethweni.

Ungumholi omusha we-Labor Party wayengomunye wabantu abake wema ngasemnyango umsuka wale nhlangano - Arthur Henderson. Kodwa uqhekeko eqenjini, kanye amahlazo zezombusazwe ziye zaholela yokuthi okhethweni olusha ePhalamende ngo-1931, kube kwahluleka ngokudabukisayo, negunya umthetho 52 UK ummeleli.

Attlee inkathi

Kakade ngonyaka ozayo njengoba ikhanda beqembu Henderson indawo Dzhordzh Lensberi, futhi eminye iminyaka emithathu - Klement Ettli. Lokhu umholi we Labour Party uye kulesi sikhundla isikhathi eside ukwedlula bonke ngaphambi kwalokho noma esaba - iminyaka engu-20. Attlee isikhathi wawuqala 1935 ukuze 1955.

Okhethweni ka-1935 iqembu ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe uye wakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza yayo, ukuba ummeleli ePhalamende 154. Ngemva yokwesula ngesikhundla sikaNdunankulu Chamberlain olandelanayo ngo-1940, Attlee ephethwe ukungena uhulumeni sokusebenzisana uWinston Churchill.

I post-yimpi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-AP

Ngenxa kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II, okhethweni olulandelayo yayiqhutshelwa kuphela iminyaka engu-10 ngo-1945. Ngemva kwawo, i-Labour Party yazuza irekhodi yena ngenkathi 393 izihlalo ephalamende. Lo mphumela kwaba ngaphezu kokwanele kumiswa iKhabhinethi eholwa Klementom Ettli, ngubani wakhishwa esikhundleni sokuba undunankulu okulondoloza uWinston Churchill elahlekile okhethweni. Labor kwakungatholakala kuphela uhalalisele kule impumelelo, kusukela Ukunqoba kwabo ngesikhathi wawufana ukuzwa sangempela.

Kufanele ukuthi eyesithathu eza emandleni Labour Party isibe kuphumelela kakhulu kunalena ezimbili eyedlule. Ngokungafani McDonald, Attlee wakwazi ukubamba eziningi imithetho ebalulekile ngokwemvelo nomphakathi, ukuze kukahulumeni ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu, ukubuyisela umnotho wezwe, shaye impi. Lezi impumelelo ziye zaba nomthelela yokuthi kokhetho lwango-1950 iLabour Party futhi egubha ukunqoba, nakuba ngalesi sikhathi nesizotha more abangu ephalamende - abantu abangu-315.

Nokho, Attlee IKhabhinethi kwakungafanele ukunqoba eyodwa nje. Ukuchitheka inqubomgomo yezezimali kanye ukwehla we iphawundi kuye kwaholela yokuthi ukhetho ekhethekile ngo-1951 waba iwine lo Ababesadla ngoludala eholwa uWinston Churchill. Labor Party wathola izihlalo 295 ephalamende, nakuba kwaba ngokwanele ukuba siqhubeke elikhulu izinqubomgomo yezwe, ngoba Ababesadla ngoludala sasihaqiwe yizihlalo eziyisikhombisa kuphela ngaphezulu.

ukhetho okusha ngo-1955 waletha Labour Party ngokuya ekhungathekile, ngoba imiphumela yabo ezikutholile izihlalo 277 kuphela ephalamende, le Ababesadla ngoludala inqobe obukholisayo kakhulu. Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona esinye sezizathu ukuthi ngawo lowo nyaka Klement Ettli besula inqubomgomo enkulu futhi njengoba umholi WezabaSebenzi, yena salandelwa Hugh Gaitskell.

Umlando okwalandela iqembu

Nokho, Gaitskell futhi ayikwazanga ube uyakufanelekela esikhundleni Attlee. YoMbutho Wezisebenzi uya kokulahlekelwa kwayo, njengoba kufakazelwa ukwehla kwenani labo ngisho ephalamende ngemuva kokhetho kubantu 1959 kuya 258.

Ngo-1963, ngemva kokufa Gaitskell, umholi Labor uHarold Wilson baba. Anakho neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-nantathu njengenhloko iqembu. Kakade ngonyaka ozayo ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe Labour Party wanqoba ngesikhathi ikhefu engu-nane, ophumelele okhethweni ePhalamende nge 317 izihlalo, 13 aminingi ukudlula Ababesadla ngoludala. Ngakho, Wilson waba ngowokuqala Labor uNdunankulu Klementa Ettli ngemva UK.

Nokho, ubuholi wezabaSebenzi ePhalamende kwaba esintengayo ukuze akazange abanike ithuba bona izinyathelo eziyisisekelo hlelo. Lesi simo siye saphoqeleka ukuba zenzeke ngo-1966, ukhetho ekhethekile lapho Labour Party inqobe kumhambela ethole izihlalo 364 ephalamende, ie 111 izihlalo eziningi ngaphezu kwalezo ezibonwa Ababesadla ngoludala.

Kodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-'70, emnothweni UK yabonisa izibalo kwezibalo kukhona neze. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni iqiniso lokuthi ukhetho ngo-1970, emthethweni iwine ekholisayo, ngokuwina ezingaphezu kuka-50% we izihlalo ephalamende, and Labour zazijatshuliswe izihlalo 288 (43.1%). Ngokwemvelo, umphumela miphumela kwaba ukwesula uHarold Wilson.

Emthethweni hhayi wakufeza lokho okwakulindelwe yabo, kanti ngesikhathi ukhetho olulandelayo entwasahlobo ka 1974 u Nokho iwine Labor Party, ngumuntu udevu. Leli qiniso ophoqelelwe kubo kuya ekwindla ka ngonyaka ofanayo ukuqhuba ukhetho ekhethekile, okwaphumela yoMbutho Wezisebenzi wawina iningi esitebeleni. Wilson futhi ephethwe uhulumeni, kodwa hhayi ngenxa yezizathu kucacile kakhulu, ngo-1976, washiya isikhundla sakhe. Esikhundleni sakhe njengoba engumholi ka iqembu nosihlalo undunankulu kwakungu Dzheyms Kallagan.

Ngo nokuphikiswa,

Nokho, ukuthandwa Callaghan ophawule wathi akumele kuqhathaniswe nge udumo Wilson. I inqotshwa kabuhlungu soMthetho Wobudlelwano Party okhethweni ngo-1979 kwaba yi zemvelo lokhu. Inkathi Conservative Party, okuyinto wanika British enjalo izikhonzi oluvelele prime like uMargaret Thatcher (uNdunankulu has eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-11 ilandelana) kanye Dzhon Meydzhor. I kuyinto engemukelekile we emthethweni ephalamende eyathatha iminyaka engu-18.

Phakathi nale nkathi, Labor usephoqeleke ukuya ukuphikiswa. Callaghan emva yokwesula okuthunyelwe ka umholi weqembu ngo-1980, kwathiwa eliholwa uMikayeli Foot (1980-1983), uNeil Kinnock (1983-1992) kanye Dzhon Smit (1992-1994).

Labor entsha

Ngemva kokufa Dzhona Smita ngo-1994 kusukela ngo-May kuya ku-July ka IBamba inhloko iqembu Margaret Beckett, kodwa umholi amakhetho Labour Party iwine sezombangazwe abasha futhi ohahela isikhundla Toni Bler, ngaleso sikhathi wagcwala ngonyaka 31 kuphela. Uhlelo olubuyekeziwe nomthelela ngokuvula iqembu "umoya wesibili." Inkathi emlandweni iqembu, oqala amakhetho Blair kanye nomholi walo ngo-2010, obizwa ngokuthi "Labourism okusha".

Maphakathi uhlelo "okusha Labor" kwaba okubizwa ngokuthi indlela yesithathu, okuyinto ibekwe iqembu esikhundleni capitalism kanye nezimboni.

yokuziphindiselela Wezabasebenzi

Babunjani yimpumelelo qhinga ekhethwe Toni Blerom, yabonisa ukhetho ePhalamende ngo-1997 lapho Labour Party okokuqala eminyakeni engu-18 won. Kodwa kwakungewona nje ukunqoba, kodwa ekuchithweni wangempela Ababesadla ngoludala eholwa John Major, ngemva Labour Party lawina izihlalo ezingu ngaphezulu 253. Inombolo ephelele abameleli Labour Party ePhalamende kwaba abantu 418, okuyinto namanje irekhodi ziqotho iqembu. Toni Bler baba Undunankulu wase-Great Britain.

Okhethweni ngo-2001 futhi ngo-2005 iLabour Party futhi unqobe ngemajini ububanzi, futhi akhiphe, ngokulandelana 413 futhi 356 izihlalo ephalamende. Kodwa naphezu imiphumela emihle jikelele, lo mkhuba wabonisa ukwehla okukhulu ukuthandwa APs phakathi abavoti. Lokhu akukho ngesilinganiso esincane nomthelela inqubomgomo nolaka amazwe Labour Party eholwa Toni Blerom, uzwakalise, ngokukhethekile, e esebenzayo ukwesekwa lempi kokungenela American e-Iraq, kanye iqhaza nokubhonywa eYugoslavia.

Ngo-2007, Toni Bler wesulile esikhundleni sakhe, futhi njengoba umholi we party futhi undunankulu ilandelwa Gordon Brown. Nokho, nokhetho lokuqala kakhulu ePhalamende ngemuva ukwesula Blair, owenzeka ngo-2010, yaphenduka ukunqotshwa yoMbutho Wezisebenzi futhi ukunqoba kwe-emthethweni, eholwa uDavid Cameron. Lo mphumela nomthelela yokuthi Gordon Brown ukhiphe hhayi kuphela ngesikhundla sikaNdunankulu, kodwa futhi washiya isikhundla umholi weqembu.

yesimanjemanje

Emzabalazweni okuthunyelwe yokuba inhloko Labour Party ngo-2010 waba iwine Ed Miliband. Kodwa kokunqotshwa iqembu okhethweni 2015 ephalamende, lapho wambonisa ngisho kancane obukholisayo yi kuka okokugcina, Mr Miliband waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe.

Okwamanje inhloko yalawa APs kuyinto Dzheremi Korbin, ngubani, ngokungafani Blair kanye Brown, kuyinto omele iphiko kwesokunxele party. Ngaleso sikhathi, yena wayaziwa nangokuthi i owayephikisana empini Iraq.

Evolution nemibono

Kuwo wonke umlando walo, imfundiso ye-Labour Party uye washintsha abalulekile. Ekuqaleni, wagxilisa zabasebenzi kanye nenyunyana ukunyakaza, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abaningi ithathe izakhi zama-Capitalist, kanjalo ukuthuthela eduze ideologically nge imbangi yakhe yaphakade - Conservative Party. Nokho, impumelelo yobulungiswa kezokuhlalisana kuleli zwe ihlezi ifakiwe ku eziseqhulwini party. Noma kunjalo, i-Union Labor party ne bangamakhomanisi nezinye imisinga kakhulu ngakwesobunxele.

Sekukonke Labor amafilosofi lingachazwa ngokuthi yeningi emphakathini.

amathemba

Esikhathini esilandelayo Labour Party izinhlelo yanqoba ukhetho ePhalamende olandelayo owawuzoba 2020. Yiqiniso, ukuze lelisu bekuyoba nzima kakhulu, uma kucatshangelwa ukulahlekelwa samanje sympathies yokhetho ephathini, kodwa isikhathi ukushintsha Umvoti imicabango yabantu ngokwanele.

Dzheremi Korbin ihlele uthole abavoti umusa ngokubuyela imibono kwesokunxele-wing, okuyinto wayedabuka esivela yoMbutho Wezisebenzi.