Fronda - uchungechunge nemibhikisho emelene nohulumeni eFrance ngo 1648-1652 GG.

Uyini Fronde? Incazelo leli gama nakuba has a ukulungisiswa ngokuqinile zomlando - ibizwa ngokuthi isibalo imibhikisho emelene nohulumeni eFrance phakathi XVII ekhulwini - nokho kuyinto uhlamvu kuyindida futhi bathande ukubhuqa. Imicimbi luye lwabonisa ukuthi zonke protagonists lezo zenzakalo lasendulo babengene bazenzisi, ngamazwi wakhuthaza inhlalakahle lizwe nabantu balo, kanye eqinisweni, ukuphishekela kuphela kuzozizuzisa zobugovu.

Little uhambo e yezilimi

Kuqhubeka kancane igama elithi "Fronde". Lokhu akusiyo into efana abakhuluma isiRashiya pronunciation French - Fronde, okusho "isihlilingi". Uma kunjalo-ke ngokuthi umdlalo izingane athandwa sika, ukuwela umkhakha lingenamuntu futhi engenangqondo. Ukuze uthole izizathu kushiwo ngenhla, ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ubheke abantu ngamagama, okubonisa ukunganeliseki neziphathimandla, kodwa awukwazi ukunquma kunoma iyiphi izinyathelo eziwujuqu.

France phakathi kwekhulu XVII

Izinkundla, okuyinto anikeza ugqozi ukuvela kwezindaba gama kwaqala ukuba athuthukiswe eFrance kusukela eko kwekhulu XVII. Ngalesi sikhathi iningi labantu, eyayihlanganisa abalimi, empeleni zonakale ngezimpi, izintela emba eqolo aphanga phezu ingxenye yempi yakhe, futhi eziningi izindimbane isitha. Lokhu kwaholela ezinkingeni zenhlalo ukuthi luvutha aqhubeka nokuvukela evulekile.

Ngokwenkolelo esungulwe Fronde - igama elisetshenziswe selisho nezethulo eliphakeme Izicukuthwane isiFulentshi, wazama ukusebenzisa ukunganeliseki ethandwa izinjongo zabo. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-ezincane uLouis XIV State Board lucwaningo unina - Queen Regent Anna Avstriyskaya nesikhonzi lokuqala, Cardinal Mazarin. Inchubomgomo yawo okubangelwa ukunganeliseki hhayi kuphela abantu, kodwa futhi elite enkantolo. Umphumela waba ukuphikiswa, eliholwa ePhalamende.

izenzo elingalodwa uquqaba

amalungu Ukuphikiswa izingqimba engenhla igunya kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe imiboniso ethandwa. Nakuba ukuvukela ngokuvamile ongenangqondo futhi ononya, kungakhathaliseki uyawuphula phandle Orenburg asemaqeleni, noma ngaphansi amafasitela SaseVersailles, kuleli cala, indlovukazi ukhadinali waba nenhlanhla - kwathiwa kungagcini kuphela ukwakhiwa kocingo, futhi ngaphandle kwegazi. Kodwa ukwesaba Anna Avstriyskaya abaye bahlupheka futhi wenza isandla amavukelambuso ePhalamende.

New ithuba izenzakalo ziye zathatha, lapho, ngo-1648, wema eceleni Queen ebathenga izipho iSikhulu Conde - iqhawe neyaziwayo nje iphelile le Iminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu neMpi. Lokhu owenza yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba nesosha mercenary uzungezwe amasosha akhe ukuba Paris, kuka kubheduke fresh wokunganeliseki kwabo, labo abathi umfelandawonye iqembu aristocrats waphinda ukuthatha ezitaladini.

Inkantolo yaqhubeka umzabalazo nesiyaluyalu

Fronda - ke nje into kwamiswa ngenxa a misalliance olukhulu kangaka - Union abantu abampofu kanye nabacebile Jaded. Uma kuqala iziqubulo zabo emelene nohulumeni zazinzima ngobuqotho, yena wazama kuphela kukhishwe bazizuzise kungenzeki. Lokhu kahle kuqondwe initiators main yezinxushunxushu - amalungu ephalamende. Bangathembeli ukusizwa basebukhosini kuphela, base washesha ukuphetha isivumelwano sokuthula indlovukazi, futhi lokho ubohle okwesikhashana.

Kodwa ukuthula okuhlala njalo ezweni akwenzekanga. Calm iphule zonke Prince efanayo Conde. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, yena ladliwa umona ngokweqile Mazarin kanye nesifiso abeke Queen Regent ukwamukelwa ezimjabulisayo mathupha sezinqumo zezombusazwe. Njengoba ingenakho ikhono phila usongo esihle courtly, yena Antics yakhe luhlaza elihlukanisiwe egcekeni futhi ekugcineni bagcina besejele.

Commander in a isivatho

Nakuba esivuthayo esithungela elikhazimulayo wahlala ekamelweni Vinsenskogo castle, izwe Kwagqashuka ekuvukeleni entsha, kulokhu ihlelwe udadewabo duke La Rochefoucauld futhi iqembu aristocrats ngawuzonda kakhadinali. Ingozi esiyinhloko inkantolo ukuthi Princess of Conde nabangane bakhe, ukukuziba lokho izithakazelo zezwe, wayiletha njengoba sizana of abaseSpain - izitha yendabuko France. Hhayi lutho kwaqinisekiswa umbono wokuthi Fronde - Ngokuyinhloko umzabalazo izithakazelo zabo.

Cardinal kwadingeka ashiye isikhathi le iMisa isevisi Cathedral of Notre Dame uhambe ngasekhanda yebutho ukuba ngahlule ezindaweni edlubulundayo. Yena yaphumelela, futhi ngokushesha kwenqwaba amavukelambuso ezabeka ngayo phansi izikhali. Omude kunayo yonke owake wamelana emasosheni kahulumeni Bordeaux, kodwa abazivikelayo umaluju ngo-July 1650. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Mazarin, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu zesigaba ngokomoya, wayazi ezindabeni zezempi. Uyayidambisa zihlubuki, ngokushesha futhi ngendlela efanele imise kuhlasela abangu saqhubekela usizo lwabo ukuze abaseSpain.

Inkhululeko ukukhashelwa Prince de Conde

Nokho, ngemva kokunqotshwa lezi zihlubuki Fronde eFrance enganikanga - kakhulu kwaba ngezinye Mazarin izitha Paris uqobo. Babemzonda, egijimela amandla Izicukuthwane uzungu engakhanyi isikhashana, iphalamende bakha womanyano abafuna ngenkani nokususwa amandla Queen kanye Mazarin ejele Prince de Conde. Ekhuthazwe ukudideka-Anne-Austria, frondory Uzame simemetela umbusi ezincane ngesikhathi seNkosi uLouis XIV wayengekho wakhe, futhi iNkosi Orleans.

Eyokuqala nezidingo ezimbili kuhlangatshezwene nazo, futhi iNkosi Conde, wakhishwa ejele. Uma yokuzikhethela, ngokuphambene okulindelwe ayebambisene wangaphambili, elingwa zithembiso ophanayo neNdlovukazi wajoyina ekamu wakhe. Nokho, ngokushesha yaba sobala ukuthi isithembiso ingcebo - nje ibinzana ezingenalutho, wakuthola bekhohliswa futhi ngokushesha adlulile emuva frondoram. Okuxakayo nje abangane bakhe abadala ayamukela ngenjabulo - ngokusobala venality sezisetshenzisiwe ejwayelekile.

Impi, liyabazonda abantu

Ngalesi sikhathi isimo kuleli zwe uye wazakhela esinzulu futhi zisongela ukuphepha Queen kunosongo yangempela. Emadolobheni amaningi, isiqalile ekuvukeleni cuphuluza iSikhulu Conde kanye nabasizi bakhe, futhi kusukela eningizimu waqala okunye ukuhlasela amasosha Spanish. Imicimbi kungathatha ukujika ezimbi kakhulu, kodwa wasindisa Cardinal Mazarin.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba leyo, ingcindezi evela ePhalamende, afuna ngodli incwadi yokwesula kwakhe, washiya indawo yeFrance. Futhi manje, okwamanje bucayi, reappeared, kodwa hhayi kuphela, kodwa ephelezelwa iqembu lamabutho enamandla Amasosha, okuyinto alekelelayo eJalimane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kokuba isikhathi, njengoba iNkosi Conde namabutho akhe Ufake Paris.

Emigwaqweni inhlokodolobha French futhi isango omuzi aqala senzakalo yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba. Umniningwane othakazelisayo - izincwadi zomlando zibonisa ukuthi abantu abavamile kuleli cala, hlangothi, nge distaste alinganayo kusebenza kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zempi. Wonke umuntu ukhathele inzondo engapheli futhi ndawo ehamba phambili, okwesikhathi eside esidlule kangangokuthi ayisekho emenza imbangela yayo uqobo. Fronda walahlekelwa yezixuku ziphenduka emzabalazweni ngaphakathi sabaphathi isimo.

Ukugcwaliswa umdlalo zezombusazwe

Thina uqede zonke izenzo of the Queen Regent. Kuyinto ngezinye izikhathi asuswe dolobha wacasuka ngakho Cardinal ukuphikiswa yamemezela ukulungela yayo ukuba bavume nezidingo zePhalamende. Yaba enye iqhinga bezombusazwe, kodwa ngosizo Anna Avstriyskaya nekazuzelwa nabaphikisi wangaphambili phakathi aristocrats. Bonke wathola uhulumeni unendawo ehloniphekile futhi efudumele. Conde eyedwa futhi ngokushesha wenza esinye komuntu oshade naye, ngokujoyina Army Spanish.

Lokhu uqede Fronde elidumile. Kafushane efingqa sigameko, can ngokuqiniseka ukuthi, kokuba kuqalile njengoba flash bekhalaza mass kwezenhlalo, le nqubo ugcwele emzabalazweni sobugovu amandla, osaziwayo eliphezulu kakhulu isimo. Naphezu ubukhulu umcimbi, konke okwakuthandeka eFrance esikhathini esiphakathi kweminyaka engu-1648 futhi 1653, bekulindeleke ukuthi izithakazelo siqu ambalwa. Ngakho lapho ecabanga ukuthi Fronde - uhlobo nalutho umdlalo ingcebo blase namandla osopolitiki.