Fir - kuyini? Isihlahla somuthi. Izihlahla ze-Coniferous (isithombe)

Ummeleli wezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezilwane zomndeni waseSosnovy, owaziwa kuwo wonke u-spruce, udinga igama lawo kumaRoma asendulo. Yile ndlela ukuhumusha kwegama elithi "phula" kuzwakala. Embusweni oluhlaza, i-spruce ingenye yezindawo zokuqala futhi ingokwakhe, lapho kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 zezitshalo ezasakazwa emhlabeni wonke: kusukela eNyakatho Yurophu nase-Asia Ephakathi kuya eNyakatho Melika. Uhlobo luni lwe-spruce, luhlobo luni lomuthi? Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani emhlabeni futhi yiziphi izinhlobo azithathayo? Ake sizame ukuthola izimpendulo zale mibuzo.

Incazelo ye-spruce

Izihlahla eziphakeme, eziqondile, ezivuthiwe ezivuthiwe ezinomqhele obunama-cone, ezincane kakhulu, zazigcoke ngamagatsha kuze kube yilapho. Isiqu sabo kunzima ukubona - kufihlwe yi-spruce evulekile "amapayipi". Izihlahla ezincane zinegxolo elimnyama elibomvu elinesibhakabhaka esibhakabhaka, emagqumeni ase-Old spruce asebucayi kakhulu, ezindaweni zihlukanisa. Izinaliti zinezinaliti futhi zingagcinwa emagatsheni iminyaka engu-7-9, nakuba ukuwohloka kwemvelo kulezi zincishiswa kuncishisiwe, futhi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni isikhathi sokulondoloza izinaliti asidluli iminyaka emithathu. I-Hvoinki - engashadile, i-tetrahedral noma ephathekayo, evulekile emagatsheni. Ama-cones alenga phansi, ahlangene, a-cylindrical. Ukuvuthwa ekwindla, bavula lapho imbewu ihlakazekile. Izilinganiso zembewu zezinyosi ezinezimbambo ezincane ezimbalwa, ezinikezwe ngamaphiko azungezwe.

Izici zobuntu zesitshalo

Incazelo idle unquivocally: lokhu kungenye yezitshalo ezingenakuzithoba emhlabeni. Ingahlehlisi ekukhuliseni kwenhlabathi, efanelana kahle nenhlabathi empofu kakhulu. Akesabi izintaba ezithuthumayo kanye nezindawo ezincane zokumboza inhlabathi. Kuyinto emangalisayo ukumelana frost, futhi ayesabi ukwesaba sezulu continental. Kodwa izinhlobo eziningi ezingamelana nokungcoliswa kwegesi nokubhema, kodwa lesi sihlahla sisetshenziselwa ukutshala izidakamizwa zasemadolobheni futhi sisetshenziselwa kokubili kanye nokwakhiwa kweqembu ngezindawo zokupaka kanye neqhwa. Ama-dwarfish noma amafomu okuhlobisa aphansi ahlose ukuhlobisa isimo sezakhiwo ezincane, amaslayidi namadiza ensimbi.

Isi-spruce (saseYurophu), noma esivamile

Igama lomuthi lizikhulumela futhi likhombisa ngokucacile ububanzi bendawo yalo. I-spruce yaseYurophu ikhula engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Yisisekelo esenza i-taiga. Enyakatho yeSiberia naseYurophu yaseRussia, ama-massifs of spruce ajwayelekile athathelwa yi-spruce yaseSiberia kancane kancane. Uhlobo luni lomuthi lokhu? Ayikho umehluko ocacile phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo. Ekukhethweni kwezimo zokukhula, i-spruce ihluke kakhulu ku-larch ne-pine, kodwa ayikho ukuhlukaniswa okubukhali phakathi kwe-intra-species. Bayawuthanda kakhulu ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukukhula ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezingenazintambo, ngoba zilimazwe yizinhlobo ezivame ukushisa amaqhwa noma ilanga livutha esiteji samahlumela asuselwe ekukhuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlupheke kakhulu emlilweni oqothulwa yimikhosi yonyaka.

Izikhathi kanye nezici zokukhula kwesihlahla

Eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala umuthi wesihlahla esihlahla sesihlahla somoya ukhula kancane. Khona-ke izinga lokukhula landa kakhulu, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-100-120 imiswe futhi. Ukungafani, ukukhula kwe-spasmodic kuqhathanisa isi-spruce saseYurophu. Iyiphi isibindi eside esaziwayo - isikhathi eside saziwa. Uma izimo zivuma, uyasinda kalula eminyakeni engu-250-300. Inhlabathi engcono kunazo zonke i-loam ne-sandy loam. Kuzo, zakha uhlelo lwempande olujulile, luyibeke ngokuqinile phezulu. Kodwa u-spruce ungumthandi wezindawo eziluhlaza okwanele. Emhlabathini ongenakudingeka, umuthi udala uhlelo oluphansi lwempande futhi, ngokuphefumula okunamandla emoyeni, alukwazi ukumelana nokuqhuma phansi. U-spruce wathwala ngisho ne-swamping encane, uma unomlingisi ogelezayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlelo lwempande lwesi -spruce luphansi kakhulu kunelophayini, oluchaza ukungazinzi kwayo emoyeni. Isici somuthi wukuthi amagatsha awo aphansi angafi futhi ahlale eyomile, ngakho-ke kunomnyama futhi kunomthunzi emahlathini ase-spruce.

Izimo zokukhula ngesihlahla sase-spruce

Ungakwazi ukukhula ngesihlahla sase-spruce ezindaweni eziningi ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia, eSiberia naseningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude. Kodwa lokhu kuwuhlobo olunzulu lwezinkuni. Kungcono ukuyihlwanyela ngaphansi komcibisholo wezithunywa ezizinzile zezitshalo - i-oki, i-birch noma i-pin. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi enhlabathini eyomile neyompofu, lapho i-spruce ikhula khona kakhulu, ngoba inhlabathi enomswakama iyanconywa. I-spruce ifuna kakhulu izimo ezikhulayo kune-pine, ezingathuthuka ngokugcwele emhlabathini owomileyo owomhlabathi. Yingakho isihlahla sase-spruce ne-pine sivame ukukhula ndawonye - sidinga izimo ezihluke kakhulu.

Ukukhiqiza

U-spruce kulula ukukhula kusuka kumbewu, okulula kakhulu ukuhlangana: kwanele ukunquma izigaxa eziningana ze- fir ekwindla futhi uzigcine ekhaya uze ukhale ngokuphelele. Awudingi ukuwaphuca. Uma sewomile, ama-cones azozivula futhi alahle imbewu, ngokuvamile evame ukuhluma. Kufanele baphathwe ngesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate, bese befakwa emabhoshini ngesanti somfula othosiwe, bese bahlonywe ngamasentimitha angu-1-1.5. Iziqukathi zifakwe eshalofini esiphezulu seqandisini lokuqamba. Le nqubo iyadingeka, ngoba imvelo yemvelo yonke imbewu ye-conifers ifakwe emakhazeni. Ukwakhiwa kwesibindi kukhuthaza ukuhluma kwezithombo. Ukungenwa yizimbela ezibandayo kungalala emhlabathini iminyaka eminingana, kepha akukaze kuvuke. Kubalulekile ukuhlala emakhazeni izinyanga ezintathu. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, izitsha ezinemibewu etshalwe zifakwa endaweni ekhanyayo nefudumele.

Imigomo yokutshala

Isikhathi esihle sokuhlwanyela ukuphela kuka-Okthoba - Novemba. Uma utshala imbewu ngalesi sikhathi, kuzomele udinga isitsha esiqandisini ngoFebhuwari-Mashi. Lesi yisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhluma, njengoba kuvela entwasahlobo, usuku olukhanyayo luyanda, futhi zonke izitshalo ziqala ukukhula.

Ukunisela nokunakekela

Isikhathi sokuhluma sezithombo sidinga ukuchelela ngokukhethekile, ngoba kubalulekile ukwenza ngokuvumelana nemibandela yemvelo. Ngentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi seqhwa liqhakazile, inhlabathi iyaswakanyiswa ikakhulukazi. Ukushisa nomswakama yizimo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa amahlumela e-coniferous. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, ingane-spruce kufanele ikhuphuke. Iyini le concha yangempela, ingabonwa ngesikhathi esisodwa: owokuqala ukuvela kukhona izinaliti. Manje kufanele uqaphele futhi uqaphele ibhalansi, okungukuthi, amanzi amanzi amahlumela njengoba kunesidingo, ungavumeli kokubili ukungcola okungadingekile nokweqile. Kanye kanye namasonto amabili ama-fir trees amancane adinga ukondliwa futhi akhulule inhlabathi engaphezulu.

Lapho ngaphandle kufudumala, bese kutholakala amaqhwa, izithombo ezincane zingatshala emhlabathini. Emgodini ngaphambi kokutshala, engeza umquba noma i-humus, exutshwe nenhlabathi, kanye namaminerali amaminerali amaminerali ayinkimbinkimbi. Izihlahla ezithenga ngaphezulu azondli. Ukubeka izithombo emgodini, izimpande zigcwala ngomhlabathi, zihlanjululwe, zichithe kahle futhi zakha encane
I-greenhouse yezinto zokumboza, ifilimu noma ingilazi yeglasi. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kube lula ukungenelela kwezithombo.

Izithombo ezindaweni zokugcina izitshalo kufanele ziphuze umoya nsuku zonke. Kudingeka bavule, basuse ukunciphisa futhi bahlole umswakama wenhlabathi. Emva kwezinsuku ezingu-7-10 indawo yokukhosela ingasuswa, nomhlabathi ozungeze izihlahla zikaKhisimusi ukumboza ukuze kugcinwe umswakama wenhlabathi. Njengomthetho, ezindaweni zokubeletha, izithombo zihlwanyelwe eziqukathi zeminyaka engu-3-4. Njengoba umuthi ukhula kancane kancane, isikhathi esinjalo kubhekwa njengendlela efanele ekuthuthukiseni ngempumelelo ama-conifers egameni lesi- spruce. Izitshalo zalesi sizukulwane zijwayele ukushintsha izinguquko zokushisa, azisekho ukwesaba nokushisa kwelanga. Babuye batshalwe ngokudla kanye nokuphuzisa okuhle.

Izinhlobo ze-fir nesicelo sabo

Njengemithi eminingi ye-coniferous, i-fir iyihlobisa ngempela. Kulokhu kube umhlobiso wezindlu zaseRussia, izingadi namapaki. Namuhla, ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wokukhethwa, izinhlobo eziningi ze-fir trees zisetshenziselwa ukuklama indawo ye-landscape. I-Herringbone, ekhulile enezimboni zayo, ngeke ihlehle kuphela isayithi, kodwa ingaba ukhokho wamasiko omndeni. Le ndlela yokukhula ngesihlahla se-spruce esivela emhlathini ifanele zonke izinhlobo ezide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula okunjalo kuyisiqinisekiso sokushintshashintsha kahle kwembewu ezimo zezulu zendawo. Ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhona, ukunakwa okukhethekile kubakhi bezwe bezwe kubangele isihlahla sase-spruce esincane. Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhulile ngokuvamile azidluli kumamitha aphezulu, zinomqhele obanzi obukhulu. Zikulungele ukuhlobisa izingoma zensimu, amatshe namagquma ase-alpine. Omunye wabameleli abaphumelela kakhulu nabathandwayo bezinhlobo ezinjalo yi-Nidiformis ngesihlahla sase-spruce.

Amafomu amancane: incazelo

I-Nidiformis iyinhlobonhlobo nge-round round shape kanye nokucindezeleka okuphakathi. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla akufinyeleleki ku-1 m, kanti umqhele ufinyelela ububanzi obuyi-3 m. Umqhele oqhekekile ukhiwa njengesidleke, ngoba amagatsha amakhulu omuthi ayengekho, kanti amahlumela amaningi akhula njengama-fan. Izinaliti ezincane ezibomvu ezincane ezibomvu, ezincane kakhulu futhi zihlanganisa namagatsha ngokulinganayo. Umuthi ukhula kancane kancane, ungeze unyaka ongaphezu kuka 3-4 cm ukuphakama no-5-7 cm ububanzi. I-herringbone igxila emhlabathini, ikhula kahle emanzini anesihlabathi esivundile anganoma yiliphi izinga le-acidity, kodwa lingase life uma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba atholakala njalo eduze nomsuka. Le fir, kanye nazo zonke izihlahla ze-coniferous ezimisiwe, izithombe zazo ezimelelwe, zihlobisa kakhulu. Ukukhula okusheshayo kwalo kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze uma usungulwe umhlaba wonke iminyaka eminingi. Ama-Nidiforms aqinile, kepha izitshalo ezincane zivikelwe kakhulu ngokusongelwa kwama-frosts aphindaphindiwe.

I-Evergreen yesiqhwa esincane se-hypophagia: ukukhiqizwa

Amafomu akhule kakhulu akuzona izinhlobo ezihlanzekile futhi zanda kuphela izimila nezicuthe, kodwa hhayi imbewu. Iqiniso liwukuthi izitshalo ezinjalo zibonakala ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlobo eziphilayo, futhi kusukela emzalweni wazo, ngokuvamile zikhula zide kakhulu, kunokuba zifakwe emanzini. Izithombe zezitshalo ezikhulayo ezihlobisa zingatholakala ezincwadini ezikhethekile. Uma ukhula i-ephedra yedwa ayisebenzi, kunendlela eyodwa kuphela - esitolo. Izihlahla zemifino zivame ukuthengiswa eziqukathi. Umthetho oyinhloko lapho uthengwa lokhu kuthenga okubi kakhulu kuyinkolelo eqinile yokuthi uhlelo lwempande lensimbi luqinile, luhlomekile kahle, olungonakalwanga noma luyizinambuzane. Futhi ngaphambi kokuya esitolo, kufanele ujwayelane nolwazi mayelana nokuma komqhele, izici, ubukhulu besitshalo nokuzinakekela.

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-coniferous iminyaka eminingi zigcina isimo esihle ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka. Izilwane ezincane ezitshalwe phansi zingaqala ukuba nomqhele oyindilinga, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yakha i-cone. Noma kunjalo, i-spruce kanye nephayinsi yizihlahla ezivame kakhulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukucabanga iRussia ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlobo ezinkulu.