Ezincane kaZwelonke: inkinga, ukuvikelwa kanye namalungelo

Umbuzo ka ubuzwe wayehlale ngokucijile kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa nje kuphela izici ezenziwe umuntu, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa komlando wesintu. Emphakathini bakudala engingamazi njalo waqonda omubi, njengoba usongo noma "molesting" isici ofuna ukuqeda. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, le nkinga iye yazuza ophucukile xaxa, kodwa yayisalokhu ukhiye. Liyakulahla noma ukunikeza noma yimuphi ukuhlolwa akwenzi mqondo, ngoba ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokuyinhloko oholwa isazela umhlambi, uma kuziwa "izihambi".

Uyini-nje eliyingcosana esizweni?

ezincane kaZwelonke - amaqembu abantu abahlala ezweni elithile, njengoba izakhamuzi zakhona. Noma kunjalo, ezakho lalolo hlanga noma kuxazululwe insimu futhi ezibhekwa ehlukile emphakathini kazwelonke. Ezincane kungase kudingeke namalungelo afanayo kanye nezibopho njengabo bonke abantu emphakathini, kodwa sengqondo maqondana nabo ngokuvamile kahle ngenxa yezizathu eziningi.

Vladimir Chaplinskiy, usosayensi Polish azitadisha ngokucophelela isihloko, ukholelwa ukuthi ezincane kazwelonke - kuyinto iqembu elihlanganisiwe zabantu, abavame ukuphila ezifundeni ezihlukene zezwe, bayafuna ukuzimela ke abafuni ingabe ukulahlekelwa kwabo izici yobuhlanga - emasikweni, izilimi, inkolo, , amasiko, njll Inkulumo zezinombolo kubonisa ukuthi mancane kakhulu sabantu evamile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ezincane kazwelonke akasoze kungene evelele isimo noma igunya amagugu, izithakazelo zabo kunalokho zigwenywe. Noma yimuphi esizweni esincane neyaziwayo iyohlala Adalberto isikhathi eside endaweni yezwe. Libuye Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi badinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile kusuka kuhulumeni, njengoba inani labantu landa futhi izakhamuzi ngabanye bangayiqonda nolaka futhi obuqondiswe kwamanye amaqembu kazwelonke. Lokhu kuziphatha evame kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni, uhlalwe ezithile namaqembu ezinhlanga zabantu.

Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezincane kazwelonke - okubalulekile eziningi emazweni, ngoba ukwamukelwa global ezincane aliholeli ushintsho yonke indawo. Amazwe amaningi uthatha kuphela izenzo lokuqala lomthetho, okuyinto sizogxila Ukuvikelwa ezincane.

Ukuvela lolu daba

amalungelo esizweni esincane baye seliyinto eshisayo ngenxa yokuthi lo mbuzo uhlobene eduze kakhulu ehlangene inchubomgomo yembuso. Yiqiniso, kwaphakama umqondo futhi wafakwa ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yobandlululo sabantu ngezizathu yobuhlanga. Njengoba isithakazelo kulo magazini anda kuphela, isimo akakwazanga ukuhlala sibukela.

Kodwa kulokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi isithakazelo ezincane? Konke kwaqala ekhulwini XIX, lapho abaningi umbuso waqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi. Lokhu kwabangela yokuthi labantu laliphakathi "asihlobene." Ukuwa Empire kaNapoleon, le Austro-Hungarian, wase-Ottoman Empire, iMpi Yezwe II - konke lokhu kwaholela ukukhululwa kwabantu abaningi, ngisho abantu. uthi abaningi ithola uzibuse ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union.

Igama elithi "omele izicukuthwane kazwelonke" lalisetshenziswa kuphela ekhulwini XVII emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba. Okokuqala-ke ukhathazekile ezincane elincane kuphela lesifunda. umbuzo isho futhi eyakheke kahle ezincane wavuswa kuphela 1899 kwelinye congresses of Social Democratic Party.

definition eqondile kanye umfaniswano eside asipheli. Kodwa umzamo wokuqala ukwakha nje eliyingcosana kwakungekaNkulunkulu okushiwo sezenhlalo Austrian Otto Bauer.

nenqubo

Isimo sokunquma ezincane kazwelonke ehanjelwe labelwe ngo-1975. Iqembu lososayensi, zezenhlalo kusukela University of Helsinki unqume ubamba ucwaningo ngakuthathu ngesihloko kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezweni ngalinye. Lezi zindlela ezilandelayo ezincane kazwelonke zanikezelwa ngokuvumelana imiphumela yocwaningo:

• umsuka ezivamile isizwe;
• okusezingeni eliphezulu self-ukuhlonza;
• liphinyiselwe izici zamasiko (ikakhulukazi ngolimi lwabo);
• khona inhlangano ethile yezenhlalakahle enikeza ukuxhumana ithele phakathi amancane ezinhlanga ngaphandle-ke.

Okubalulekile, abacwaningi baseNyuvesi Helsinki akazange agxile ubungako beqembu, futhi kwezinye izici okubonwa kwezenhlalo kanye kokuziphatha.

Omunye umbandela kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile ukubandlulula omuhle lapho ezincane banikwa amalungelo amaningi kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma inqubomgomo efanele isimo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezincane wezwe kazwelonke okuyizinto inombolo encane kakhulu abantu bavame sibaphathe ngcono. Lokhu kuchazwe into kwengqondo - umphakathi akakuboni usongo futhi ababheke elawulwa ngokugcwele ngamaqembu amancane. Naphezu ingxenye ambalwa, isiko ezincane kazwelonke - ngengcebo yabo eyinhloko.

isiqondiso zomthetho

Umbuzo ezincane wakhuliswa njengomKatolika ekuseni njengoba 1935. Khona-ke International Court of Justice Permanent wathi khona amancane - umbuzo wamaqiniso, hhayi umthetho. definition okungacacile zomthetho kwezinkolo ezincane kazwelonke elikhona 32 Copenhagen Document, isigaba 1990 SBSK. Lithi umuntu angaba kiso iyiphi esizweni esincane uyaqaphela, okuwukuthi, wakhetha ezabo.

I-UN Declaration

isiqondiso wezomthetho ezincane ukhona cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. In ngamunye kubo kukhona umphakathi wabantu naleli qembu yobuhlanga, isiko, ulimi, njll Konke lokhu kuthuthukisa kuphela lalolo hlanga zensimu. Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke, kunemithetho elawula ukuthuthukiswa ezincane ngokuya izizwe namasiko kanye nezenhlalakahle. Ngemva UN General Assembly yokutholwa Simemetelo amalungelo abantu emacenjini lamancane kobuzwe noma kobuhlanga, udaba isibe ezingeni international. IsiNqumo lesi usungula ilungelo ezincane ukuze ubuzwe, ukujabulela nesiko labo, abakhuluma ulimi lomdabu futhi ukuba umuntu inkululeko yokuzikhethela inkolo. Ezincane zingase futhi yakha izinhlangano, ukusungula oxhumana naleli qembu yobuhlanga uhlala kwelinye izwe, kanye iqhaza efanele izinqumo ezibathintayo. IsiNqumo lesi usungula nejoka State ukuvikela kanye nokuvikelwa ezincane kazwelonke, ikhumbula izithakazelo zabo inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo, ukuhlinzeka izimo sokuthuthukiswa esizweni esincane amasiko, njll

uhlaka emhlanganweni

Ukudalwa Declaration UN kwaba iqiniso lokuthi umthetho owavula zamalungelo neembopho ezincane kazwelonke Kwamiswa emazweni amaningana eYurophu, abahlala insimu inikezwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngempela le nkinga Kwaba ngemva kokungenela eNhlangano yeziZwe. Manje, kwadingeka umbuzo ezincane kufanele silawulwe hhayi uhulumeni zabo, futhi ngesisekelo nokwenza kwamazwe omhlaba.

Kusukela ngawo-80 ngenkuthalo uya indalo, ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono sivumelwano kubasekeli. Mina ukuqedela le nqubo eside ukuthi wamukelwa Framework Convention for the Ukuvikelwa ezincane kaZwelonke. Wakhomba ukuthi ukuvikelwa ezincane futhi abenzele wamalungelo babé ingxenye agcwele iphrojekthi ku ukuvikelwa ngamazwe amalungelo yomuntu. Kuze kube manje, Framework Convention esasayinwa emazweni 36. IsiVumelwano ezincane National luveza ukuthi izwe akayena ongenandaba isiphetho kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ngabanye.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo emazweni CIS sinqume ukuthi bashayele ngokucophelela umthetho jikelele mayelana nokuvikelwa ezincane. Ukusungulwa okwandile kwemibhalo ngamazwe ku ezincane kazwelonke kusikisela ukuthi le ndaba iye saphela isimo futhi baba ngamazwe.

izinkinga

Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi amazwe ukuthi ngemvume izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izinselele ezintsha. Izinhlinzeko EMhlanganweni zidinga ushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni umthetho. Ngakho, izwe kufanele noma ukushintsha nohlelo lwayo olusemthethweni, noma wamukele sebuningini ahlukene amathuluzi ngamazwe. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi iyiphi idokhumenti ngamazwe abakwazi ukukuthola inchazelo yesifundvo elithi "ezincane kazwelonke". Lokhu kuholela eziningana nobunzima, njengoba State ngamunye Ilungu ngamunye has ukudala futhi uthole izimpawu ukuthi waqaphela ezehlela bonke ezincane. Konke kuthatha isikhathi eside, ngakho inqubo uyahamba kancane kakhulu. Naphezu umsebenzi international kulesi sici, empeleni izinto kancane nakakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nenqubo ngokuvamile basuke yizingxenye ezincane kakhulu futhi olungalungile, okubangela izinkinga eziningi nokungezwani. Ungakhohlwa mayelana zona lezi zici ezimbi kuyo yonke imiphakathi, lapho ufisa kuphela imali kwi Mthetho ethile. Ngakho-ke, siyaqonda ukuthi izinkinga emkhakheni wesi yomthetho wezizwe kakhulu. Basuke ixazululwe kancane kancane futhi kumuntu ngamunye, kuya inqubomgomo kanye esikuthandayo zombuso ngamunye.

isiqondiso Legal emazweni ahlukahlukene

amalungelo ezincane kazwelonke nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene. Naphezu jikelele kanye ukwamukelwa ngamazwe ezincane njengeqembu labantu ubani okufanele amalungelo abo, kodwa isimo sengqondo nabaholi abathile zezombusazwe kungaba subjective. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela nenqubo ecacile amancane Ukukhetha eziningiliziwe kunomthelela kuphela lo mphumela. Cabanga ngalokho isimo nezinkinga ezincane kazwelonke ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.

Esikhathini amadokhumenti we Russian Federation akukho definition ethize kwethemu. Nokho, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela amathuluzi leentjhabatjhaba Russian Federation, kodwa futhi uMthethosisekelo Russian. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuvikelwa ezincane kubhekwa ngokomongo sokuziphatha Federation futhi umongo yomthetho ahlangene Federation futhi izikhonzi zawo. Ezincane eRussia unamalungelo ngokwanele, ngakho asikwazi ukuthi iRussia kakhulu ezweni olandelanayo.

umthetho Ukrainian ukuzama ukuchaza elithi "esizweni esincane kazwelonke", uthi akunangqondo neqembu elithile abantu abangekho Ukraine kanye zobuzwe, khona baneHholo ungubani zobuzwe umphakathi ngaphakathi uqobo.

E-Estonia umthetho "On the ukuzimela kwamasiko" uthi esizweni esincane - izakhamuzi Estonia, ezihlanganyela ke ngokomlando futhi zinhlanga, sekuyisikhathi eside wawuhlala emaphandleni, kodwa ihluke Estonia esithile isiko, inkolo, ulimi, amasiko, njll It kuwuphawu ungubani ezincane.

Latvia usefunde Framework Convention. umthetho Latvian ichaza ezincane njengezakhamuzi abangekho isiko ehlukene, ulimi nenkolo, kodwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ezaziboshelwa zensimu. Libuye libonise ukuthi kungokwalabo umphakathi Latvian, ukulondoloza nokuthuthukisa isiko abo.

Emazweni Slavic, isilinganiso sabantu ezincane kazwelonke abaqotho ezingaphezu kuka kwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bezizwe ezihlukahlukene eRussia kukhona cishe isingaba namalungelo afanayo baseRussia yomdabu, kuyilapho ayibonwa ephila eziningana emazweni amancane.

Letinye tindlelanchubo udaba

Ezweni kukhona amazwe zihlukaniswa indlela yabo ekhethekile udaba ezincane kazwelonke. Izizathu zalokhu kungenziwa isethwe. Omunye ezivamile - a eside wakudala umbango nge yiqembu elincane, okuyinto isikhathi eside braked ukuthuthukiswa yezwe, abantu bomdabu kwabacindezelwe futhi wafuna ukuthatha isikhundla nenzuzo kakhulu emphakathini. Amazwe ebesingase sibheke izinkinga esizweni esincane akunakubangelwa France futhi North Korea.

IFrance yizwe EU kuphela eliye abenqaba ukusayina leso Framework Convention for the Ukuvikelwa ezincane kaZwelonke. Futhi ngaphambi ukuthi French Council yoMthethosisekelo yasenqaba lesi Ukwamukelwa kwalo Mqulu European yetiLwimi Regional noma weMinority.

Ngo asemthethweni yezwe uthe ukuthi eFrance akukho ezincane, futhi ngokuthi imibuzo ngokomthethosisekelo ungavumeli ukusayinwa France amathuluzi ngamazwe ukuze kuvikeleke nokujoyina ezincane kazwelonke. UN akholelwa ukuthi isimo kufanele ayibheke ngamanye amehlo kakhulu imibono yabo ngalolu daba, njengoba olusemthethweni kuleli zwe has a lot of ezincane ngokolimi, zobuzwe nezenkolo, abadinga ukuba amalungelo abo angokomthetho. Noma kunjalo, okwamanje, umbuzo kwathi nyá, njengoba France engathandi sokucabangisisa ngesinqumo salo.

North Korea - ezweni okungukuthi ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Shono ingavumelani ngalolu daba nge umbono iningi. asemthethweni wathi iNyakatho Korea - ezweni besizwe esisodwa, yingakho umbuzo bokuba khona-nje eliyingcosana ngeke babakhona isimiso. Nokho, kusobala ukuthi akuyona. Ezincane abakhona acishe yonke indawo, lokhu kuyinto eyenzeka abavamile okuyinto ubangelwa izici zomlando indawo. Nokho, uma ezincane esingashiwongo bayavuswa ezingeni lapho abantu bezilimi zomdabu, kungokwenduduzo ngcono kuphela. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi yiqembu elincane kakhulu abanobandlululo e amalungelo abo, ngokungagcini nje ngokubashumayeza, isimo, kodwa futhi ngabanye, abazonda nolaka kukhona ezincane.

Isimo sengqondo umphakathi

ku ezincane kazwelonke ezweni ngalinye, umthetho siyenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Nakuba kufaneleka ukukhathazeka esemthethweni ezincane, ukucwaswa ezincane kuyinto ngokuvamile eyenziwa kuwo wonke umphakathi, ubuhlanga kanye inyumbazane. Izizathu zalokhu kungaba eziningi: nemibono engafani ezindabeni inkolo, ukungafunwa abantu kanye nokwenqatshwa bezinye izizwe njengoba enjalo, njll Akubuzwa ukuthi sobandlulo umphakathi - lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu engaholela izingxabano eziningi ezinkulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingeni wombuso. I ezincane UN embuzweni lubalulekile iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-60. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, uthi abaningi bahlala banganandaba isiphetho iliphi iqembu kuleli zwe.

Isimo Society emacenjini lamancane kazwelonke kuncike inqubomgomo isimo, ngegalelo lako nokuqiniseka. Abantu abaningi nje siqu ngokungcweliswa nangodumo Kepha-ke ngeke akwazi bajeziswe. Kodwa inzondo ngeke iphele kanjalo nje. Abantu uthole ndawonye emaqenjini, futhi kukhona iyaqala ukukhombisa Psychology mass. Iqiniso lokuthi umuntu oyedwa wayengeke ayenze ngoba bekwesaba noma ukuziphatha, Kugqashuka lapho ephambi isixuku. izimo ezinjalo ngempela eyenzeke emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Endabeni ngayinye, lezi-ke kuholela ebuhlungu, ukufa izimpilo ekhubazekile.

Udaba ezincane kazwelonke kuyo yonke imiphakathi kufanele avuswe kusukela zisencane, izingane zifunda ukuba ahloniphe umuntu bezinye izizwe futhi baqonde ukuthi abe namalungelo alinganayo. ukuthuthukiswa Uniform sendaba emhlabeni kuyinto: Kwamanye amazwe akhe enza kahle kwezemfundo, abanye wanqoba inzondo zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo nobuwula.

izici ezingezinhle

abantu bezizwe ezihlukahlukene banezinkinga eziningi ngisho ezweni lanamuhla okunengqondo. Ngokuvamile, ubandlululo ezincane awusekelwe nokucwasa noma inzondo, kodwa izici evamile nje isuke ibangelwa aspect kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Lokhu kuncika ikakhulu isimo, okuyinto cishe hhayi ukulalelisisa ngokwanele zokuvikeleka komphakathi ezakhamizini zazo.

Inkinga esivame kakhulu emkhakheni umsebenzi, imfundo nezindlu. Ucwaningo kanye interview amaningi ochwepheshe aveze ukuthi umkhuba ukucwasa ezincane kazwelonke ngempela endaweni ukuba. abaqashi abaningi ungenqaba ukwamukela umsebenzi ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi ezifana ukubandlulula ukukhathazeka ivela Asia futhi abantu ubuzwe Caucasian. Uma ongaphakeme, nje uma udinga amaholo aphansi, lolu daba ngaphansi etheksthini plain, kodwa lapho ethatha indawo abaholelwa kahle yalesi simo eliqhakaze ngempela.

Ngokuphathelene nemfundo kutsi bacashi bavamise musa uthemba amadiploma kusukela esizweni esincane ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Ngempela kunenkolelo yokuthi abafundi zakwamanye amazwe ukuze uthole isitifiketi plastic imfundo.

Udaba izindlu futhi ihlala ingenqophileko. izakhamuzi ezivamile akuzona bazimisele ukuzifaka ezingozini futhi uthathe ekhaya udonga abantu ezisolisayo. Zikhetha give up inzuzo, kuka ukuxhumana nabantu bezinye izizwe. Nokho, umagazini ngamunye has wentengo. Yingakho kunzima kakhulu ukuba alandise abafundi angaphandle abangenayo nezindlela imali eningi kakhulu. Labo abakwaziyo ukuphila okuhle, ngokuvamile kakhulu yokuthola abakufunayo.

Ukuvikelwa ezincane kazwelonke - kuyinto ezabe lonke omhlaba, ngoba umuntu ngamunye ngenxa izenzakalo zomlando kungaba ilunga izicukuthwane kuphela. Ngeshwa, hhayi wonke amazwe alungele ukuba aqonde futhi amukele amaqembu abantu bendabuko, lapho esikhathini esidlule ubutha. Nokho, ukuvikelwa ezincane kazwelonke kuya ezingeni entsha njalo ngonyaka. Ibonisa izibalo zomhlaba, ngoba imithetho ayabaluleka abaqotho ngaphezulu.