Euphemisms: izibonelo. Euphemisms e enkulumweni yanamuhla Russian

Igama elithi "ngekungababati" livela eside eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesiGreki, ehlanganisa amagama amabili: "okuhle" futhi "silukhuluma". Kuyinto stylistically izinkulumo hlangothi noma imiqondo esetshenziswa yithi esikhundleni iyunithi ngokolimi, okuyinto kuyinto yinye, okubonakala isikhulumi luhlaza, untule ikhono lokungacasuli noma akalungile. Euphemisms, izibonelo zazo sethula kulesi sihloko, ngokuvamile imaski okushiwo lomkhuba, bazimboza ke, isibonelo: zisebenzisa esikhundleni "sife" - "sife" esikhundleni "amanga" - "akhulume iqiniso", esikhundleni ukuthini inkulumo ethi "ekunyuseni amanani," "intengo ukuxegiswa" . Singasho mayelana ngebhomu le-athomu, usebenzisa igama elithi "umkhiqizo".

Ngaphandle kwalesi simo esishubile komlando euphemisms

Euphemisms, ngokungafani kuya isichazamazwi ezivamile, kukhona kakhulu sensitive izilinganiso izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene umphakathi ngokuthi "okuyihlazo" noma "ngendlela ehloniphekile." Lokhu kuchaza simo esishubile zomlando kwesigubhu silulumagama: yini kwesinye isizukulwane kubonakala igama euphemistic, okulandelayo kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha ayivumelekile futhi akungabazeki ukuthi liluhlaza, ngenkani, yena, esikhundleni euphemistic. Njengoba isibonelo, umlando amazwi French futhi garce fille. Ezikhathini zasendulo, owokuqala kwaba kuphela gars ofanayo zesifazane, esimelela "umfana, umfana" ke - a ngekungababati segama elithi 'isifebe ", kodwa ngokushesha waqala ukuba ngibone ukuthi uluhlaza futhi salandelwa kulo msebenzi, le fille izwi (elilodwa lamanani), okuyinto yena, , ngolimi French namuhla ayisaxhunyanisiwe kubhekwe okunye futhi isetshenziswa ukuthukana. euphemisms okunjalo enkulumweni evamile ngezilimi eziningi.

A isibonelo esifanayo siyenzeka emlandweni izimpawu zalesi umqondo phakathi lwamaSlav. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi Russian ngoba "isifebe" (qhathanisa futhi Belarusian, Ukraine futhi Bulgarian "isifebe", kurva Czech, Polish kurwa) kwakusho ekuqaleni "inkukhu", bese zaqala ukusetshenziswa njengendlela ngekungababati amazwi luhlaza ngokwencazelo yaleli abesifazane ngamabomu (qhathanisa cocotte French - lokuqala " inkukhu "futhi" ho "). Kukhona futhi afana euphemisms ngesiNgisi.

Ubuhlobo kwezinye izindlela yokukhuluma

Ngenxa periphrastic indlela, abizwa engaqondile futhi kanyekanye ukuthambisa izakhiwo into noma isenzo, nabo ezihlobene nezinye amasu inkulumo, ikakhulukazi litotes lokho aqondwe njengokufaka indlela yokukhuluma, kumila okuyinto engeyinhle double ( "hhayi singahlosile" "nebesspornoy" ) noma offset ekuphikeni e ingxenye munye izitatimende ngoyebo ( "Angicabangi ukuthi ukhona" - cf:. "Ngicabanga ukuthi kukhona okungalungile"), kanye nezinye izindlela - meiosis - inqubo yokukhuluma, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto - ngenhloso ayalulaza Institute .. izakhiwo Ensivnosti ezihlukahlukene isihloko yokukhuluma, izinqubo, izenzo, njll ( "Kunzima ukubiza smart" - owesifazane silly, "Ucibishela kahle" - isiqondiso esihle).

Ukuxhumana ukuqokwa

inqubo Evfemizatsii has a ubuhlobo obuseduze nabanye - ukuqokwa. Lona omunye izenzakalo amathathu ayisisekelo athonya womuntu umsebenzi inkulumo (ezinye ezimbili - ukuhlolwa kanye predication). Ngokwe kwamasiko nesezingeni ngokwengqondo noma ezinye izizathu eyaziwa nge nobunzima noma cha izinto nhlobo eyaziwa zidinga isiqu euphemistic. amagama Isibuyekezo ngoba isidingo bazimboza noma ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthambisa umnyombo walokho okushiwo kubhekwa ngendlela engalungile, ungakhululekile emphakathini kwamasiko. Kukhona, ngokukhethekile, euphemisms zezombusazwe, isibonelo lapho siye kakade (esikhundleni ukuthini inkulumo ethi "ukwanda amanani," "intengo ukuxegiswa"). Ungathola eziningi kwabanye.

Ngokucacile of euphemisms

Euphemisms, izibonelo okuyizinto olubanzi, babe imininingwane yabo. It kubonakala empeleni yabo kwezilimi kulokho izifundo avame ngale nqubo, ezindaweni ukusetshenziswa amazwi etholwe amafa izinhlobo nezindlela ngawo ziyadalwa ngolimi nezilinganiso ahlukahlukene eyanikezwa inkampani kwezinye euphemisms .

Ingqikithi ngekungababati

inqubo Evfemizatsii ebalulekile elandelayo amaphuzu ngezansi:

1. Ukufaneleka ukuthi isikhulumi ukhiqiza into yokukhuluma njengoba enjalo, liyisibonelo oqondile zazo kungabonwa (e nola ethile noma isimo senhlalo) njengoba into engalungile, nokucija, maholoholo, nokunye. D.
2. Ukukhethwa izibonakaliso ezinje, ukuthi umgubuzelo, imaski okushiwo lesi simanga, hhayi ngendlela nje ukuthambisa amazwi akhe. Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile kubonakala isibonelo euphemisms yezokwelapha ezingacacile wokufihla, isib, "neoplasm" esikhundleni igama elithi "isimila" noma ukuboleka kusuka nezinye izilimi (kanye iningi ke ngeke kucace ngokuphelele) - a term ezifana "pediculosis" "izintwala" esikhundleni isiRashiya, noma ezinye euphemisms ngolimi isiRashiya, izibonelo ezingasetshenziswa enwetshiwe.
3. Ukusetshenziswa inkulumo incike izimo kanye umongo: i- control social we isimo inkulumo futhi ukuzithiba yokukhuluma siqu ukhuluma obuqinile, kulapho cishe ukubukeka euphemisms. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezimweni lapho elawulwa kahle, kukhona automatism yaso ephezulu (sembuthanweni nabangani, umndeni, nokunye. N.). Euphemisms, izibonelo esiye enikeziwe indawo "oqondile" isiqu izindlela.

imigomo ukufakwa enkulumweni euphemisms

1. Umgomo oyinhloko wajaha ngokusebenzisa amazwi anjengokuthi ethi - lesi sifo nesifiso sokugwema izingxabano zokuxhumana, ukudala isimo lapho ucingo ngeke azizwe engakhululekile. Lapho siphishekela lo mgomo euphemisms ngefomu "ethambile", uma siqhathanisa nabanye nezindlela zokuqoka, ngokuthi isenzo esakhiweni into. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo igama elithi "abayizithulu" wasebenzisa "ongezwa" kunokuthi "abayizimpumputhe" - "abayizimpumputhe", esikhundleni "amanga" noma "amanga" - "akulona iqiniso", igama elithi "udakiwe" esikhundleni 'sidakwe "," amafutha " - "egcwele", nokunye .. A ngekungababati ncazelo ngokuvamile hhayi ubunzima, ngoba siwenza intuitively, kulezi zimo kusivumela ukuxhumana ngaphandle kabi.
2. Sifihle, asibekela kokufaneleka - Enye inhloso ebalulekile, ezisetshenziswa futhi lezi indawo. Lena ejwayelekile yomphakathi wobushiqela, uye waba yini, isibonelo, i-Russia kuze kube sekupheleni 1980. Izibonelo zigutshuzelwe izinkulumo euphemistic ukuthi ufihle interlocutor ezingajabulisi esibhekana nazo izenzo kanye imiqondo: esikhundleni igama elithi "ijele" - "isikhungo", "impimpi" - "kahle wisher", kanye nokuqeqeshwa eziningi kokuba engxenyeni yokuqala yegama morpheme "spets" (abavela kwamanye amazwe akhethekile, akuxhomekile ekhethekile, spetspoliklinika, Special Yegatsha, spetsraspredeliteli, spetskhran nabanye), "olawula noma ukulawulwa amanani" (okusho ukuthi empeleni ekuzikhuliseni), "izinyathelo engathandwa" (intela inyuka, isibonelo) nezinye euphemisms ezinjalo. Izibonelo amazwi futhi kungabangela abanye. Ngo-Russian, lezi ngazimbili kukhona abaningana.
3. Lokho zonke izimo lapho kungase wasebenzisa ngekungababati. Definition of kwamuva, wesithathu, kunjalo Nokho boni ngakho, futhi kungenzeka ukuqagela. Euphemisms lingasetshenziswa ngenjongo wafihla kwabanye ukuthi isikhulumi ufisa ukwazisa endaweni ethile. Yiqiniso, lokhu "ukubethela" lilinganiselwe ngokushesha kuba sobala, ikakhulukazi uma imilayezo eshicilelwe, futhi kungukuthi eziqukethwe izincwadi amaqembu amabili, futhi ngaleyo ndlela babe etholakalayo nokuchazwa ezingaqondakali noma umfundi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba ejwayelekile izikhangiso zamaphephandaba, isihloko okuyinto - endaweni efulethini exchange ( "Ngangiyisihambi endlini enamakamelo amabili phezu emithathu indawo isivumelwano"), umsebenzi ( "intombazane Bekafuna ngaphandle izakhiwo ku imisebenzi ekhokhelayo"), njll Inani euphemisms, ngakho ungapheli. ithathwe kancane.

Sphere nochungechunge evfemizatsii

Ukuhlolisisa amazwi ukukhuluma yobuntu / luhlaza, ukufaneleka / ukwezela umbono igxile ezindaweni ezithize futhi izingqikithi yizenzo zabantu (kanye ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu). Basuke ngokwesiko lithathwa okulandelayo:

1. Ezithile uthi bokuphila izinqubo ( "impumulo Okuxekethile" esikhundleni "ohlabayo ekhaleni lakho," "umkhuhlane" (mayelana nenkathi zabesifazane kokuya esikhathini), "ingane elinde" esikhundleni "zithwele" nabanye.).
2. Kuhlobene ne- "phansi komzimba" zomzimba - lezi leti yokuthi euphemistic, engaqondile ukuqokwa kwabo ibonwa enkulumweni yansuku zonke izikhulumi kakhulu njengoba hhayi ngempela ehloniphekile (isibonelo, isitsotsi amagama eyayivame wenduku, "induku", "ama-apharathasi", "ithuluzi "et al.).
3. Ubudlelwano phakathi kobulili, "ukuba contact obuseduze" kanye zabantu ukuze "ukuhlangabezana", okungukuthi ukuba "ukuba nobuhlobo bobulili", njll ...
4. Ukufa nezifo: esikhundleni "ogulayo" - "iphatheka kabi" esikhundleni "ugcunsula" - "French amakhala yisisu", igama elithi "oshonile" esikhundleni "ufile" nelithi abanye.

Lokho kuyinto ngekungababati - bekhuluma izwi, kodwa nge shades ezithile semantic ukuthi lichaza ukuthini. Izihloko bese ububanzi bokusebenzisa zabo, njengoba ubona, abasakwazi eziningi.

Euphemisms embhalweni inkulumo

Ngo euphemisms umbhalo, izibonelo zazo ezaboniswa yithi ngokuvamile zabelwe nge izingcaphuno kanye kungenziwa ephelezelwa amazwana ahlukahlukene metalinguistic. Umbhali kungaba ukudalula amagama awahole imigqa ngokulinganisa. I inkulumo euphemisms futhi bamele yezindlela yesitayela. Bavumela ukuthi ziyahlukahluka inkulumo ekhuluma, kuye ngokuthi izimo ezihlukahlukene, umgubuzelo ukufihla izinhloso zabo, futhi uma kudingeka, ukuze agweme ukubaphathisa zokuxhumana izingxabano ezingase ziphakame ukuqokwa ngokushesha izenzo ezihlukahlukene, izinto nezindawo.

Ngekungababati washintsha dysphemism

Isiko yokukhuluma Russian akugcini ukusetshenziswa euphemisms. Ngaphandle kwalezi, kukhona dysphemism - ukuthi ezinenhlamba noma ukuphahluka isiqu imiqondo ekuqaleni abangathathi hlangothi ukuze anikeze yokugcina kunencazelo ezimbi, noma umane kancono imiva yokukhuluma. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni ukusetshenziswa "bayafa" leli gama elithi "sife", futhi esikhundleni "umuntu" - "nomlomo" nabanye.

Dysphemism futhi kakofemizm

Leligama lisetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi lapho bekhuluma omunye umqondo - "kakofemizm". Ukusebenzisa kwabo, Nokho, akufanele abe nomkhawulo incivility futhi ukuba luhlaza. Emiphakathini temdzabu (sib, Asian) dysphemism ezivamile inkulumo kunalokho ngobubanzi ukuze ugweme neso elibi: olubhekiswe kwabesifazane, izingane noma izinto zenani elikhulu. Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ezinjalo e ukusetshenziswa esingalindelekile umngcele okukhona phakathi kokuzithiba ukuthotshiswa esinenhlonipho nasekukholelweni ezeni.

Sesihlole izinto ezifana ngekungababati Myung dysphemism futhi kakofemizm. Bathi ume izinto nemicimbi asetshenziswa izinkulumo ngamunye wethu, senza ngaphandle ngisho ukucabanga. Manje uyazi ukuthi ukubiza isiRashiya izisusi enjalo, futhi uzokwazi kabanzi uyaqaphela ukuzisebenzisa.