Electron icala

Ugesi, amandla kagesi, kagesi lamanje, icala electron - amagama wonke umuntu uyazi.

Ngakho-ke yini ugesi, nendlela ezikhiqizwa futhi adluliselwa? Ukuze unikeze izimpendulo zale mibuzo akulula. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kudingeka simazi kangcono ibanga eside imihlola ngokuthi kagesi. Siqale cabanga Umsuka wegama elithi "ugesi".

Enye BC IGrisi yasendulo, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ngemva bezihlikihla izinto kusukela amber kubo ukuheha emizimbeni ukukhanya. Amber ngesiGreki - "electron"; kuvela leli gama livela egameni "kagesi".

Engxenyeni usosayensi waseBrithani XVI ngekhulu lesibili Gilbert wathola ukuthi hhayi kuphela impahla amber uye ukuheha emizimbeni ukukhanya. mhlaba zitholwa ukuhilizisana kanye izinto eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, inhlaka ingilazi. Lesi senzakalo amadlingozi ezaziwayo. Into yokuzuza impahla kokukhuhlana waziwa gesi.

emizimbeni amadlingozi, ososayensi baye wachaza obhekwe ugesi emzimbeni noma icala kagesi.

Lokho isidumbu gesi, ke ngempela ukukuthinta; kungaba, isibonelo, uthinte by iyiphi into ngaphambili gesi ke. Ngokwesibonelo, okwenzekayo kubonisa ukuthi imizimba gesi dudula noma ukuheha omunye nomunye. Kulesi sisekelo, saphetha ngokuthi kukhona uhlobo icala kagesi. Lena okuphambene nomunye amacala.

Ezinye zalezi amacala kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi i kunemibandela omuhle, kanye nezinye - ezingezinhle. Okubukwa lomzimba uxhumana gesi kanjani, wembula ukuthi efana amacala ngeke alwe nalabo futhi ngokungafani - bakhangwa.

Umbuzo yokuthi kuyini i kagesi, ososayensi nesithakazelo isikhathi eside. Okokuqala besicabanga ukuthi asho into kagesi kubangelwa ketshezi kagesi abangenalo isisindo. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi umzimba ngamunye has uketshezi ezimbili kagesi: emihle nemibi, nge ngesoni esisodwa edonsa omuhle umzimba amadlingozi futhi phezu kweminye - ezingezinhle. Uma zikhona imali elinganayo, umphumela nokusaketshezi ezimbili ukubhubhisa nomunye. Kulokhu, umzimba iba zithululwe. Abanye ososayensi bebelokhu bekholelwa ukuthi kukhona uketshezi kagesi eyodwa kuphela, okuyinto kuqukethwe ubuningi ezithile emzimbeni ngamunye uncharged. Le mali ezosala isho emzimbeni it yakha ugesi omuhle, kanye nokuntuleka - ezingezinhle. Nokho, kancane kancane, ukuhlaziywa amaqiniso amasha zokuhlola baphoqeleka ukuba bayishiye umbono uketshezi kagesi.

Ngakho, kwatholakala ukuthi ugesi has isakhiwo yama-athomu, isb kungashiwo ihlukaniswe izingxenye, ngayinye okuyinto okuthiwa aphansi kagesi. Lokhu kwasenza sakwazi ukuphetha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo kagesi Ukudlula ngokusebenzisa izixazululo nosawoti kanye acid, bese cwaningo ugesi amagesi. Ekugcineni, okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi aphansi kagesi uthumele izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo kwendaba.

Ukuhlolwa eyenziwa ngaleso physics English ekupheleni XIX leminyaka Thomson, kwenza kwaba lula ukuvula umuntu impahla kuyizinhlayiyana kokuba komncane kunabo kagesi, futhi kamuva waphenduka ukukala ezidlula yayo.

Ngakho, kuyizinhlayiyana ezincane kunazo zonke into ine icala aphansi negative, ngokuthi ama-electron.

I kagesi i-electron - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu impahla yayo bangamathe nolimi.

mass Its m = 9,1˖10⁻²⁸

Le e-electron icala = - 4,8˖10⁻¹⁰ amayunithi.

Electron - omunye izinhlayiya, eziyingxenye lomcebo ngamunye. Izinto ezinama-athomu, okuhlanganisa i-nucleus kahle icala futhi electron, okuyinto uhamba eduze nayo. Nokho Icala negative electron nakanjani ezifanayo kunoma iyiphi ikhemikhali, mayelana inombolo yabo nokusatshalaliswa nuclei ezahlukene. Lapho i-athomu isebujameni hlangothi, omuhle ophethe kuyi-nucleus ilingana isamba amacala engakhi electron ezigxile kukho.

Ngokuvamile athomu nolahlekelwa electron; uma kwenzeka okunjalo icala omuhle ka-nucleus iba kunangendlela inani ophethe asele electron ke lonke athomu kuba kahle icala. Lapho umzimba omubi icala, okusho ukuthi electron ezikulo ziyiziqondiso ngokweqile.

Ukunyakaza electron inquma ukuhanjiswa amacala kagesi e izinto, emihle nemibi emizimbeni ugesi kanye nezinye izenzakalo.