Ukuguquguquka kwempilo izitshalo: incazelo, izinyathelo, izikimu kanye nezici

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo simila unezigaba ezintathu ngokulandelana kwazo:

• nucleation;
• ukuthuthukiswa;
• ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Kungaba elula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umphumela ungafana Chlorella, okuyinto esandisa ezinhlamvu okuyisibonelo umjikelezo elula. Kutfutfukisa ulwelwe oluhlaza iba ayesisebenzisa 4-8 autospores ukuthi ukukhula ngaphakathi umzimba umama futhi imbozwe igobolondo yabo. Kodwa phakathi kwande umjikelezo ukuthuthukiswa isitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, esakhiwa elula 2-3.

Izici imijikelezo yokuphila izitshalo

Kuvele impahla ebalulekile zonke izinto eziphilayo ikhono nokuzala. Breeding ndlela:

• ubulili (gametes);
• asexual (ezinhlamvu);
• Vegetative (isitho somzimba).

Imijikelezo eyinkimbinkimbi ukuzala zikhona njalo eziningana izigaba ezihlukene gametes futhi zygotes. Gamete - sesivuthiwe nge haploid ubulili cell (avamile) iqoqo chromosome. I zygote nge diploid (ezimbili) isethi ezakhiwe inyunyana gametes ezimbili. Kusukela zygote Kutfutfukisa sporophyte oveza ezinhlamvu haploid. Sokungezwani - the gametophyte, okwenzeka ukuba owesilisa nowesifazane.

Ngokwesibonelo, singakwazi ukuthatha Fern ravnosporovyh, okuyinto amafomu amabili abantu - yena Fern (sporophyte) kanye zarostok (gametophyte). Zarostok - kuba inzalo ka-abadala Fern. Ukuthi unesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, kodwa uphatha ukukhiqiza olulodwa krupnolistvennuyu ngabanye. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo isitshalo ngenxa izici ukuveza siqukethe alternation izizukulwane: kusukela Fern omdala ukuba prothallia ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba Fern omdala.

zizalela Izindlela

indlela ngokocansi eveza kakhulu izitshalo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ekwakhekeni umzimba entsha zygote emva kokukhulelwa futhi gametes ngokuhlanganisa (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kokukhulelwa - futhi siphathelene indlela ucansi: Kumiswa umzimba kusuka izogamety ingane esihlanganisa izogamety nembewu. ukuzala cishe njalo kuhlangene nezinye izindlela - vegetative noma asexual, ngoba ngokwayo libhekene umkhiqizo ongaphakeme.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo le ndlela nokukhiqizwa asexual ezitholakala ezinjengohlinzamfuku, futhi ngokuhlanganyela inketho vegetative - abanye ulwelwe. Ngo izitshalo imbewu kumiswa amaseli enzalo ethathwe kwenye ezingaphansi zygote, okuholela kule nqubo zifana kungekho imifanekiso, nokukhiqizwa.

Lapho ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual kwakhiwa zoospores - amaseli ngaphandle iseli izindonga, okuyinto izitshalo amaningi agcinwa sporangium ekhethekile, amangqamuzana fixed - aplanospory. Ngokuzimele indlela enjalo yokuzalana itholakala imvelo ivelakancane. Ngokuvamile it is kuhlangene ngokocansi noma vegetative.

Kunezinhlobo 2 izinhlobo ezinhlamvu: mitospory eziphakamayo inqubo yokuzala asexual, futhi meiospores - ezenzeka ngesikhathi socansi. Mitospory avele usebenzisa mitosis, okuholela isifanekiso njengomuntu umbadlana. Meiospores esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa meiosis ngesikhathi ukuhluma zygote noma sporangium. Sekuyisikhathi eside iningi izitshalo zinezikhathi kokubili izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha, okuyinto etholakala ngokusebenzisa amafomu amabili ezihlukene zezilwane.

Vegetative ukukhiqizwa kabusha indlela

Ngo esiphelweni vegetative samuntu lihlukaniswa Akinetes - amaseli ngodonga. Wahlukene yotshwala unina ezinye izingxenye zalo - lezi zibungu noma izinso amaseli. Ngale ndlela, bande ezinye izitshalo aphansi, kuhlanganise Sargassum, ensundu ulwelwe abomvu. Vegetatively okusakazwa izitshalo ngisho zom, ezifana duckweed. Ezinye zazo kwakheka Nzalo efihlekile, okuyinto kuwele phansi futhi ukumila khona. izinso ingase futhi azikhandle off futhi uhlukane isitshalo unina. Ngo angiosperms, iqembu kuvamile ukuthuthukiswa amahlumela kusuka rhizomes ngomshoshaphansi.

ukusatshalaliswa izitshalo

Omunye wokwenziwa kweengaba zokugcina imifanekiso ukusatshalaliswa izitshalo. Emvelweni kungaba 3 samuntu zokuhlala: lwegciwane ezinhlamvu kanye imbewu. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, ukusabalala singenzeka esebenzisa zygotes. Okuningi Onomusa exhumene imbewu kanye spore kwasakazekela kubantu cryptogams futhi phanerogams izitshalo. Uhlobo lwesibili iqembu gymnosperms futhi angiosperms, futhi owokuqala - zonke ezinye amaqembu, kuhlanganise ulwelwe, moss futhi Izinhlobo.

izindlela isitshalo esiphelweni isishintshe indlela eside yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusukela vegetative ukuba enze ubulili nokuthi asexual. Manje division of izitshalo spore nenzalo ayixhumaniswanga ukusabalala, futhi izithombo zaso ezintsha. Imbewu indlela abiwa iqembu ehlukile ngoba kubhekwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwakwakhe ezinhlamvu kanye gametes. Imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha uhlanganisa izigaba eziningana: kumiswa zygotes, gametes, ezinhlamvu, zemibungu isidoda, kanye Izindawo zalesi sihlahla.

Noma alternation of izizukulwane

Ezinye izimila ngesimo izizukulwane ezimbili ezingafani athwale amagama ahlukene: ukushintsha ifomu, alternation izizukulwane, njll Inzuzo Fern esikhulu prothallia esimweni Izinhlobo ravnosporovyh - yisibonelo alternation izizukulwane, kuphawulwa izigaba yokuba umuntu omdala izinhlobo izilwane ... Lezi izinhlobo ezimbili zihlukene kakhulu ngokubukeka ukuthi okunzima ukubathola eyodwa nesitshalo esifanayo. Zarostok Fern kunzima kakhulu ukubona ngeso lenyama. Ngo angiosperms Analogue prothallia - umbungu esakeni, okuyinto incane kakhulu futhi kufihliwe ekujuleni imbali. Phakathi kwezinye imihlambi emikhulu yalezi zilwane izinhlobo ulwelwe zinhlobo zifana ngokubukeka, kodwa awafani izici begazi. Noma alternation of izizukulwane kwenzeka cishe kuyo yonke izitshalo ephakeme kanye ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ulwelwe.

Imijikelezo yokuphila kwazo izitshalo ephakeme

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo izitshalo ephakeme, ngaphandle bryophytes, ungachazwa ukuthi gametophyte ayiqondakali ithuthukiswe, futhi ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe iningi uthatha sporophyte. izitshalo Bryophytes kuhluke ukuthi sporophyte eba ngaphakathi zesifazane sobulili futhi ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo kanye gametophyte. Endabeni esinezimila wona kubukeka sengathi ibhokisi nge ezinhlamvu ezikhula phezulu gametophyte.

Ezinye izindaba zika-izitshalo ephakeme ziye zathi sporophyte, okuyinto zinkulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi anjenge amaqabunga, umoba kanye uhlelo impande. Izitshalo eziningi ukuthi umuntu ucabanga lapho ekhuluma horsetails, Izinhlobo noma namanye amaqembu - sporophytes.

Imijikelezo yokuphila kwazo nezitshalo eziqhakazayo

Kakhulu isihambile ngokuya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo eziqhakazayo. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo nezitshalo eziqhakazayo ungachazwa ukuthi ngokuvamile umbungu uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa kusukela iqanda unfertilized (apomixis). Ifomu oqavile izimbali kuyinto sporophyte heterosporous emele isitshalo amaqabunga neziqu. gametophyte Male emelelwa impova okusanhlamvu kanye nabesifazane - sac umbungu (sibangelwa ngokushesha kunokuba gymnosperms). Umzimba njengendlela ukuzala futhi asexual kuyinto yokuphunyuka Ushintshe - imbali. I iziqalo of imbewu ivikelwe ezindongeni esibelethweni. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo izitshalo leqembu ukuqeda emva kokukhulelwa futhi imbewu ekwakhekeni, umbungu elinendawo supply nomsoco kanye akuxhomekile iziphi izici zangaphandle.

Imijikelezo yokuphila kwazo gymnosperms futhi angiosperms

Iqembu kuhlanganisa abameleli gymnosperms AmaConifers nezihlahla. Iningi lazo babe Ushintshe amahlamvu inaliti-efana. umjikelezo gymnosperms ukuphila libhekene iqiniso lokuthi microspores (impova) akhiwa kule encane Izigaxa besilisa (anthers) kanye megaspory - e zesifazane (ovule). Kusukela microspore yakha gametophyte wesilisa, futhi megaspory - zesifazane. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo isitshalo leqembu ungachazwa ukuthi kokukhulelwa kwenzeka esebenzisa umoya, onikeza impova kuya ovule. Ngemva kwalokho, phakathi nele-embryo ovule uqala ukukhula, futhi imbewu ekhiqizwa yilo. Ihlala esikalini imbewu futhi undisguised. Imbewu inika sporophyte entsha, kusukela okuyinto lukhula isitshalo entsha.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo angiosperms ungachazwa ukuthi leli qembu linamalungu imbali, lapho ezinhlamvu akhiwa futhi gametophytes ukuvundisa imbewu ukuthuthukiswa. I engavamile kuleli qembu - e livikela okusanhlamvu, okuyinto kufihlwe ngaphakathi nezithelo ukuvikelwa emathonyeni kwemvelo.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo izitshalo spore

izitshalo spore abekho yokuqhuma, ngoba bebizwa futhi cryptogamic. Eza ku izigaba ezimbili:

• ngaphezulu (ezinjengohlinzamfuku, horsetails wona, wona club);
• aphansi (ulwelwe ulele).

Imijikelezo yokuphila kwazo izitshalo spore kuncike zinhlobo angaya ucansi noma asexually samuntu. Abakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha indlela ucansi ngaphandle iqhaza imvelo yasemanzini. gametophyte isetshenziswa ukuzala, kodwa asexual - sporophyte. Zimbili subgroups izitshalo spore: haploid futhi diploid. Ngo iqeqebana haploid kuhlanganisa wona, Izinhlobo, horsetails futhi lapho kumiswa gametophyte esithuthuke kabanzana futhi sporophyte is njengoba prothallia. iqeqebana Haploid ungachazwa ukuthi sporophyte isimo okhonzile kuwo.

Kwempilo yezitshalo: wesifunda

Mosses - abameleli kohlobo bakudala izitshalo ephakeme. Banezinhliziyo division ezivamile kakhulu emzimbeni esiqwini futhi eshiya esikhundleni izimpande - rhizoids filamentous. Zikhula e izimbuku, izindawo ezinomswakama futhi umswakama shabalala kakhulu. Ukukhiqiza kabusha ucansi, le sporophyte luncike gametophyte, ezinhlamvu akhiwa ebhokisini elikhethekile, okuyinto isendaweni gametophyte futhi ehambisana nayo.

Abamele Izinhlobo babe amaqabunga amakhulu pinnate (sporangium ahlelwe ohlangothini engezansi). Lesi sitshalo inohlelo impande evelele, futhi ishidi empeleni kuyinto uhlelo legatsha, okuthiwa vayey noma predpobegom. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo simila Izinhlobo iqembu siqukethe izigaba ezimbili: ngokobulili futhi asexual. Isigaba ngokobulili kwenzeka iqhaza gametes futhi asexual - impikiswano. isizukulwane Asexual iqala zygote diploid ngemishini, nezenzo zocansi - a ezinhlamvu haploid. Inzuzo zalezi zigaba futhi ingxenye enkulu umjikelezo.