Corrosion ukumelana steel. Steel amamaki: GOST. Steel Stainless - intengo

Minyaka yonke ngenxa ukugqwala walahlekelwa eziningi zensimbi. Nokho, umonakalo ngisho enkulu kwenzelwa ukwehluleka imikhiqizo metal ngenxa ukugqwala kuhlasela. Izindleko adingekayo esikhundleni izingxenye noma imishini yesondlo, imoto, ulwandle kanye emfuleni izitsha, imishini obusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali, izikhathi eziningi ephakeme kunaleyo izindleko impahla aya umkhiqizo wabo.

Kukhona futhi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu engesobala. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa, isibonelo, ukuvuza igesi noma uwoyela kusukela iphayiphi konakalisa, ukudla spoilage, ukubhujiswa wokwakha izakhiwo nokuningi. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula ukugqwala metal kubaluleke kakhulu.

Kungani ukubhujiswa izinto metallic?

Ngaphambi kokuvala yombuzo yeka steel ukugqwala nemithi, ake ukubhekana nomqondo ukugqwala futhi ngokuyisisekelo inqubo.

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi corroder Latin - insimbi. Yehlisa nokwahlukana okuzenzakalelayo izinsimbi kanye Alloys zabo, okuyinto eyenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo zamakhemikhali, ngokuthi ukugqwala. Isizathu salokhu kwehluleka ukusabela chemical (redox ukuphendula) yezinto ezibonakalayo. metallic nge naphakathi gaseous noma uketshezi lapho okuhlala ukuthi akuphi.

Kuyini lezinsimbi ukugqwala ukumelana futhi Alloys?

Insimbi futhi ukushisa ekumelaneni steel noma Alloys zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni onakalisayo ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu noma evamile. Ngakho-ke, imfuneko esemqoka iwukuthi mathiriyeli lo iqembu - ukumelana ukushisa (ukumelana medium gaseous noma okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa umusi) noma ukugqwala ukumelana (kokuba ikhono simelane ngempumelelo izici ezonakalisayo at lokushisa ezejwayelekile).

Corrosion ukumelana sici hardware, kwakhiwa okuyinto phezu passivation ifilimu, eliqinile endaweni egqwalisayo, okuyinto evimbela Ukungena singene izingqimba ezijulile zensimbi asabela ngayo nabo izinto nolaka.

Ngamanye amazwi, steel ukugqwala ukumelana - a steel kokuba ukumelana amakhemikhali intergranular, electrochemical nezinye ukugqwala.

amakhemikhali ukwakheka

Metal izakhiwo zinqunywa yawo yamakhemikhali kwengoma. Lapho okuqukethwe 12-13% chromium steel iba engagqwali, okungukuthi esitebeleni umkhathi chemical ezindaweni. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe chromium ukuze 28-30% kwenza kube esitebeleni ezindaweni onakalisayo.

Okunye izakhi esetshenziselwa doping zihlanganisa manganese, aluminium, titanium, ne-nickel. Alloys esetshenziswa kakhulu, ukubunjwa lapho nickel okuqukethwe isilinganiso 10% chromium - 18%, i-carbon - noma phakathi 0.08 futhi titanium 0.12% - 1% (12X18H10T - steel ukugqwala nemithi, GOST 5632).

Ukwahlukanisa ngohlobo microstructure: austenitic insimbi engagqwali

lokhu ukumelana ekilasini isinyathelo ezonakalisayo luyanda alloying izakhi nickel (5 kuya ku-15%) kanye chromium (15 kuya ku-20%). Alloys Austenitic kungayinaki intercrystalline ukugqwala, inqobo nje uma okuqukethwe carbon kuzo kuyoba lincane kunomkhawulo ka solubility yayo austenite (0.02-0.03% futhi ngaphansi). Nonmagnetic, wadalula kahle Welding amakhaza nangokuhamba ukusonteka ashisayo. Have processability kakhulu. Kungcono womshini steel izakhi iziqobosho, izakhiwo ashiselwe futhi izicelo kulezo zimboni.

amamaki martensitic

lezinsimbi Insimbi afakiwe isigaba martensitic kungenzeka kazibuthe kanye abe nezinguqulo - kunalapho austenitic - izinkomba ubulukhuni esiphezulu. Ukuqina ibangelwa eqeda futhi tempering. Kuhambisana kahle imikhiqizo zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni okujula medium and ababuthakathaka (isib eziningi imikhiqizo embonini ukudla noma yokukhiqiza insingo izindwani amadivayisi).

amamaki ferritic

Ngezinye ukugqwala okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana izakhiwo zalezi amamaki afana ongaphakeme-carbon steel. Isilinganiso chromium okuqukethwe 11-17%. Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto zasendlini, tincenye Decor lathumela, ekhishini izitsha.

ekilasini Austenitic-ferritic

Corrosion ukumelana insimbi engagqwali alesi sigaba kuthiwa kwenza encishisiwe nickel okuqukethwe kanye chromium okuqukethwe izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu (21 kuya ku-28%). Njengoba ezengeziwe izakhi alloying aphume ashone niobium, titanium, nethusi. Ngemva ukwelashwa ukushisa isilinganiso ferrite futhi austenite - mayelana eyodwa kwenye.

On ngamandla lezinsimbi austenitic-ferritic, austenitic idlule kabili. Ngakho they are ductile, ukumelana kahle ukushaqeka imithwalo abe ezingeni eliphansi ukucindezeleka-yokugqwala futhi ukumelana ukugqwala intergranular. Kunconywa ukuba isetshenziswe ukwakhiwa, izimboni, amapulazi akhiqiza i yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo mbeni emanzini asolwandle.

Austenitic, amamaki martensitic

Okuqukethwe chromium 12 kuya 18% nickel, - kusuka 3.7 7.5%. izakhi engeziwe - chromium kanye ne-aluminium. Lukhuni by eqeda (t> 975 ° C) futhi tempering okwalandela (t = 450-500 ° C). Austenitic-martensitic insimbi engagqwali ashiselwe kahle futhi ube okusezingeni eliphezulu izakhiwo lokukhanda.

Insimbi engagqwali: intengo (zezici ezithinta kumiswa)

Ukwakheka ukugqwala ukumelana insimbi kukhona eqolo alloying izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi chromium, nickel, titanium, molybdenum. Inani wabo juqu kokusetha intengo. Njengoba nezinye brand (carbon, sakhiwo, ibhola ebizwa, ithuluzi, njll .. D.) ngenhla tifaka ekhatsi izakhi ezisohlwini eziningi ezincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nazo abiza ukugqwala ukumelana lezinsimbi njalo ephakeme. Nokho, intengo ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu nezimo zezimakethe nezindleko edingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi engagqwali.

izakhiwo mechanical

Brand lezinsimbi engagqwali kumele babe izakhiwo mechanical ukuthi ukuhlangabezana imithetho yokukhiqiza. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• ubulukhuni esiphezulu Brinell (HB);
• ukunwebeka (%);
• kuveza amandla akho (H / mm ^2);
• Izinyembezi Ukumelana (H / mm ^2).

Ngemva ukukhiqizwa iqoqwana ngalinye (ukuncibilika) imikhiqizo lezimpahla iyenziwa ngokumelene izakhiwo mechanical microstructure we GOST steel grade. Imiphumela laboratory Ukuhlola amasampula elicacisiwe isitifiketi yokukhiqiza.

amamaki notation steel

okunezinhlobonhlobo enkulukazi Alloys lezinsimbi ayatholakala emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona namanje akukho kohlelo lamazwe omhlaba yokuhlukanisa.

E-United States, lapho esebenza khona izinhlelo eziningana notation. Lesi simo ngenxa inani elikhulu izinhlangano amazinga (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, Sae, AWS, ASTM, ASME), kudala ubunzima obuthile kozakwethu, abahlinzeki kanye namakhasimende imikhiqizo steel abakhiqizi US bakwamanye amazwe.

EJapane steel ezimakwe nge izinhlamvu nezinombolo ekhombisa yabo band (ephansi ingxubevange, ephezulu ingxubevange, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile injongo Alloys, srednelegirovannye, eliphezulu, eliphezulu futhi al.), Inani ukulandelana therein kanye izakhiwo zensimbi.

Emazweni we-European Union ukuqokwa ulawula ejwayelekile EN 27 100, ebheka ngokulandelana igama ayabelwe kanye nenombolo ye-serial.

I Russian Federation isungule uhlelo nezinombolo eSoviet Union, owawuthi lezinsimbi okhethiwe. ubeka Standard ucacise ngamunye isici alloying, ingxenye incwadi lensimbi dolobha yaseRussia.

Ukuze manganese kuyinto H, Si - C, i-chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M tungsten - B vanadium - F, titanium - T, aluminium - Yu, niobium - B, Co - K, zirconium - C, boron - R.

Izinombolo ezilandelayo incwadi ibonisa okuqukethwe alloying izakhi njengoba amaphesenti. Uma indlela yokwakheka steel iqukethe ngaphansi kuka-1% element alloying, inombolo is hhayi nganamathisela, ngesikhathi okuqukethwe 1 2% emva incwadi uyobanika 1. Wathi uphawu inombolo enamadijithi ekuqaleni ezidingekayo aqoke carbon okuqukethwe isilinganiso in hundredths iphesenti ngaphakathi grade kwengoma.

Ububanzi imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa kusuka insimbi engagqwali

steel Corrosion ukumelana osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo elandelayo:

• iphathwa thermally kwagxila namashidi ophucuziwe;
• netravlenyh amashidi thermally ngayo;
• futhi thermally ingelashwa netravlenyh amashidi;
• heat-, cold- futhi kushisa iphuma amapayipi Seamless ;
• hot iphuma emapheshana steel inhloso jikelele;
• hexagon ulinganiswe;
• Imibuthano insimbi engagqwali;
• wire engagqwali (ukushisa kabi amakhaza udonseleka);
• Castings nge anezakhi ezikhethekile;
• Forgings;
• nezinye izinhlobo, okuyinto ithuthukiswe amazinga wombuso kanye isiqondiso lobuchwepheshe (TU).

sphere kwesicelo

Njengoba omunye the best amandla amasampula, sobuhle bayo, ukumelana namandla okubhubhisa ukugqwala futhi amazinga okushisa aphakeme, nokufaneleka kabusha ukuqina operation, ababone zonke izidingo sanitary kakhulu izinga ukwelashwa surface, steel ukugqwala ukumelana is kabanzi cishe yonke imikhakha bendlu kanye nezomnotho umsebenzi.

Insimbi engagqwali odingeka abaphakeme esikhathini Petrochemical, amakhemikhali, uginindela nephepha, umkhakha ukudla, embonini yezokwakha, amandla umkhakha, shipbuilding kanye ezokuthutha ubunjiniyela, ithuluzi-making kanye izindawo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Ukuphumelela ukuqina imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, kunqunywa ukwenza lokhu ekilasini futhi umkhiqizo, ukuqonda izakhiwo physicochemical begodu nesakhiwo microstructure. Ukusebenzisa izinsimbi amelana imiphumela elimazayo ukugqwala, ngokuhambisana esiqinile nge izakhiwo zabo, siyakwazi ukusizakala zonke izinzuzo elingenakuphikwa ubuchwepheshe besimanje.