Clock yezinkanyezi. ihora yezinkanyezi - lena kangakanani?

Isikhathi - esisodwa sezigaba kunzima ukuyiqonda kakhulu ifilosofi nesayensi yezinto zemvelo. Indlela elula bakuchaza ngokuthi isimo ezidingekayo ukuthi kungenzeka noma yiluphi ushintsho. Abantu kakade ekuqaleni komlando waso, sabona isidingo ngandlela-thile ukucacisa kwesikhathi. Okokuqala, ukulinganisa izikhawu enkulu ngokwanele: unyaka, inyanga, ilanga. Drop ngu iconsi, abantu ekuphunyukeni isaziso kwempumalanga nentshonalanga, nezinkathi kokushintsha, ukuguga kwabo. Kancane kancane ayeveza isidingo sokuba ichaze ezingaphezu kuka izikhawu ezimfushane. Kukhona amahora, imizuzu, imizuzwana. Nge yinkimbinkimbi okwandisa yizenzo zabantu nezindlela ngcono yokulinganisa isikhathi. igebe ngasinye waqala ukuthola value esinembile. Noma yimuphi imizuzwana atomic esikhashana, ihora yezinkanyezi ( "Lona kangakanani?" -. Ubuza aphendule ngezansi). Namuhla, ukugxila kwethu kuyihora, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa e ekuphileni kwansuku zonke iyunithi isikhathi, kanye namawashi, ngaphandle okuyinto kunzima ukucabanga ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla.

Umlando omncane

Kulula ukuqaphela ukuthi vremyaischislenie bahluke endleleni ukuthatha akhawunti namuhla. Kusekelwe uhlelo duodecimal, owasetshenziswa Sumerians ezikhathini zasendulo. Ukuhlukaniswa amahora ku imizuzu kanye elisuka ekujuleni izikhathi. Kusekelwe phezu sexagesimal uhlelo inombolo, futhi kukhona isigodi iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe.

Hlukanisa ngosuku lokuqala amahora 24 baba abaseGibhithe. Ihora ke kwadingeka ubude ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi inkathi futhi ukuthi it fanele kuze ubusuku lemini. AbaseGibithe nabaseBhabhiloni ihlukaniswe usuku zibe izingxenye ezimbili alinganayo. Imini nobusuku, okungukuthi esimnyama emini, kwakuhlanganisa amahora 12. Ngakho, ubude ihora kuhluka uhhafu ngamunye, kuye ngesikhathi somnyaka.

izinhlelo ezifanayo ezikhona IGrisi NeRoma. NgeNkathi Ephakathi eYurophu zazihlukaniswe kumasevisi usuku esontweni.

'Ngehora' eside waphayona ukusetshenziswa amaGreki. Ubude elibanzi zinkathi zigcinwa emhlabeni isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Ezweni lethu, emashumini eminyaka XVI-XVII isikhathi yehora kwaba njalo kodwa nhlobonhlobo namahora emini nobusuku kuye isizini. ERussia, isikhathi wokulinganisa iyafana Europe waqala ngemva 1722.

ihora yezinkanyezi - lena kangakanani?

'Ngehora' izwi livame ukusetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwa ezahlukene isikhathi nezikhathi isikhathi vala imizuzu 60 kuya. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi, isibonelo, ongaphakeme noma isikhathi somthetho wewashi. Iqondiswe lezi kanye imiqondo efanayo kwezikhathi ingahlala evamile imizuzu 60, kancane kancane noma kancane ngaphezulu noma ikhethe isisebenzi kungekho igebe, futhi isikhathi athile osukwini, ngemva kwalokho kumele ligcwaliswe inqubo eyodwa futhi uqalise olusha.

Esebenza amahora angama yezinkanyezi - lena imizuzu eminingi kangaka? Leli gama lisho indinganiso isikhawu adlulayo isilungisiwe. Lokho ihora lomkhathi kukhona imizuzu-60, noma imizuzwana 3.600, futhi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ihora". Lesi sikhathi iyunithi akuyona ingxenye yesimanje uhlelo imethrikhi SI (System International amayunithi tintfo lucobo). Esinye sezizathu - ingeyona ihora evamile namuhla ledesimali. Nokho, abantu abaningi esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke kanye ukwamukelwa of SI amayunithi.

Mude kangakanani isifundo?

ihora zezemfundo kanye yezinkanyezi - imiqondo ehlukene. Igama elithi lokuqala limelela isikhawu ngesikhathi lapho sifundo sokugcina. Inani layo kuyahlukahluka amaqembu ahlukene ubudala. Lapho ukusebenza nezingane GADI othisha unciphise ubude amahora zezemfundo ukuze imizuzu 20-30 ngonyaka ngaphambi ukukhulula ngezinye izikhathi kwandisa ukuba imizuzu 40. Ezikoleni, zifundo kukhona imizuzu 40-45, lo mbhangqwana eyunivesithi - 90 imiz. Isizathu sokuba lezi umehluko - e ikhono ukugxilisa ingqondo. Njengoba bekhula, ukhula. Uma ufaka isigaba enkulisa nemizuzu engu-45, futhi esikoleni - at 90, abafundi kuyoba ukhathele kakhulu futhi sekunzima ukukhumbula futhi ufunde lokhu kwaziswa lemali edingekayo.

Kala ukuthi amaminithi

ezingqondweni isikhathi sethu atehlukaniseki mshini ngawo siqaphela ke egijima. Amawashi babe ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho abantu bokuqala wazibonela isidingo ngandlela-thile ulinganise ngezikhawu izinsuku emifushane. Usuku olunembile nesenzakalo yabo manje akunakwenzeka ukwazi - ngakho kudala kwaba. Amakhophi okuqala isikhathi esilinganisiwe, siphawula ukuhamba kwelanga esibhakabhakeni, futhi ngosizo kwamanzi agelezayo. Futhi, njengoba ngesisekelo amahora esetshenziswa isihlabathi nomlilo.

Nge ngcono ulwazi kanye ijubane zokuphila kudingeka imiklamo esinembile. Sand, nomlilo, nokuthunqa amanzi amawashi yaqedwa futhi baba eyinkimbinkimbi ngalesosikhathi they kwathathelwa indawo mechanical isikhathi amamitha.

Gears, isiphethu pendulum

Bokuqala amawashi awayindwayo atholakele ngaphansi kwalolu lwandle eduze esiqhingini Antikythera. Yalotshwa emuva 100 BC. Antikythera iwashi lomkhathi uhlukile: banayo isakhiwo kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi futhi abanalo analogs isiko amaGreki. Mshini ngokuvumelana emifanekisweni eziningana kwenziwa lalinabashumayeli amagiya 32. Iwashi yabonisa shift zinsuku, ukuhamba kwelanga nenyanga. Ewashini esibonisa Izimpawu zezinkanyezi. Kungenzeka ukuthi umklamo wakwazi belingisa ukunyakaza futhi isibhakabhaka Venus, Mars, Mercury ne-Jupiter.

Clock nge escapement indlela yethulwa ngo China ngonyaka 725. Kamuva, ngo-1000, eJalimane baqala ukusebenzisa pendulum. Clock umbhoshongo wokuqala waseNtshonalanga Yurophu zakhiwa zaba Vestmintere e 1288.

Izindlela yokulinganisa isikhathi nakakhulu olunembile. ukukhiqizwa yabo Kwakudingeka ikhono elikhulu. NgeNkathi Ephakathi kanye Renaissance eYurophu ungubuhle yesiteleka kakhulu futhi butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela iwashi lomkhathi ukuthi namuhla umhlaba wonke abantu bayazithanda.

A wobuciko kusuka Lyon

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke ukusebenza iwashi lomkhathi eFrance kuhlobisa Cathedral Saint-Jean (Lyon). Zadalelwa ekhulwini XIV, wabhubhisa bese zibuyiselwe kusukela 1572 kuya 1600, ehlotshiswe baraque-isitayela umhlobiso 1655. Ekuqaleni, njengazo zonke nemilindo kule nkathi, base ifakwe ngokwewashi kuphela. Umzuzu Ukudayela efakwe ukubonwa ngekhulu XVIII.

Ngaphezu isikhathi, ebuka iwashi lomkhathi Lyon, noma ubani angaba ukuthola usuku, isimo esibhakabhakeni izinkanyezi ezimbili eziyinhloko, inyanga kanye nelanga. Mshini futhi kubonisa ukuthi idolobha emuva izinkanyezi ezikhanya. Phakathi nosuku amahora ishaye izikhathi ezine (12, 14, 15, 16 h.). Ngo engxenyeni engenhla isakhiwo elise iziphungumangathi, okuyinto isiqala ukuhambisa ngesikhathi ikhala.

ePrague nokuziqhenya

Washi lomkhathi iwashi lomkhathi isendaweni umbhoshongo eHholo Town e Prague, ezidumile emhlabeni wonke. Umlando wabo kungenziwa ngokuthi okukhulu. Orla yasungulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-600 edlule, e 1402, wathola kancane kamuva - ku 1410-m. "Obaba" amahora abhekwa sezinkanyezi-Jan Schindel inkosi Mikuláš ka Kadan.

kwadingeka lilungiswe kwaMuhle umhlobiso izikhathi eziningana. Ngo 1490, Hanus ka Rouge wenze izinguquko indlela, futhi ngokusho legend, waba impumputhe oda neziphathimandla ePrague ukuze usethe ayikwazanga okuphindaphindiwe futhi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaleli washi ehlotshiswe izibalo engokomfanekiso futhi ifakwe amadiski ikhalenda.

New izinguquko ezibalulekile design eyenzeke 1865. Khona-ke Yozef avuse ungeze Orloj ikhalenda Ukudayela ne izindondo ehlotshiswe izithombe ufanekisela izinyanga, nezimpawu zokuma komkhathi. Golden Cockerel, okuzovela emva kokuphothulwa ukuhamba izibalo yabonakala sewashi 1882.

Orloj namuhla

EPrague iwashi abatelekile hhayi nje ngenxa yobuhle bayo, kodwa futhi virtuosity umsebenzi amakhosi. Orloj libonisa Old zamaBohemia, eBhabhiloni, anezinkanyezi, isiNtaliyane, yebo, "wangempela" isikhathi. Kwaphela amahora ungabona usuku, isikhundla Zomhlaba kanye nezimpawu zokuma komkhathi. Bona wazi Empumalanga kwelanga, inyanga. Njalo ngehora, imifanekiso, zokuhlobisa Orloj, aqale ukuhambisa, bekhuluma imikhuba emibi abantu, okusikhumbuza okuphakade.

Clock Strasbourg Cathedral

Astronomical Clock Strasbourg Cathedral bagcina igcwaliswe ngo-1857. ababengaphambi zabo Kwamiswa e 1354 kanye 1574, ngokulandelana. Ohlukile amahora - ikhono lazo ukubala usuku kusishiya ngamaholide enkolo, kanye lo mshini obonisa precession ukutsheka komhlaba. Siqedile umjikelezo ogcwele neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 eziyinkulungwane. Strasbourg iwashi libonisa isikhathi zendawo ilanga, orbit eMhlabeni, inyanga namanye amaplanethi kusukela Mercury Saturn.

Lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele yobuciko ukuthi ukuhlobisa emadolobheni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Ngisho yezinkanyezi 1 ihora (lo okungukuthi 60 amaminithi) akusho ihlanganise incazelo yonke imininingwane kanye namalungiselelo nemihlobiso enjalo okudaliwe ajabulisayo. Nokho, lokhu akudingekile - yobuciko yokuthi Ihlanganisa Fusion ngalokuphatselene nelwati, emakhono, ukubala zezibalo kanye ugqozi, kungcono ukubona ngamehlo ami siqu.