Bhopal inhlekelele: izimbangela, izisulu, imiphumela

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili Leso kwaba yisikhathi soshintsho isintu, njengoba ijubane nakwezobuchwepheshe liye landa izikhathi eziningana kunabantu. Kodwa kanye izenzakalo eyashintsha umlando ngcono, kuye kwaba nezenzakalo eziningi, futhi baba iphutha elikhulu. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu sezishintshile ebusweni bomhlaba futhi kuholele kona kuletha imiphumela emibi. I enkulu babo ubhekwa ingozi ngesikhathi isitshalo kwamakhemikhali Bhopal. Lo muzi wase-India e Madhya ziyakuwa, futhi akusho ukumelana Disemba 3, 1984. Lolu suku ishintshile ngoba abantwana Bhopal konke.

Umlando ukwakhiwa plant

Ngo-1970, uhulumeni waseNdiya unqume ukuthi siphakamise umnotho wayo ngu-dolobha angaphandle. Ngakho-ke, isimiso esikhethekile lwaqala, okuhloswe ngaso edonsa zimali angaphandle ukutshala e umkhakha wendawo. ukwakhiwa zalesi sihlahla sivunyiwe, okwakuyoholela zikhiqize izibulala zinambuzane wezolimo. Ekuqaleni ingxenye amakhemikhali kuhlelwe ukungenisa bakwamanye amazwe. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi akuzuzisi, njengoba mncintiswano kule ingxenye wemakethe laliphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa washukumiseleka ukuba ezingeni ehlukene, uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi iyingozi. In the 80s emzini Bhopal (India) nezindawo ezizungezile obonisa isivuno singesihle ngaphezulu, okwaholela ukwehla ukufunwa imikhiqizo zalesi sihlahla. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba adayise inkampani, kodwa umthengi engakaze ezitholakele.

Plant ngaphambi kwale ngozi

Lokhu ifektri esidabukisayo yodumo okungewakho Union Carbide India Limited - Inkampani American, okuyinto ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni kukamanyolo chemical (izibulala-zinambuzane). Bhopal sitjalo onalo into enobuthi kakhulu - isocyanate methyl noma MIC. Kuyinto ebulalayo izidakamizwa ezinesihlungu, elisetendeni isimo igesi nabo ulwelwesi lwamafinyila kweso kushe, okuyindawo emaphashini babe evuvukele. Uma usesimweni ketshezi, e izimfanelo zabo efana sulfuric acid.

futhi unalo izakhiwo ezithile kakhulu ngokomzimba. abilayo lokushisa - 40 degrees Celsius, okuyinto ngempela esivamile India Amazinga okushisa emini. Uma ungeze ku ingxube ngisho inani elincane amanzi, uqala sishiswa ngenkuthalo, okuyinto kubangela ukusabela chain, ngenxa okuyinto ketshezi ubola ukhululeka hydrogen cyanide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-carbon monoxide. Lokhu cocktail okwaziyo ukubhubhisa noma ubani endaweni ethintekile. Ngesikhathi imboni idale izinhlelo eziningana okwakufanele kuvinjelwe ukusabela okufanayo, kodwa akuzange kusebenze ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, ezichazwe ngezansi.

Okudingekayo ukuze ukuphahlazeka

Ngaphambi kwakukhona inhlekelele Bhopal, kukhona izinto ezimbalwa ukuthi kubenza bavame ukuba ivela khona. Eyokuqala yalezi isifiso umnikazi zalesi sihlahla ukuze wonge imali emholweni. Basebesakha ibhizinisi labo e-India, elineholo kayishumi ngaphansana amazwe athuthukile. lezi zisebenzi ngekhono ezingeni wayengekho okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele, kodwa izicelo zabo futhi. Lokhu kuzuzisa kakhulu ngokwezezimali.

Isici sesibili - iphambene nezimiso ngamazwe, izinkambiso isitoreji ezinobuthi. Ezimbonini bavunyelwe ukuqhubeka engadluli u-1 ton of MIC, futhi kwaba kakade Bhopal izikhathi 42 ngaphezulu, okungukuthi amathani 42.

Eyesithathu isici - lo ukunganaki yezakhamuzi zendawo izixwayiso, eyayibonakala yashicilelwa. ukuphathwa sitshalo waxwayisa ngokuthi udinga ukuba njengoba ngokucophelela futhi uma uzwa umsindo inhlabamkhosi, ukuphuma ngokushesha.

Ngakusasa wukuthi emzini Bhopal ngesikhathi kwadingeka uhulumeni ukuthi njalo yasiphendula abakuboni ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nemithetho ukuphepha, futhi ngenxa yalokho, sekube eziningana izingozi at simila.

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile Ukuwohloka imishini, esikhundleni okubize imali eningi. Yingakho zonke izinhlelo okwakufanele ukuvimbela ngozi, uyabanda ukuze kulungiswe, noma nje ivaliwe.

Izimbangela le nhlekelele

Imbangela olusemthethweni yengozi neze kunqunywa. It is kuphela ukuthi ukukhululwa kwe igesi ebulalayo emkhathini kwabangelwa engene ethangini lamanzi ngamafutha i-methyl isocyanate ezaziwayo. Lokhu kwabangela ketshezi abilayo, futhi ukuhwamuka kwengcindezi eziphakeme zokuphepha valve iphazamiseke. Kanjani amanzi wangena impahla ngawo ukuxhumana kuyingozi kakhulu, angaziwa kuze kube manje. Kulesi senzakalo, kukhona izinguqulo ezimbili.

Uma ukholwa ukuthi owokuqala, kungcono nje embi kakhulu. It senziwa ngosuku olwandulela ngesigezo eziluzungezile, futhi njengoba amapayipi valve babe okuyiphutha, amanzi ithole emgqonyeni nge MIC.

Esesibili sithi le nhlekelele Bhopal ukuthi ezazinama-. Omunye wabasebenzi yokungathembeki ngumnikazi izizathu angase kokuxhuma hose amanzi ethangini, futhi waqala ukusabela. Kodwa yiziphi izinguqulo kuyiqiniso, akekho owaziyo. Kuyacaca nje ukuthi isifiso njalo ukulondoloza imali kwaba le lowo oyimbangela yangempela le nhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu.

Kwezikhathi izenzakalo

Bhopal inhlekelele kwenzeka ngobusuku 2 kuya ku-3 Disemba 1984. Umthamo we E610, eyayinekheli amathani angu-42 methyl isocyanate, ngezizathu ezingaziwa, ngikutholile mayelana a ton of amanzi. Lokhu kwabangela uketshezi sishisiswe 200 degrees Celsius. Abasebenzi baye baqaphela izimpawu zokuqala enkingeni nge ethangini MIC at imizuzu engu-15 ngemva kwamabili, ngomzuzwana yonke izibalo ziphindeke kabili. Ngaphandle izinzwa ngenakugwemeka kwangenisa rasp eqinile, okuyinto ishicilelwe ngaphansi aqhephukile esitsheni isisekelo. Opharetha baphuthuma zihlanganisa alamu izinhlelo, kodwa, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi umane lingekho. Ngakho banquma ukuba nginikeze kuphole ethangini waqala fafaza amanzi kuso kusukela ngaphandle, kodwa impendulo bekulokhu engenakunqandeka. 00,30 I umphini yezokuphepha neze bamelana ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu aqhumile. Phakathi ehoreni elilandelayo, amathani angu-30 igesi enobuthi uvele emkhathini. Njengoba MIC ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni, kungukuqala ifu olubulalayo travel kanye phansi nokugaqa kancane angaphakanyiswa phezu kwendawo ezungeze simila.

okwakwenzeka

Zonke lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ebusuku, ngakho sonke isibalo sabantu wayelele ngokuthula. Nokho, abantu ngokushesha wezwa imiphumela ubuthi. Bona yakhinyabezeka ukukhwehlela, amehlo abo esihogweni, uphefumule kwaba akunakwenzeka. Lokhu kwaholela abafayo mass amahora okuqala angu-ngemuva kwengozi. Ukwesaba ekuphumeni njengoba kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Zonke babesaba futhi abazange baqonde ukuthi kwenzekani. Odokotela bazama ukusiza abantu, kodwa engazi ukuthi kanjani. Phela, ukuphathwa sitshalo akafunanga ukudalula indlela yokwakheka igesi ngenxa ubumfihlo kwezohwebo.

Ngu ekuseni efwini kwashabalala, kodwa washiya lenqwaba izidumbu. It lokho kwakumane kuyisiqalo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezilandelayo, izinkulungwane zabantu ziye zafa, ngaphandle kwalokhu, imvelo nakho kakhulu kakhulu abathintekayo: izihlahla lehla amahlamvu, izilwane zifa ngobuningi.

imiphumela yale ngozi

Iqiniso nje ukuthi kule nhlekelele yaziwa njengenye esiyingozi kakhulu emlandweni, ukhuluma ngezinga yayo. Ngo zasekuseni igesi enobuthi eyabulala abantu abangu-3787 ngesikhathi amasonto amabili ngemva kwalokho izenzakalo ngeshwa wabulala abantu 8,000 eminyakeni eyalandela, ngisho 8000.

Ucwaningo ngo-2006 kwabonisa izibalo esabekayo: 558 125 amacala ukuvakashela odokotela ngenxa ukugula okungalapheki emva osenyameni phakathi nesikhathi salotshwa, okuyinto kwabangelwa ushevu MIC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlekelele Bhopal isibe inhlekelele real semvelo. Ubuthi anobuthi wonke imvelo eminyakeni ezayo. Inkampani oluphethe simila ikhokhwe imali eningi ukuze izisulu, kodwa ngeke ulungise lutho.

Plant Ngemva kwaleyo ngozi,

Ngisho ngemuva kwesigameko, inkampani yavalwa ngokushesha. It liqhubekile kuze Ukuwohloka amasheya MIC. Ngo-1986, kwakusekhona ifektri ivaliwe futhi imishini ithengiswe. Kodwa akekho ngisho wazama aluqede ngokuphelele endaweni eyingozi. It nje yaphenduka imfucuza yokulahla ikhemikhali anobuthi ukuphila wonke umuzi. Kuze kube namuhla, ngesikhathi isitshalo amathani angaphezu kuka-400 ezinobuthi, okuyinto ukungena phansi wenze asihambisani amanzi kanye nokudla otshalwa ukuphuza. Ngo-2012, iziphathimandla Indian unqume ukulahla imfucuza, kodwa kuze kube manje kuphela izinhlelo.

Ngakho, abesabekayo kakhulu inhlekelele indoda-okubangelwa Bhopal inhlekelele (India) ubelokhu emlandweni wesintu. 1984 kuleli zwe liye laba uphawu sokufa. Ngisho ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu nemiphumela yengozi olufanele sonke isibalo sabantu bendawo.