Bank "Izimali Nezikweletu": izinkinga. Izinkomba zamakhasimende eBhange

I-"Finance and Credit" yaseBhange ibhekene nenkinga isikhathi eside. Ngaphambili, kwakungenye yebhange elikhulu kunazo zonke, futhi namuhla seliye lahlehla emlandweni. Inkinga ukuthi uhulumeni wenqabe ukusekela umsebenzi wezikole zezezimali. Futhi ngoMnu. Zhevago lesi sifiso selokhu sinyamalale. Umlando ohlakaniphile wezimakethe ezinkulu zezimali, owaqala ngo-1990, usufinyelele ekupheleni kokuwa kuka-2014.

Ukuvakashelwa emlandweni, noma ukuthi umbuso weZhevago uvele kanjani

Amagatsha ebhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu" ngonyaka odlule wasebenza ngempumelelo kulo lonke elase-Ukraine, ehlinzeka ngamasevisi aphezulu ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhasimende. Umlando we-giant yemakethe yezezimali yaqala ngo-1990, lapho iBhange likaMbuso wase- USSR libhalisa ibhizinisi ngokuthi "i-Ukraine Commercial Bank yebhizinisi lokubambisana". Abanikazi abasha besikhungo banikeze inhlangano yezezimali igama elisha ema-90. Lapho ebhekene nabasunguli abasha ngaleso sikhathi, abameleli bama-Ukraine "abayisikhombisa abahle kakhulu" bakhulume:

• V. Medvedchuk.
• Abazalwane i-Surkis.
• V. Zgursky.
• Y. Karpenko.
• B. Gubsky.
• I-Yu. Lyakh.

Yilabo ababenesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi bangasindisa kuphi imali yabo, abayitholile, ngokubamba iqhaza emiphramidini enkulu kakhulu yezimali esikhathini esidlule esibizwa ngokuthi "u-Ometa 21". Yile ndlela i-"Finance and Credit" yaseBhange eyaziwayo evele ngayo ezweni lonke, ekhanda lapho kunqunywe khona ukubeka iKonstantin Zhevago, bese isengumfundi olula.

Izenzo ezisebenzayo

Kusukela emaminithi wokuqala okukhona kwe-version olusha yebhange, ikhanda laqala ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo, ukusebenzisa indlela yokudala ekuphatheni isakhiwo sezimali esikhulu. Namuhla, ibhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu" - ukuphazamiseka, futhi ngaphambi kokuthi abe ngumthengi omkhulu wamasheya abizayo nezinsika ezinkampanini ezihlukahlukene zase-Ukraine. Ubuholi besikhungo bakwazi ukuheha i-capital angaphandle. Umtshali-zimali odume kakhulu ngu-I. Bakai, owenze iqhaza elikhulu ekuguqulweni kwesikhungo sasekhaya e-mini-switzerland. Ku-akhawunti yesakhiwo sezezimali, iminikelo yabaphikisi bezombangazwe, amaqembu ezimboni, nezinhlaka zobugebengu nezigebengu ezihlangene zaqhubeka ngokuthula. Naphezu kokungasebenzi kwezikhungo emkhakheni womphakathi, ukubamba iqhaza okuncane emisebenzini ye-interbank kanye nokubolekisa abantu ngabanye, kukwazi ukuhlala njalo kuphezulu kwesilinganiso se-NBU. Ngokuqondene nebhange "Izezimali nekhredithi", izinkinga ezaqala maduzane, kuze kube yilapho umzuzwana ungabikho ukubuyekezwa okungahambi kahle nezitatimende.

Izinkinga zokuqala

Ngenkinga yobunzima bokuqala, isakhiwo esikhulu sezezimali sehlangene nengxenye yesibili ka-2008. Kwakungaleso sikhathi ukuthi ukuqhuma kwengcindezi kwahlasela u-Ukraine. Ngalesi sikhathi ibhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu" ngaphansi kobuholi obuqinile beZhevago buphenduke isakhiwo esivamile sokuhweba esasikhonza iqembu lezinkampani zekhanda. Kwakuhlanganisa amabhizinisi okungenani angu-60 namafemu. Yilezi zinhlangano zeZhevago ezaziyizimbangi ezinkulu zezimali zekhasimende , futhi zithola ezithakazelweni ezithakazelisayo kunazo zonke nasemibhalweni ekhangayo. Singasho ukuthi ibhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu" (liqhuma cishe kuphela ngonyaka ka-2014) wabeka ingozi ngamabomu, engozini ukugcwaliseka kwezibopho zalo kumakhasimende. Ngonyaka wezi-2008, izikhungo eziningi zezezimali zibhekene nobunzima, kodwa hhayi abaningi abathola ukwesekwa okuvela kwiBhange likaZwelonke. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi ingxenye yengonyama yenhloko ehlinzekiwe yachithwa ngempumelelo ekucatshangweni ngaphakathi kwemakethe yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe.

Ukushona kuka-2009: izifiso zamuva

Intwasahlobo ka-2009 yaba yingozi ebhange. Konke kwaqala ngezinkinga emabhizinisini afana ne-AvtoKrAZ, okwakhiqiza ukukhiqiza ngaleso sikhathi ngezinyanga ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, kanti uKyivmedpreparat, okuvumela ukuthi kube nokuzenzakalela kwezobuchwepheshe ezibolekisweni ezikhishwe, ezithembisa ukuzenzakalela kwangempela. Kwakukhona nobunzima eStakhanov Carriage Works, ehluleka ukuthola imiyalo ka-2009. Zonke lezi zimabhizinisi kwakuyizindawo zikaZhevago. Ngokwehlakalo esingahambi kahle, ngasemaphethelweni okuzenzakalelayo ngaleso sikhathi yiBhange Yezezimali Nezikweletu, amagatsha awo asebenze ngempumelelo kulo lonke elase-Ukraine.

Ubani okufanele ibhange libe nobani?

Isikhungo sezezimali asikwazanga ukubuyisela imali kubantu ngabanye kuphela, kodwa nokuboleka imali eyizigidi ezingamaRandi ezingu-70, okwathatha kuzo izakhiwo ezifana noRaiffeisen Zentralbank, Standard Bank kanye neBVB Bank. Ibhange lihlulekile ukukhokha ngisho nenzalo kumalimboleko. Iphothifoliyo yesikweletu yaleso sikhathi yayihlanganisa imali engama-35% wemali mboleko yokubolekwa kwempahla, eyayingama-4.85 billion hryvnia. Esikhathini esibucayi esasikhona ngaleso sikhathi, lesi sigaba semalikweletu sathunyelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo esigabeni sabanethemba. Ochwepheshe bebhange bahlola lesi simo futhi bamemezela ukuthi ukugcina lesi sikhungo sidinga ukuba kusetshenziswe imali engama-5,5 billion.

Ikhambi lesikhashana lezinkinga

Ubuholi bebhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu" (Kyiv) ngoMashi 2009 inquma ukucela uhulumeni usizo emhlanganweni ongavamile. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi imenenja yalesi sikhungo yayihambisana nephini labantu kusukela eqenjini le-BYuT futhi lenza njengesixhasi esikhulu kunazo zonke kuleli bhulogi, isinqumo seKhabinethi yabaNgqongqoshe asizange nje sibe nesimo esihle, kodwa futhi siphuthuma kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ibhange "Izezimali kanye nekhredithi", ezinkinga zabo azizange zifinyeleleke, ziwela kuhlu lwezikhungo eziyisikhombisa zezezimali ze-Ukraine, ezithathwe esabelweni sezimali sikahulumeni. Qaphela ukuthi izimali ezingasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga ngokufaka imali kanye nokukhokha kwediphozi, zahlelwa kwesinye isiteshi. Namuhla, i-"Finance and Credit" yaseBhange ivaliwe ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi senkinga, izimali zamahhala, okungaba yizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-300 zamahhala, zaqaliswa ukuboleka ku-AvtoKrAZ naseKherson Cardan shaft plant. Isikweletu sasiyizinyanga ezingu-63 ku-14% ngonyaka, lapho imakethe inesilinganiso esijwayelekile sama-26.4%.

Ukuxoxisana nohulumeni nesinqumo esingalungile

Ngemuva kokuthola izimali ezivela kuhulumeni kuma-akhawunti asebhange, ukuthengwa kwangempela kwaqala. IKhabhinethi YabaNgqongqoshe yaqala ukufuna ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izikhungo eziwela ezikhungweni eziyisikhombisa ezinenhlanhla ukuze ziphinde zifake isimo mayelana no-75% wamasheya. Futhi ngisho nemfuneko yaphakanyiswa ukuthi ebhange le "Finance and Credit" ukuphathwa kwesikhashana kuzothatha indawo yokuphatha okwamanje kuze kube yizinyanga ezingu-12. Abaphathi besakhiwo sezimali bavunyelwe ukudlulisela ama-50% kuphela amasheya futhi banikeze imvume yokwethulwa komphathi wokuphatha abasebenzi.

Ukwenqaba ekusizeni kombuso

Ukusekelwa kusuka kumbuso sekuphelile lapho inqubo yokubuyiswa kabusha izuza ifomethi ephathekayo. Abaphathi bebhange benqabe ngokuphelele usizo oluvela kuhulumeni. Ngemuva kokuthi iBhange likazwelonke lase-Ukraine linikeze cishe i-hryvnia 2.5 billion ukusekela isakhiwo, uZhevago uthe uzoqhubeka nokubhekana nezinkinga zakhe. Umphumela waleso sinqumo esiyinqaba kwakungenakwenzeka isikhungo sezezimali ukwenza izinkokhelo zamaklayenti, ukungakwazi ukubuyisela ama-deposit kubantu ngabanye, imigomo ephelelwe yisikhathi. Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi ibhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu", ezinkinga zabo ezikhungathekiswa yibuholi ngokwalo, liyaqhubeka nokuqondisa zonke izimali ezikhona njengemali mboleko kuma-akhawunti wezinkampani zeZhevago. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezehlakalo, okuvele kuhambise ukukhangisa, kuqhubekisa umphakathi ukuthukuthela futhi kungaholela ekunganeliseki okukhulu nemibhikisho. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezinkinga, isikhungo sezezimali sinikezwa cishe ngezikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-119 zamahora kanye nama-akhawunti angama-217 wamanje.

Qaphela, u-scammers

Namuhla, abantu abaningi bathi ibhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu" lihlehlisiwe, kodwa lokhu akuvimbeli isakhiwo. Ngokusanda kudala, umkhankaso omkhulu wokukhangisa wasungulwa, abantu abaningi abakholelwa. Yanikele ekunikeleni "i-Big Seven" ngenani elihle lezinzalo. Kuyinto engavamile, kodwa ngesizathu esithile akushiwo ukuthi ekuqaleni kuka-2015 amagatsha amaningi ebhange (angaphansi kuka-80) ayeke ukuba khona. Okungenani ama-20% wabasebenzi base bexoshiwe kakade. IPhini likaNhloko yezikole lalinomthelela wokusho obala ukuthi inhlangano yezezimali ibhekene nobunzima futhi ngesikhathi sokulahlekelwa kuyokwandiswa kuphela. Lokhu okungenani kwakufanele kusimise uhulumeni wase-Ukraine.

Yisiphi izimali kanye namakhasimende athi

Amakhasimende kanye nezitatimende zebhange, ezigcinwe ngazo ngonyaka ka-2015, abakwazi ukuthola imali yabo. Ukungahambisani kahle kwenzeka emagatsheni amaningi. Abasebenzi bebhange "Izezimali Nezikweletu", ukuphathwa okwesikhashana lapho kungakaze kwenziwe khona, kuqhutshelwa isikhathi eside esizimele. Uma kungakapheli usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwediphozi elibikezelwe kusengaphambili, namuhla alusebenzi. Naphezu kokutholakala kwezimali ebhokisini lebhokisi, akekho onika imali ezandleni. Abatshalizimali abajabula kakhulu yibo abaphumelele ukuthola okungenani ama-20% omnikelo wabo. Intukuthelo yemisa ayishintshi isimo. Phakathi kwalabo abahlukumezekile kukhona nabomama abangashadile, abantu abakhubazekile, nabafundi abavamile. Lokhu akuthinti iqiniso lokungakhokhi. Kwamanye amahhovisi, ukuvikelwa kuye kwavela, okuthatha amaklayenti avela emabhange afuna imali eyakhe. Ngaphambilini, lo mkhuba awuzange usetshenziswe.

Akukhona konke okulahlekile, kukhona ithuba elincane

Naphezu kokuthi ibhange lihluleka ngokuphelele ukufeza izibopho zalo kumakhasimende, abaphathi bayo bayaqhubeka nokuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvuselela kabusha. Ngomhlangano ka-Mashi 23, kunqunywe ukwandisa inhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe yesikhungo ngokukhipha amasheya ebhange ngenani lika-UAH 616.4 million. Ngenkathi ibhange "Izezimali kanye nekhredithi" ingakaqali ngokuphelele, futhi kusekhona ithemba elincane. Ukuhoxiswa kokuqala kwamasheya emakethe kwaletha u-22% ku-capital capital ogunyaziwe (3416.4 million hryvnia). Umhlangano olandelayo wabanikazi bamasheya uhlelwe ngo-Ephreli 27, 2015. Izobala ngokusemthethweni imiphumela yomsebenzi ngonyaka odlule we-2014. Udaba lokuvuselelwa kwezixhobo zikahulumeni luzocatshangelwa. Ngokwezibikezelo zokuqala, "Izezimali kanye Nesikweletu" kanye nebhange (i-Kharkov igatsha elibandakanya), elizobe lathola usizo kumlawuli ngokulinganisa u-UAH 700 million, okumele kusize ukufeza zonke izibopho zokubeka imali. Isinqumo singenxa yokuthi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezimali 4% yazo zonke izimali zebhange e-Ukraine kanye no-2% wazo zonke izimpahla zezwe zigxilwe. Inhlangano yesikweletu ngokwayo ingokwesigaba sokuqala.

Yini engavimbela izinhlelo ezinhle?

Kuyinto engacacile ukusho ukuthi i-"Finance and Credit" yaseBhange ivaliwe, ayivumeli iqiniso lezenzo ezisebenzayo ezandleni zabanikazi bamasheya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunenye iphuzu elithakazelisayo elingadlula zonke izinhlelo zokuphatha ezihlakaniphile. Inkampani uCargill yakhansela enkantolo yeNbuso yaseNew York ngesicelo sokuvimbela ama-akhawunti wabhalisa. Isicelo sanikwa ngokushesha kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwalolu daba. Isikweletu sama $ 44 million namuhla sixhomeke phezu kwesakhiwo "sezezimali nezesikweletu." Ibhange (Kharkiv, Kiev kanye namanye amagatsha) uthembisa ukulungisa kabusha lesi sikweletu. Ukuphathwa kugcizelela ukuthi akwenqabe ukufeza izibopho zayo kunoma yiziphi izikweletu. Kwaphakanyiswa ukuxoxisana ngenhloso yokuxazulula le nkinga. Njengoba lesi simo siqhubeka, akuyazi, abatshalizimali bangalinda kuphela futhi banethemba lokuhle kakhulu. Ochwepheshe, bathambekele ekubikezelweni okungalungile, akukhiyi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhoxisa isakhiwo sezimali kusuka enkampanini esesigxilile futhi isinxephezelo esigcwele sokufaka kumakhasimende ngamunye.