Amabhange Systemically ezibalulekile: ohlwini. amabhange Systemically ebalulekile Russia

Amabhange njengoba uhlobo izinhlangano kwezohwebo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinendima ebalulekile emnothweni, futhi ngakolunye - esimweni izimpawu izitayela crisis - zingase zithinteke kakhulu kunezinye ngenxa izimo ezithintekayo ezimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, bangase babe, esikhundleni salokho, kuwumthwalo emnothweni kazwelonke at the ophumayo crisis. Kodwa amandla wombuso - ukuvimbela it. Ngakho, Central Bank of the Russian Federation banquma ukwenza uhlu esimeme kakhulu ebhange izikhungo zezimali, kangcono kunenye evikelwe emiphumeleni izinkinga, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngeke kuphela kube umthwalo ngebhajethi, kodwa futhi ukukhuthaza ekhishwa emnothweni kazwelonke yesimo esinzima lapho okwamanje . Yikuphi izikhungo zezimali afakiwe kulolu hlu?

Ingqikithi amabhange systemically ezibalulekile

amabhange Systemically ebalulekile Russia - siyini lesi sakhiwo? Le nkulumo ibhekisela kwekulu credit izikhungo lapho, ngenxa yokuthi ukuhambisana labo noma kunezinye izici, izimpawu uyobhekwa njengonokuqonda Kumqoka kakhulu emnothweni isimo. izinkomba okunjalo kungahlanganisa ukubaluleka ofeleba asebhange, degree of khona ezindaweni, kanye izibalo ezisemqoka esimweni sezimali isiyonke isakhiwo.

Nokho, le ndlela yokunquma olusemthethweni, ezingeni iziqondiso, isalinde ku Russian Federation. Ngakho-ke, uhlu oluthile amabhange systemically ebalulekile - njengokungathi, isibonelo, ukunyatheliswa ngo-July 2015 Central Bank of the Russian Federation, kwakheka ikakhulu ngesisekelo izindlela zangaphakathi izilinganiso Regulator. Zezindawo zezemfundo efanele nakho kungaba, isibonelo, ama-ejensi kohlaziyo - ezifana "I-RIA Isilinganiselwa".

izithakazelo uhulumeni

Nokho, kunobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi nenqubo ekufakweni amabhange systemically ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo kungenziwa kuvikelwe ezingeni zomthetho. Lo magazini, njengoba abahlaziyi uqaphele, saveza emazingeni ahlukahlukene wokubonisana emakethe yezimali Russian Federation. amabhange Russian kumelwe labizwa ngokuthi systemically ezibalulekile - uma sikhuluma uhlu enyatheliswa Central Bank kungenzeka ukufanela ukuthola ukwesekwa isimo uma kwenzeka zinhlekelele - isibonelo, uma kuyagcinwa nezinkinga zezimali. Ngakho, iziphathimandla Kungenzeka ube nentshisekelo nokugcina ukuzinza credit nezinye izikhungo zezimali ngenxa yokuthi zona, neqhaza ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinza komnotho iyonke.

I yazisa isilawuli

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ngo-2013 Central Bank ishicilele incwadi ezithakazelisayo - ecacisa iphrojekthi nenqubo for ngezigaba amabhange ezibikiwe ukuba systemically ebalulekile. Lo mthombo wawuthi uhlu amabhange systemically ebalulekile Russia kungenziwa amisiwe okusekelwe ukubaluleka amafa zezikhungo, isabelo imali, kanye ukubaluleka izimali abathintekayo nezinye izinhlangano zezimali. neziphakamiso ezihambelana zazisekelwe nenqubo ye-Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, kanye angaphandle ochwepheshe iseluleko. Kulokhu, ukusebenza kwezezimali we Central Bank kufanele kuhlaziywe, njengoba kubalulwe emqulwini womthetho we-Draft, ngesisekelo ukusebenza yesikhungo eminyakeni 3.

Siyazi futhi ukuthi ngo-January 2014 Central Bank ekhishwe isiqondiso ngesisekelo zoMthetho okuyinto obekumele ukuchaza uhlu amabhange systemically ezibalulekile. 2014, njengoba kuphakanyiswe abanye ochwepheshe elalibhekwa njengelinye-aspect nokuhlola ukusebenza - ngakho ngaye ohlwini olufanele alikakashicilelwa. Nokho, kukhona iphuzu okuphambene umbono. Ezinye izazi ziye zasikisela ukuthi lo nyaka lapho Central Bank izokhipha uhlu lokuqala amabhange systemically ezibalulekile ngo-2014 ngandlela thile kuyoba ngenxa Amathrendi ezibucayi kanye nesidingo ukuchaza uhlu esitebeleni kunazo izinhlangano credit. Nokho, Central Bank ubumbe ohlwini esihambelanayo weemali kuphela ngoJulayi 2015.

amabhange Systemically ezibalulekile ngokuvumelana CBR

Cabanga-ke, yini manje Central Bank inike systemically amabhange ezibalulekile. Uhlu lufaka Russian ezinkulu 10 ebhange yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali.

okungukuthi:

- Sberbank - ibhange elikhulu kunawo wonke Russian Federation;

- VTB - esingesesibili ngobukhulu amafa yasebhange ye Russian Federation;

- Agricultural Bank;

- Raiffeisen Bank;

- UniCredit;

- Gazprombank;

- FK "Ukuvula";

- Rosbank;

- PSB;

- Alfa Bank.

Njengoba izazi zisanda kuhlola kulolu hlu? abahlaziyi Market bakholelwa ukuthi Central Bank obubekwe ngaphambili futhi sibandakanya uhla amabhange systemically ezibalulekile, sisonke, kunengqondo. Ochwepheshe abaningi, isimiso, phambi Umlawuli wenze lolu hlu, wasikisela ukuba lezi zokuthenga ngesikweletu kanye zezimali ngeke angena kuwo. Nakuba, uma kuphela ngoba kulezi zikhungo - kwekulu eRussia ngokuya amafa. Zinqwabelanisa bangu-60% we-Russian yasebhange dolobha.

Isimo sokunquma kusukela Central Bank

Lokho Central Bank kulindeleke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukushicilela nenqubo ngesisekelo okuyinto sezihlonziwe amabhange systemically ezibalulekile, uhlu esesiye sacabangela ngenhla. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, wathi abamele Umlawuli in a interview nabezindaba. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ezinye nenqubo litholakale emphakathini manje - uma ukuhlola ulwazi ukukhishwa press of the CBR. Ngakho, omunye wabo wathi Okthoba 1, 2015 ekunqumeni amabhange systemically ebalulekile izodingidwa kube inkomba yokuthi ukubaluleka zezimali yesikhashana. Izimfuneko ngenxa yeqhaza layo yenu kuyovumelana kancane kancane ukwandisa. It ekuqaleni lokucabanga ngesilinganiso 60%, kodwa 2019 ke kuyomelwe babe 100%.

It is eyaziwa ukuthi Central Bank ngo-2016 uzomisa izimfuneko dolobha isebenza - ngokuhambisana nenqubo ukuthi kunqunywe izincomo Basel. Isibalo elihambisana ibhekwa enhlokodolobha eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo ukuze offset ukulahlekelwa uma kwenzeka esimweni esibucayi njengoba, kwakuyodingeka ibe 0,625% maqondana amafa isisindo engozini. Minyaka yonke, umbandela iyoba ngokuya elawula. Ngu 2019, amabhange uzodinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi sesikhashana dolobha enanini 2.5%.

representativeness elikhulu

Kungase kuphawulwe ukuthi ecacisa ukuthi ufisa ukuchaza amabhange waseRussia systemically ezibalulekile, ngo-2014, kwathiwa ukuthi inani lesikweletu nezinye izikhungo zezimali ekhona luhla kumele lufake phakathi okungenani 80% wemakethe Russian kwempahla yasebhange.

Kule ndaba, abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi ohlwini lokuqala systemically izikhungo ebaluleke kuyoba azungeze 50 izinhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi enengxoxo abameleli nabezindaba Central Bank ngo ekwindla ka 2014 yabika ukuthi isimo ezifanele kumele bathole amabhange 19, ukuqongelela, esikhundleni salokho, ama-70% dolobha emakethe kazwelonke.

Tindlelanchubo nokuhlolwa amabhange systemically ezibalulekile

Ngakho, sabuka zindlela eziningana ukuthi zinqunywa amabhange systemically ezibalulekile. Basuke efakwe, eyakhiwa Central Bank, siphinde wahlola. Bathini abameleli izikhungo zezimali kanye emakethe abahlaziyi ekutheni ukwakha uhlu elihambisana nezimiso ekuwulungiseleleni?

Ngakho, iphuzu ezivamile buka, owawuthi isimo ukubaluleka letindzala ebhange - akusiyo kangaka inketho njengoba umthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe. Credit Iinhlangano zezimali, okuyinto bamamukela ukuba balungele ukufeza izibopho - ezihlobene kokubili isinqumo izinkinga zasekhaya kwezomnotho isimo, kanye iqhaza nokuxhumana ngamazwe. abameleli Central Bank wagcizelela ukuthi amabhange okwakusemhlabathini uhlu systemically ezibalulekile akufanele ngokungenamibandela ancike uxhaso kuhulumeni. A indima ebalulekile ekungisizeni ukuba baxazulule izinkinga kungenzeka isikhungo, njengoba kwaphawula u-abaphathi phezulu Central Bank kufanele ukudlala abanikazi bamasheya.

Indlela Ukwahlukaniswa amabhange ohlelweni: Isazi okuhlaziya

Yini ochwepheshe abathi mayelana eshicilelwe okwamanje nenqubo Central Bank lapho amabhange ihlukaniswa njengoba systemically kubalulekile? Ngakho, abahlaziyi kahle kakhulu ukuhlola isinyathelo we Central Bank ngo ukukhanya izidingo emnothweni isebenza. Nokho, ochwepheshe abaningi banesithakazelo, ngokusekelwe kulokho yezizathu ibhange central usetha irekhodi imakwe yithi ngenhla.

Ngokusho abanye abahlaziyi, i umbandela ebalulekile kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda ukuzinza yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali Russian kufanele kube izinga ukuphathwa. Uma ibhange iholwa abaphathi abanekhono, kuba noma kunjalo kwandisa amathuba ayo okuphumelela ekunqobeni esibucayi, kanye ukubulawa kwabo imisebenzi ehambisana umnotho wezwe, ochwepheshe bathi.

ngelinye ilanga abaholi

amabhange isiRashiya, okwakwenza Central Bank ngo uhlu systemically ezibalulekile, nazo yakhelwe ukuthi ibe isibonelo kwabanye, kungenzeka ukuncintisana izikhungo zezimali, wathi abahlaziyi.

Ngomqondo onabile, ukuthembeka kwabo emehlweni Russian abahlanganyeli credit emakethe ayikwazi ngemibuzo, ochwepheshe bathi, kodwa izinhlangano ezincane ukuziphilisa, kungaba kuhle ukuba bakwazi ukubona, ngenxa okuyinto amabhange enkulu ngokukhethekile bayatfutfuka ngempumelelo nangendlela eyakhayo esikalini umlamuli. Kule ndaba ukushicilelwa Central Bank of uhlu oluphelele sokunquma ekulinganisweni credit nezinye izikhungo zezimali ohlelweni angase abe isisusa abalulekile ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kohlelo yasebhange iyonke, abahlaziyi bathi.