Kumiswa, Indaba
Andrew Bogolyubskii: portrait zomlando. Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii: phakathi nokubusa, biography okufutshane
Uma sikhuluma emlandweni wezwe lakithi, bese awunazo nosaziwayo. Kwamanye ngokuzithandela abantu abazanayo cishe wonke umuntu, kodwa umuntu asazi lutho ngempela. Yini kubahlanganisa wukuthi ezimpilweni zabo baba nomthelela omkhulu ku ukuthuthukiswa Russia. Enye yalezi nezibalo Andrew Bogolyubskii. portrait zomlando lithi bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye ungumuntu ohamba phambili kunabo.
isifinyezo
Kungani kubaluleke kangaka ngoba umlando wezwe lethu esizayo Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii? portrait ongokomlando uthi kwakuhlangene abantu kwaba sibalo ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezingokomoya eminyakeni 1160-1170, wazifunga yena, lokhu awugcinanga ngokuba nesandla ekwakheni enamandla uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu (kusayithi wangaphambilini we Rostov izigodi kakhokho wakhe, uVladimir Monomakh), kodwa futhi kuvulwe edolobheni laseVladimir-ku -Klyazme maphakathi impilo wezombangazwe nezenkolo Russia. Ngakho, Nibavakashela kule "iposi" Kiev.
Izenzakalo isikhulu ukubusa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi uVladimir
Iqiniso awakwenzayo nangendlela ayephila ngayo Andrew Bogolyubskii (biography iDemo sinikezwa lesi sihloko) kuze 1146, asazi lutho. Kodwa kukhona imibiko ethembekile ukuthi ngemva 1130 washada indodakazi inqwaba wohlanga olukhulu. Lesi sakamuva zangishiya yakhe emlandweni ngokuba umnikazi we Holdings enkulu ezweni ngasogwini lomfula eMfuleni eMoscow.
Uyise, Yuri Dolgoruky, njalo wafuna ukubusa phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi Kiev. Futhi ibhaxa elula ngokushesha wethulwa. Ngo 1146 Kiev wamenywa ukubusa Izyaslav Mstislavovitch ukuthi beze Dolgoruky umshana. Yaqala ukulwa enenkani onamandla, owawenza akuzi nje wonke amabutho zezombusazwe eRussia, kodwa ngisho nabasePoland nase Cumans, ungalokothi siphuthelwa ithuba imali iphele inhlokomo yokuhlabelela esilandelayo.
Yuri kabili wakwazi ukuthatha edolobheni, kodwa kabili ukuthi ube nethuba axoshwe khona. Kuphela 1155, lapho Izyaslav wafa (cishe 1154), wakwazi ekugcineni niwunqobe Kiev. injabulo yakhe akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside kakhulu: imisebenzi isikhulu yena kudlulile e 1157. Andrei kulo sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili uye wazibonakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe isibindi sakhe engenakuqhathaniswa. amathalente akhe empi futhi ingqondo kohlaziyo ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa ziye inkonzo enhle kuyise.
ukubukeka lokuqala isimo kwezombusazwe
Ngokokuqala ngqá abasha Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii (Biography emfushane egcwele zikhathi) uveta ngokucacile ngokwaso eshiwo ngenhla 1146, lapho nge Rostislav, umfowabo, Prince Rostislav sidilize (Izyaslav sizana) capital lalo. Lapho Dolgoruky futhi ithumba Kiev, Andrew uthola isipho esivela kuye Vyshgorod (eduze Kiev).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhuphuka uyise emkhankasweni ngokumelene naseVolyn edolobheni, is diki of Izyaslav. Ngezinye Lutsk, owahlala uVladimir (umfowabo Izyaslav), yena wacishe wabulawa kakade 1149. Prince is ngakho wathwalwa yizingelosi ukushushiswa izitha, okuyinto engqabashiya kude amadoda akhe. ihhashi walimala, kusukela ezindongeni zomuzi emjikijela ngamatshe, futhi abanye druzhinnik ezisindayo uVladimir kakade readied umkhonto abamhlaba Andrei.
Peacekeeping Andrew
Ngemva ukuvinjezelwa Lutsk Izyaslav waqala zicele ukuthula. Ngoba nje Dolgoruky walalela ngokubona indodana yakhe, kepha kakhulu abathandanga ukuxabana ngaphandle, lesi sivumelwano sokuthula sasayinwa.
Vele unyaka owodwa Izyaslav futhi bakwazi ukungena e Kiev ngenxa yokuthi abantu bakuleli dolobha elise kuye. Wabaxosha Dolgoruky, Prince akazange ufuna ukumisa khona sabe sesinquma ukuhamba ekhaya, namadodana akhe. Wanquma ukuqala Rostislav, ngaleso sikhathi, waba ngukumkani Pereyaslavl. Kodwa mina ngiza kosizo Andreya umfowabo. Ndawonye yakwazi idolobha tinuous. Dolgoruky wabuye wahlala phansi futhi, ngosizo Prince Volodimirka, kabusha ethumba Kiev. U-Andrew wabelwa ukuzivikela ku Peresopitse okungase ukuvikela ngempumelelo emngceleni kusukela naseVolyn.
Izyaslav wathumela kuye zithunywa imiyalelo kuBaba ngesipho emalokishini yakhe umshana "ka Gorin." Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, u-Andreya ayikwazanga ukuthambisa kuyise, yena kakhulu othukuthelela Izyaslav. Wayesebiza usizo izizwe abantu Ugric, ngayo nefunda ngayo, futhi ngosizo asebenzayo abantu Kiev, waphinda wakwazi ukuthatha edolobheni nokubekezela. Yuri waphoqeleka ukuba siphumele e Gorodets-Öster, lapho Andrew kufika nje.
ukunqotshwa Dolgoruky
Ngo 1151, Yuri aya empini futhi, lapho u-Andrew uthembele kuboniswe isibindi akukho okuncane kunakwezinye ukuvinjezelwa Lutsk. Nokho, kwaba konke ngeze, amabutho Dolgoruky anqotshwa. Wayelethwa ivinjiwe Pereyaslavl Izyaslav, ngakho waphoqeleka ukuba afungele ukuba umshana wakhe ukuthi waives imfuno kuya Kiev, ezithembisa ngenyanga ukuya Suzdal. Andrew, e nesiko lako nokuthula, ngaso leso sikhathi waya ku Suzdal esithandayo, ngemfudumalo enxusa uyise ukulahla empini zobuwula saba abangenangqondo, futhi silandele isibonelo sakhe. Amajaji Nenkani zazenzela omunye umzamo ukuze uthole isizinda kuleli Kiev emhlabeni, wahlala phansi edolobheni, kodwa Izyaslav futhi waphula, aze asongela ngisho ejele, wakwazi ukuthola umalume wakhe ukushiya.
Umsebenzi Suzdal sobukhosi
Ngo 1152, u-Andrew eyayihilelekile umkhankaso kayise emzini Chernihiv. Lo mcimbi sasiyingqayizivele Dolgoruky ephethwe ukubeka ngaphansi banner zayo kuphela eziningi izikhulu isiRashiya, kodwa Polovtsian futhi azihlanganisa. Kodwa idolobha waqinisa squad akakwazanga ukuthatha njengoba Izyaslav Mstislavich layilamula we ovinjezelwe. Lapho 1155, Yuri kwaba esakwazi anyukele sobukhosi Kiev ekugcineni, wahlala phezu wokubusa Andrew e Vyshgorod. Kodwa isikhulu abasha akakuthandanga lezo zindawo, kodwa ngoba ukhathele embangweni engapheli, ngaphandle intando kayise waya Suzdal. Emazweni ebhodini Andreya Bogolyubskogo kwaholela kwavela ubukhulu esisha nesinamandla kakhulu.
wokubusa Greater (1157-1174)
Ekhumbula ezimpini ezichitha igazi obhubhisayo isimo, okuyinto lakhipha uyise ekuqaleni Andrew Bogolyubskii (wokubusa - ne 1157 i 1174) wonke amabutho ethunyelwe ukudalwa umbuso uqinile futhi. Around 1161 uyakwazi ukuzibamba kokuhilizisana eziningi Yurevich junior, ngalinye elikwazi wafuna abuse yedwa.
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho luhamba bonke abafowabo abancane, unkosikazi Dolgoruky kanye Umthala nezinye izihlobo eByzantium, lapho bathola isiphephelo nesivikelo kusukela uMbusi Manuila mina Komnina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Prince waxosha cishe zonke boyars kayise, okhombisa ngokucacile esikalini Amazing izinguquko ezenziwa kubo.
Ubudlelwano kanye nebandla
Ngalesi sikhathi, ukushayisana kushunqe uthuli umbhishobhi Rostov Leon (m) th, lapho isikhulu ephakathi kwengu-1159-1164 kabili waxosha emzini. Isizathu sokuba anjalo ubutha isikhulu esivuthayo a zenzisa ngaphezulu, isonto, umbhishobhi kwaba isifiso ukungena umkhuba WaseByzantium. A yasekhaya Politika Andreya Bogolyubskogo asikaze sibe khona isifiso athambise isandla.
Sikhuluma ukuqedwa langalezo izikhundla Russian ngoLwesithathu nangoLwesihlanu, uma lolo suku uwela isonto noma iholide elikhulu. Bishop ngokumelene "kwenkululeko" enjalo ngolaka wakhononda. Isendlalelo ingxabano kwaba ngokunembile iSonto, akudingekile ukubona kuwo ngomzamo inselelo ubukhulu isikhulu waseByzantium: ezimpini ezinjalo ngaleso sikhathi zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseRussia, base bazibandakanye hhayi kuphela Andrew Bogolyubskii. Kafushane ezichaza, kuthathwa ngokuthi nokugasela ngamandla kwalesi ukuphikisana futhi wanikeza nesimo esinzima isonto nezombangazwe eRussia ngaleso sikhathi.
Iqiniso lokuthi Andrew kunqunywa sina ukuhlukanisa Metropolitan of Kiev kusukela Rostov. Isikhulu kubeka ku ozithandayo Rostov archdiocese sakhe umBhishobhi Feodortsa ukuthi kwaba ephikisana nenqubomgomo Kiev hhayi kuphela, kodwa Rostov abaholi besonto. Yiqiniso, u-Andrew wathola ungaphumeleli waseConstantinople uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Luka Hrisoverga. Nokho, ngokuzimisela efanele futhi iqhaza ngobuqotho Isonto Wezindaba Prince unikwe imvume yokudlulisa sokuhlala of ibandla nombhishobhi uVladimir.
Kodwa kwakwenziwa lokhu kuphela 1169. Ngenxa ezinye ukungavumelani elibukhali Feodortsem, Andrew Bogolyubskii ithumela ukuthi ekhatsi Kiev, lapho umbhishobhi wangaphambili ngesihluku ababulawa.
ukwakhiwa ezigodlweni
Ubukhosi nobuhle angcwele avela amathempeli ujenga ke kubonisa ngokucacile ukuphakama zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni phezu namahlelo yobuqaba. Andrew Bogolyubskii eyakhelwe hhayi kuphela isonto - wakha sisekelo lesicinile zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni elizweni lakibo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, konke kuye kwaba neqhaza imfundo we Rostov-Suzdal. amanxusa abaningi bakwamanye amazwe njengoba owayephila wabhala, "kodwa ngibona istinnoe hristyanstvo futhi obhapathiza." Ngamafuphi nje, u-Andreya waba futhi isithunywa sevangeli abanamakhono abasizileko shift omkhulu zabantu Lobu-Orthodox. Ibandla Kuyaqapheleka. Ngakho, lo mfanekiso Andreya Bogolyubskogo ethumba isethi izithonjana isikhathi.
Kodwa isikhulu wayengekho umambuli abashisekayo, owayehlala todvwa ezindabeni eliwumhlaba. Okokuqala, siye kakade waveza ukubaluleka wakha amathempeli kwezemfundo. Okwesibili, ukwehluleka yesonto emazweni ngaphambili ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele, Andrew nomthelela ukuhileleka kwabo ngokugcwele emisebenzini yezomnotho. Iqiniso ukuthi Templars eqoqwe izintela ngokuphelele, bese-ke kubo ingcono kakhulu nakubabusi bezwe imbala. Ekugcineni, sibonga ngobuqotho mlando wezinguquko.
Lokho Andrew Bogolyubskii, ngesikhathi okubusa kwakhe wabhekana nezenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile, evunyiwe ku Rostov ubukhulu ngaphambilini zemihla, okwakuthatha esebenzayo ingxenye izindela of kweNyuka Cathedral. Kukhona nokucabanga arguable ukuthi waba nengxenye ekudalweni kwazo Charter of St uVladimir, okuyinto kuze kube namuhla, ngesisekelo amadokhumenti amaningi esonto.
Ukuqinisa ukubusa Vladimir
Ungacabangi ukuthi Andrew Bogolyubskii kwaba ngokuphelele elingenalo amandla izifiso. Ngakho, wasebenzisa indlela yamaRoma yokubusa eziningi yezinguquko yakhe kwaba ikusasa ukuvelela uVladimir ubukhulu. Zonke kuhlala isidingo kucabangela amandla yayo Novgorod futhi Kiev. Lapho isikhulu, wayebuye sezombusazwe abanamakhono, wakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga nezikhulu Ryazan, kodwa ubé namasosha akhe athembekile, iqhaza kuyo yonke imikhankaso lempi ubukhulu Vladimir. Jabulile ngempumelelo, Andrew Bogolyubskii iqala kwesokudla ukugxambukela ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe i Novgorod ezimele, befuna izikhulu zakhe lapho ebekwa olumnandi kuphela kuye izikhulu.
Lapho 1160 esihlalweni sobukhosi Novgorod nemizana Svyatoslav Rostislavich, owayeneminyaka mathupha nobutha Vladmirskomu Prince, izakhamuzi Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii uthumele umlayezo isobala: "Yiba wena uyazi: Ngifuna ukubheka Novgorod ezinhle futhi eligadulayo." Novgorod bagcwala amazwi ezimbi, Svyatoslav kanye axoshwe wahlala wokubusa Mstislav oza Andreyu Bogolyubskomu umshana. Kodwa ngo-1161 uyise Svyatoslav wabuyisana Andrew, + futhi bebonke + futhi wabeka ukubusa Novgorod isikhulu ababedingisiwe. Akumangazi ukuthi ibhodi Andreya Bogolyubskogo kwaholela ingxabano bakhe nezikhulu eningizimu kweqiniso usmotrevshimi ke nathi ngqo ukuzimela.
Ukunwetshwa ayezozibusa
Ekupheleni kuka-1160 i-izithakazelo isikhulu wawanika okungaphezu kwalokho ezweni lakhe. Uma kwakuba khona isivumelwano esikhethekile, okuyinto delimit kwemikhakha ithonya phakathi izikhulu ezahlukene, kungazelelwe yavela ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ukuthi preponderance samandla ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe likhombisa akaphakeme uVladimir ubukhulu phakathi nokubusa Rostislav Mstislavovitch Smolensk (umzala Andrew). Ngu lokhu kwaholela abanekhono Politika Andreya Bogolyubskogo.
Mashi ku Kiev
Ibutho eqinile futhi abanolwazi nge ehlobo wathatha Kiev (Andrew Bogolyubskii kwadingeka edolobheni eziningi akhawunti yomuntu) 1169, futhi "isichotho Stolny" laphangwa bahlanza. Nokho, akekho besho nokusho ukuthi abantu Kiev, ngaphambi njengoba nje nabo waphinda, nesimo esisha isonto. Iqiniso lokuthi Metropolitan uConstantine II uvinjelwe inkonzo Kiev-Pechora wesigodlo of Polycarp ezasekela "unogada" Andrew ekhumbulekayo ingxabano. Ngemva kokunqotshwa Kiev sakhe sobukhosi wafakwa nomfowethu omncane Andrew Gleb Yurievich. Ngaleso sikhathi, ke wabonisa ngokucacile yokuthi Kiev isibe ilawulwe edolobheni. Ngakho, inqubomgomo Bogolyubsky yathela izithelo.
umkhankaso Novgorod
Ebusika 1169-1170, kwenziwa umkhankaso wokulwa Novgorod. Kwakuhlangene empambana izithakazelo principalities ezimbili kule Dvina, ngaleso sikhathi lwalunamandla colonialist ukunwetshwa. Empini ye Suzdal-Vladimir ibutho wahlulwa. Kukhona legend ukuthi Novgorod wakwazi ukuvikela kuphela ngokusebenzisa lokulabhela eziyisimangaliso Blessed Virgin Mary yi- isithonjana "Ngena". Ukuze kuhlonishwe lokhu isithonjana mcimbi ngesineke "Impi Novgorod futhi Suzdal."
Nokho, Novgorod kasisizi kakhulu. Ngemva konyaka, ngonyaka ebusika 1171-1172, baphoqeleka ukuba baqaphele amandla Prince uVladimir. Kwakuhlangene yokuthi amabutho akhe babemane ivinjiwe supply yokusanhlamvu kusukela eningizimu. Ngo 1172, phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi Novgorod wafakwa Yuri, indodana ka-Andreya. Ngokushesha waqaphela amandla Rostislavichi ayewenze nabase Bogolyubsky umbimbi lempi. Ngakho, ngesikhathi i-angaphandle Politika Andreya Bogolyubskogo isibe okufana kakhulu ukuziphatha kukayise, Yuriya Dolgorukogo.
Inkinga leBhodi
Ngaleso sikhathi, endaweni uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu yandile kakhulu kusukela empumalanga ngezithukuthuku amazwe ka iVolga Bulgaria (ngemva kokwakhiwa Gorodets-Radilov). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunwetshwa kwakubangelwa ukubusa kulezi zindawo enyakatho. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuba liyobamba Zavolochye (Dvina).
inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle
Izazi-mlando zithi kuye kwaholela lokhu isimo umsebenzi uqobo Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Permanent ingcindezi ezempi kanye nezezimali kwaholela yokuthi ubuhlobo kwesikhulu kanye izikhulu acasuke. Futhi kumayelana hhayi kuphela boyars of Rostov, kodwa abantu abathembekile isikhulu uVladimir, ayivusa isigaba serviceman. Ngokushesha isihlakazeka elala Rostislavovich. Andrew benza ukulahlwa esishoyo ukuthi umfowabo Gleb anobuthi, kanye ngokuthi amagama ezinye Kiev boyars, ababehileleke kulo. Prince Rostislav edingekayo ukukhipha eshiwo ku yokulahlwa abantu.
Kodwa bathola ukuthi lezi zinsolo, ayinakusho okwanele ke engamlaleli oda. Angry, Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii wabayala ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni imizi lapho abuswa ngentando yakhe. Prince Roman balalela, kodwa abanye ababusi bakhubeka. Bathumela umyalezo Andrew, okuyinto waveza ngqo isimo sakhe sengqondo esihle maqondana, kodwa waxwayisa ngokuthi bebengayikuba ukuya Prince uVladimir empini, uma eqinisela ukwenza abaphoqe ukuba bamlalele.
Kwakungekho impendulo. Khona-ke Rostislavichi ethumba Kiev, baxoshwa khona Bogolyubsky mfowethu, Vsevolod, wahlala kokubusa komfowabo u-Rurik. Omunye umzalwane, u-Andreya, UMichael, owayedla wavinjezelwa e Torchesk, wenza nabo isivumelwano union, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo zabuzwa ukuthi ngaphansi ingalo wakhe bathuthela Pereyaslavl.
Ukufunda lezi zenzakalo, abafowethu bathumelelana umsebenzi Bogolyubskii Rostislavich inxusa, ngubani waphinda wawanika imiyalo yakhe ukuba bawushiye lowo muzi ngaphansi kokubusa zabo, futhi uye "ekhaya lakhe." Ngemva Mstislav leyo nhlanhla, ngingowokuqala izikhulu, wayengekho ejwayele zithuthumele, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngaphambilini phuca isithunywa nalyso futhi washefa. Wayala ukuba adlulisele Andrew: "Kuze kube manje siye ahlonishwe njengalokha ubaba ... kodwa uma uthumela kimi emva izinkulumo ezinjalo, ngendlela uNkulunkulu uyozahlulela kithi." Abaphila Besikhathi Prince bafakaza bathi Bogolyubskii scary face mnyama lapho ezwa la mazwi, bese wokuba sihlangane ibutho elikhulu (50 ayizinkulungwane) bese uya Mstislav Vyshgorod.
portrait Social Andreya Bogolyubskogo sikhathi uye washintsha esivusa amadlingozi: esikhundleni wokuthula futhi inqubomgomo olunembile uvele kanzima futhi sibalo ngesihluku lapho zonke izici kuyabonakala kayise azikhukhumeze. Ekugcineni, kungcono nomthelela omubi ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe ubukhulu.
Ukulahlekelwa ithonya
Prince Andrew ilahlekelwe ngokuphelele ithonya lawo e ababusi eningizimu. Kodwa labo bekungenjalo bushelelezi: ngonyaka owodwa nje izimpahla zabo baqala inhlokomo ezihambisana nokushona Kiev esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa ngoba Rostislavichi wathumela izithunywa Bogoliubsky ukuze simcela sobukhosi Kiev Prince Roman. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi eyayingase iqedwe izingxoxo, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi Andrew Bogolyubskii, portrait zomlando okuyinto sikunikeze kulesi sihloko bayafa.
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