Amaphrofayli Soil: izinhlobo nezincazelo

Izimpawu nenhlabathi ukuze anqume value abo awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ukutadisha amaphrofayli inhlabathi. Kuyini futhi yiziphi izinhlobo amaphrofayli, ukufunda lesi sihloko.

iphrofayli umhlabathi

Inqubo kumiswa nenhlabathi kuthinta umzali idwala izimayini, lapho inhlabathi izakhiwo ziyahlukahluka ohlangothini mpo. Kukhona ushintsho njalo lichaza ekwakheni inhlabathi ebusweni ukuze ekujuleni Bedrock, elingazange kuthinte inhlabathi kumiswa inqubo. Kwenzeka kancane kancane. amaphrofayli Soil akhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya ezinye izinto. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko:

• Izinto ngokufaka thwi enhlabathini emkhathini noma ngaphansi komhlaba. ukunyakaza kwabo kuxhomeke ohlotsheni kumiswa kwenhlabathi kanye inzuzo eminyakeni nezinkathi.
• Ukusatshalaliswa mpo impande izinhlelo izitshalo ezihlala kule izilwane inhlabathi, nezilwanyana ezincane.

Zonke khathizwe kwenhlabathi iphrofayli kuhlobene. Kuqondane ukuthi izingqimba zenhlabathi ezahlukene babe izakhiwo ezifanayo futhi izici.

amaphrofayli Soil: isakhiwo

Inhlabathi izingqimba kushintshana thwi, kukhona inhlabathi umkhathizwe. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-futhi izakhiwo ziyahlukahluka. Inhlabathi khathizwe ezenzeka ngokulandelana enye ngemva kwenye - iyona amaphrofayli inhlabathi. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-sicaciselwe nhlabathi ngamunye.

Isakhiwo iphrofayli inhlabathi eduze okuhlobene inqubo engokwemvelo kumiswa nenhlabathi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwezolimo. Inhlabathi zamatshe izinhlobo ezahlukene azigcini nje ngokuhluka izici izakhiwo, kodwa futhi kwengoma. Amandla umkhathizwe kunqunywa ngokwezinga mpo. Khathizwe main:

• I humus umhlabathi.
• Horizon ushintsho kusukela esandulele ungqimba olandelayo.
• Asendaweni (umzali impahla).

iphrofayela elula

Isakhiwo iphrofayli umhlabathi sihlolisisa ilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Simple isakhiwo umhlabathi izinhlobo Iphrofayela elandelayo:

• Lwasekuqaleni - amandla ezingeni eliphansi, indawo yomsebenzi uyidwala umzali.
• ukuthuthukiswa Akuphelele - njengengxenye yale iphrofayela konke khathizwe ejwayelekile kwenhlabathi. umkhathizwe ngamunye amandla aphansi.
• Okuvamile - libhekene zonke khathizwe kwakhiwa ezakhini zofuzo. Amandla eyinqaba neerodirovannoy inhlabathi.
• Kahle umahluko - khathizwe kumakwe kahle.
• Siyabhubha noma kwaluqeda - libhekene ukubhujiswa izingqimba engenhla kwenhlabathi.

iphrofayela eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izinhlobo iphrofayli umhlabathi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona okulandelayo:

• Relic - etholakala kusukela kulolu iphrofayela bangcwatshwe khathizwe namaphrofayela nenhlabathi Paleo. Ngo ngezithako zawo angase abe iminonjana inhlabathi kumiswa lasendulo.

• polynomial iphrofayela - elakhiwe lapho ukuqhela lithological, ngaphandle kokuhamba kwezakhi zenhlabathi.
• Polycyclic - lasungulwa ihlobene sebethule gqwa materials akha inhlabathi: umlotha wentaba-mlilo, umfula alluvium inzika umlotha.
• Siyabhubha noma nabokhulumile - libhekene kumiswa izinhlobo ezahlukene: yemvelo noma emishinini. Esimweni sokuqala nendima eyadlalwa ezibangelwe umuntu, okwesibili - zemvelo, lapho iyiswe aphansi khathizwe ebusweni.
• KaMose - libhekene singahlanganiswa ezilandelanayo kumiswa khathizwe ukujula. Ukushintsha khathizwe usula kwenzeka njengoba iphethini KaMose.

Isakhiwo sephrofayela izimo inhlabathi ukwakheka

amaphrofayli Soil ziyahlukahluka. Kuye inhlabathi kumiswa nqubo, aba lahlukaniswa izinhlobo:

• Uhlobo lokuqala libhekene kumiswa nenhlabathi ngaphansi wokuwasha, ngokuthi eluvial, futhi umphumela umswakama emkhathini. Inzika kuyoshaya ukugeleza phansi izinhlayiya inhlabathi siyiswe ezansi, futhi izakhi zamakhemikhali.
• Incazelo iphrofayli lakwa uhlobo lwesibili has izici zayo siqu. Lolu hlobo isakhiwo kuyisici sobuntu nenhlabathi hydromorphic, okuyinto akhiwa umswakama lapho ngokweqile. Ukwakheka nenhlabathi ezithinta amanzi phansi, okuyinto ahlanganiswe ungqimba inhlabathi.

Isakhiwo amaphrofayli ukujula

Kuye ukusatshalaliswa izinto ezahlukene: limestone, humus, Gypsum, amaminerali, nosawoti, ukujula ungabahlukanisa amaphrofayli inhlabathi:

• Accumulative - inhlabathi phezulu iqukethe esincane izinto: kulapho, kulapho bayoba ezincane.
• Eluvial - Inani izinto kwandisa ne ukujula.
• Ukungcola-ekuqongeleleni - izidakamizwa aqoqana kusukela amanzi phansi, okuyinto zitholakala ezansi noma phakathi iphrofayli.
• Eluvial-umahluko - kuyize zanqwabelana ungqimba engenhla, futhi kwezinye izingqimba - eningi.
• Undifferentiated - ketshezi isakazwa nombala phezu yonke iphrofayela.

khathizwe Profile

Futhi isehlane khathizwe ezinkulu ezintathu efana:

• Peat, organogenic. Ukwakheka kwabo kwenzeka phezu at umswakama njalo ngokweqile. Sici sici eyinqaba ukulondolozwa izinto eziphilayo lapho aziguqulwa ku humus futhi hhayi ashiswe. On indlela yokwakheka Peat utshani, ukhuni, moss, ulele, lezihlahla noma oxubile. Izinsalela imvelaphi isitshalo angeke zibekwe, ngokwengxenye walondoloza futhi zibekwe ngokuphelele.

• Imfucumfucu ugodo - lesi sendlalelo ocebile izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Amandla akhe ifinyelela ngamasentimitha amabili. Siqukethe isitshalo izinsalela agcinwayo ifomu sokuqala, kancane noma ngokuphelele humus.
• Wapheka ungqimba - lokhu umkhathizwe ebusweni. Ukwakheka kwabo kwenzeka ngaphansi izitshalo herbaceous. Iningi ivolumu izimpande izitshalo.
• Humus umkhathizwe - iqukethe amaphesenti 15-35 izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Kungaba akusenjalo noma ube izaqheqhe isakhiwo. Umhlabathi wakhona omnyama, mazhuschayasya ayegcwele amanzi.
• Horizon tillable - lasungulwa ihlobene ukucutshungulwa humus noma izingqimba iyini imbangela yalokho.
• Horizon humus - Kumiswa phezu uba nombala omnyama, iqukethe amaphesenti 15 udaba eziphilayo.
• umkhathizwe Eluvial - ezakhiwe ngaphansi khathizwe organic. Inhlabathi olumhlophe, elicwengwé.
• Mineral umkhathizwe - endaweni ka lasungulwa - engxenyeni phakathi iphrofayli. Mhlawumbe illuvial, Solonets, carbonate, usawoti, Gypsum, noma oxubile.
• umkhathizwe Gley - ibizwa ngokuthi amaminerali. Ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ngesikhathi eside ungenzi noma unomphela ngokweqile umswakama kanye ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Isici kunina kuyinto coloration buthuntu. Kungaba okwesibhakabhaka, aluhlaza-grey noma umnqumo shades.
• Umzali impahla - elinesimo degree eliphansi ukuchayeka izici elimazayo kwetinhlavu nenhlabathi.

umbala inhlabathi

Inhlabathi umkhathizwe sici eyinqaba ezifana umbala walo, okuyinto incike indlela yokwakheka inhlabathi futhi izinqubo lasungulwa.

• mhlabathi omnyama. Lokhu umbala igama ompunga amnyama kanye nenhlabathi konsundu. umbala kangakanani kuncike ekutheni okuqukethwe humus noma umquba. Lapho ngakho enhlabathini, lo mnyama umbala. inhlabathi Black anganika compounds kwezinye amaminerali ilahle imisuka ehlukahlukene.
• inhlabathi White futhi yimuphi omunye umbala amathoni ukukhanya. umbala okunjalo kunikeza phansi limestone, Gypsum, asebenza ngebhethri, nosawoti encibilikayo, feldspar.
• inhlabathi Red yilapho ngaphakathi it aqoqana yensimbi oxide. I coloration onsomi etholwe ngenxa okuqukethwe eliphezulu oxide manganese, ophuzi - yensimbi hydroxides.
• Inhlabathi ngenxa yemibala yawo imibala eluhlaza, eziluhlaza kanye green. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inhlabathi iqukethe ayoni yensimbi kwakwakhe. Okuqukethwe kwalo emhlabathini - phetho ubunjalo izimo anaerobic (umswakama ngokweqile).

Uyini umthamo we umkhathizwe?

Lokhu ubude ukujula yayo mpo ebusweni ukuze okuvela umzali idwala. izinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi zinamandla ahlukene. Ngokwesilinganiso, ke zokhahlamba kusuka amane ukuze ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu ngamasentimitha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izimo ezinzima kwemvelo, inqubo inhlabathi kumiswa kuthinta engxenyeni engenhla idwala. Amandla inhlabathi enjalo ifinyelela amabili amathathu ngamasentimitha. Ezindaweni asemaqeleni ngaphansi Grassland aminyene - ababili noma anamakhulu mathathu.

Amandla khathizwe ngabanye ukwahlulela amagugu inhlabathi. Ngakho, ungqimba obukhulu humus elinesimo wekhasi izinto ezinkulu futhi elution ababuthakathaka. nenhlabathi Podzolic abampofu izakhi, ngakho bathatha ezinenani elincane.

chernozems

Lona inhlabathi evundile kakhulu. inhlabathi Black esikhathini esidlule kwamiswa kusukela obukhulu utshani ikhava, okuyinto singafi minyaka yonke, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya a zasehlobo ezifudumele ukubola ukwakha humus, okuyinto isikhathi eside buthelela. Okwamanje, inhlabathi cishe black eshayisa. Iphrofayela Humus inhlabathi ngokohlaka olulandelayo:

• asemaqeleni Ngilubone, amandla 3-4 amasentimitha.
• Wapheka - umthamo salo 3-7 amasentimitha. It has a grey umbala izinsalela efile noma ephila imisuka okusanhlamvu. Lesi sendlalelo singafaka kudingeka sihlakulelwe noma nenhlabathi intombi.
• I humus umkhathizwe - amandla ayo 35-120 ngamasentimitha. It has a grey umbala umfaniswano umbala. Izici iphrofayela mhlabathi omnyama umhlaba e oyiyo. Kuyinto luyimbudumbudu futhi ngamandla. The main isici - okuzala.
• umkhathizwe zesikhashana ka humus ungqimba olandelayo. umthamo salo 40-80 amasentimitha, umbala - sinombala-grey, iyunifomu, izindawo ebonakalayo futhi streaks of humus. It has a anolaka, isakhiwo lumpy.
• Lolu hlobo umkhathizwe has subtypes. Ezinye zazo ungabahlukanisa illuvial- carbonate umkhathizwe ngemibala sinombala-ophuzi, futhi isakhiwo prismatic. Inhlabathi umkhathizwe kukhona nje molehills. Bagcwala mass brown ivela umkhathizwe elele engezansi. Kwenzeka ukuthi wormhole egcwele phansi umbala omnyama kusukela khathizwe engenhla.
• Rocks ukwakha inhlabathi. It has a olumhlophe noma ogodweni umbala ophuzi kanye isakhiwo prismatic. Inhlabathi ekujuleni ezahlukene libhekene nosawoti carbonate Gypsum.

nenhlabathi podzolic

kwakhiwa Soil iphrofayli umhlabathi podsolic ngaso nomswakama eliphezulu. Ejwayelekile sazo izinhlobo ezahlukene kwezimila. Izici kwenhlabathi Iphrofayili podzolic inhlabathi asidi. Ngakho-ke, ngabo kuba microflora kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa mibandela ukuze iqhaza izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo izinsalela kwamazinyo izinqubo. Horizons iphrofayela nenhlabathi podzolic zimi kanje:

• Imfucumfucu - amandla ngamasentimitha amabili.
• Kahle isitshalo ukubola uhlala.
• Ukufakwa ngendlela mycelium. umbala inhlabathi ukukhanya brown.
• Lumpy noma pulverulent inhlabathi isakhiwo nge umbala brown amnyama.
• Humus-ekuqongeleleni ungqimba amandla amathathu ngamasentimitha.
• ungqimba Podzolic ngamandla efanayo.
• Inguquko kusuka variegated Umbala ungqimba amandla ngamasentimitha amahlanu.
• ungqimba Illuvial, umthamo wayo - 20-120 ngamasentimitha.
• Isendlalelo we indaba umzali.

Lolu hlobo inhlabathi endle abe okuzala ongaphakeme, humus ungqimba nhlobo inhlabathi yokusabela ene-asidi. Podzols musa ungamunca umswakama, hhayi kuphela ocebile izakhi, esithinta isitshalo umsoco futhi ukukhula.