Amandla esikhathini esizayo: okuyiqiniso kanye nempumelelo. Imithombo yamandla eminye

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi imithombo esetshenziswa abantu namuhla ngokuqinisekile sokukhiqizwa kwayo esizayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kungaholela hhayi kuphela amandla, kodwa izinhlekelele zemvelo. Ngokwesiko esetshenziswa abantu izinsiza - amalahle, igesi namafutha - kuzophela ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa, futhi izinyathelo okudingeka zithathwe manje, esikhathini sethu. Yiqiniso, singakwazi Ngethemba ukuthi sizokwenza futhi ukuthola ezinye idiphozi ocebile, kanye nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kodwa ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi onjalo ezifakwa esikhulu manje. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ngisho kokutholakala amasimu amasha ngeke kuphela alibale isidingo ngenakugwemeka ukuthola izindlela kute kukhicitwe emandla okunye, futhi ukushintsha ukuze ezivuselelekayo ezifana nokusebenzisa umoya, ilanga, zafakwa nesimiso, amanzi kwemali, njll, futhi ngaphezu lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uqhubeke ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe energy esisindisa.

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ezinye ethembisayo, e umbono wezazi yesimanje, imibono ngalo ozokwakhela kulo ikusasa amandla.

iziteshi solar

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu wacabanga yini ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa kwelanga namandla emhlabeni. Ngaphansi kwelanga ukufuthelana amanzi yomiswa izingubo zobumba phambi bakuthumela kuhhavini, Nokho, lezi zindlela angeke ngokuthi ngempumelelo. Eyokuqala yindlela lobuchwepheshe, okuyinto ukuguqula amandla elanga sekukhona ekhulwini le-18. Usosayensi French Buffon, okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa, lapho wakwazi ngosizo nesibuko esikhulu ngilugweda sezulu ecacile ukuze kuvuswe izinkuni ezomile kusuka ibanga-70 amamitha. compatriot lakhe, lo odumile usosayensi Lavoisier, ukusebenzisa lens ukuba agxilise ilanga Amandla, futhi eNgilandi wadala ingilazi we-lenticular wangakwesokunxele ukuthi ngokugxila yelanga elicibilikile yensimbi ngemizuzu embalwa nje.

Abathandi bemvelo olwenziwa ucwaningo ayebonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa amandla elanga emhlabeni kungenzeka. Nokho, iseli solar ukuthi ubezohlanganisa amandla elanga ibe amandla mechanical, esanda kutholakala, ngo-1953. It yadalwa ososayensi evela e-US National Aerospace Agency. Kakade ngo-1959 wokuqala ukusebenzisa i-solar panel ukuhlomisa satellite isikhala.

Mhlawumbe ngisho ke, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi amabhethri ezifana emkhathini kakhulu ngokuya phambili, ososayensi kwadingeka umbono yokudala isikhala izitshalo solar, ngoba ihora ilanga ukukhiqiza amandla kakhulu ngendlela lonke lwesintu ingadli futhi ngonyaka, ngakho ke kungani ukuyisebenzisa? Siyoba yini ikusasa amandla elanga?

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kubonakala sengathi ukusetshenziswa amandla elanga Luhle. Nokho, izindleko omkhulu isikhala isitshalo solar uphakeme kakhulu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyindlela isebenze. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha ngoba ukulethwa kwezimpahla bazothola emkhathini, kanye izinto ezintsha, ukuqaliswa iphrojekthi enjalo kwakuyoba nokwenzeka, kodwa asikwazi ukusebenzisa panel elincane phezu emhlabeni. Abaningi bayokuthi ukuthi kubi kakhulu. Yebo, kungenzeka owawusemzini womzalwane, kodwa amandla supply emadolobheni amakhulu, ngokulandelana, kumelwe abe isethi yama-solar panel, ubuchwepheshe uyobenza ephumelela kakhudlwana.

Uhlangothi kwezomnotho mayelana nodaba ukhona: yonke isabelomali uzohlupheka uma uzobe wajuba ukuhumusha wonke umuzi (noma izwe) kwi-solar panel. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kungadingeka abahlali basemadolobheni ukukhokha ezinye inani ukulungiswa, kodwa ukuthi icala ngeke bajabule, ngoba uma abantu babezimisele ukuhamba izindleko yalokho, besikwenza ngokwabo: ikhono ukuthenga i-solar panel isezingeni wonke umuntu.

Ngokuphathelene amandla elanga kukhona kokunye futhi okuyindida: izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ilanga Amandla ngqo ugesi Translation - akuyona into eyiyo. Namanje uye ayitholakalanga indlela engcono ukwedlula ukusebenzisa imisebe yelanga nokushisa amanzi, jikisa umusi nakho ushayela wokuphehla ugesi. Kulokhu, amandla ukulahlekelwa incane. Humanity ufuna ukusebenzisa "green" panel solar futhi esiteshini solar, ukulondoloza izinsiza emhlabathini, kodwa kule phrojekthi azodinga omningi izinsiza efanayo, kanye "non-imvelo" amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, solar amandla isitshalo nge endaweni engaba mibili amakhilomitha square isanda eyakhelwe eFrance. Ukwakhiwa izindleko kwaba abacishe babe yizigidi 110 euro, hhayi kuhlanganise izindleko ukusebenza. Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuphila izinto ezifana imayelana 25 iminyaka.

umoya

Wind energy - nazo esetshenziswa abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, isibonelo kakhulu elula iyona ngomkhumbi futhi windmills. Izigayo eziphendulwa umoya zisebenzisa namuhla, nemiphumela emihle ikakhulu ezindaweni imimoya njalo, ezifana ogwini. Ososayensi njalo ukubeka phambili imibono sendlela nesimanje amathuluzi ekhona yokuguqula umoya energy, omunye wabo - ngesimo elintantayo ophephela abaphehla ugesi abaphehla ugesi. Ngenxa ukujikeleza njalo bavele bakhethe 'hang "emoyeni ngaphakathi kwamamitha elingamamitha angamakhulu ambalwa ukusuka phansi, lapho umoya unamandla futhi njalo. Lokhu ongasiza kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, lapho akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa ezivamile ophephela abaphehla ugesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi abaphehla ugesi elintantayo ibe nendlu amamojuli inthanethi kwakuzokwenzekani ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwabantu World Wide Web.

Kwamagagasi futhi amagagasi

I boom e amandla elanga futhi umoya kancane kancane ezenzeka, futhi idonse isithakazelo abacwaningi kungenye wamandla emvelo. Okuningi uthembisa ukusebenzisa namagagasi. Kakade, lolu daba kade izinkampani engamakhulu emhlabeni wonke, futhi kukhona imisebenzi eminingana ukuthi ziye zabonisa ukuphumelela kwalesi indlela zokukhiqiza ugesi. Inzuzo phezu amandla elanga ukuthi ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi wokuhumushela eyodwa amandla kwenye sakugcina: kwakuza igagasi elikhulu olwandle uzungeza a ophephela oveza ugesi.

I "Oyster" - umbono setha olwandle phansi lomnyango ichopho, okuzokwenza ukuphakela amanzi ogwini, ngaleyo ndlela turning ophephela elula emifula. Lilodwa ukufakwa enjalo kwakungatholakala kutholakale ugesi endaweni encane.

Kakade e-Australia ngempumelelo wasebenzisa wave olwandle: emzini Perth kungeyona efakwe abasebenza ngalolu hlobo amandla. Umsebenzi wabo ivumela amanzi ahlanzekile kubantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi. amandla Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo umkhakha kungabuye kuhlanganiswe emkhakheni ukukhiqizwa energy.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla olwandle Kuthi ezahlukene kusukela ubuchwepheshe sasivame ukubona ezitshalweni emfuleni Hydropower. ngokuvamile HPP kuyingozi imvelo: endaweni ezungezile igcwele amanzi, wabhubhisa semvelo, kodwa izitshalo ezisebenzisa magagasi, kulesi sici, kuphephe kakhulu.

amandla komuntu

Omunye kumnandi kakhulu imiklamo energy ukusetshenziswa abantu bukhoma ungabiza kuhla lwethu. Umsindo emangalisa nokwesabekayo nakakhulu, kodwa hhayi konke scary. Ososayensi singalazisa umqondo wokobana inomboro ukusebenzisa amandla mechanical ezinyakazayo. Kuyinto kulezi amaphrojekthi ku Microelectronics kanye ne-nanotechnology kanye low power ukusetshenziswa. Nakuba kuzwakala sengathi utopia, akukho intuthuko yempela, kodwa liveza umqondo ithakazelisa kakhulu futhi akabashiyi izingqondo ososayensi. Vumelanani ngokuthi, idivaysi yakho ngeke elula kakhulu, ukuthi njengomntwana iwashi nge podzavodkoy othomathikhi lizokhokhiswa kusukela lokuthi inzwa wiring umunwe, noma kuthebulethi noma nje ifoni kuthé isikhwama uma uhamba. Ingasaphathwa izingubo, okuyinto ugcwele microdevices ehlukahlukene, kungenzeka ibe ugesi amandla ukunyakaza komuntu.

Ngo eBerkeley e Lawrence Laboratory, isibonelo, ososayensi baye bazama ukuletha ekuphileni umbono ukusebenzisa amagciwane ukuze sicindezele energy conversion ku ugesi. Nokho izindlela ezincane abasebenza ezinyakazayo, njengoba kukhona, kodwa ukugeleza kwalo buchwepheshe ayisethelwe. Yebo, global amandla esibucayi ngale ndlela ukubhekana: Bangaki abantu kuyodingeka "isinyathelo" ukwenza kube ukusebenza lonke isitshalo? Kodwa njengoba omunye izinyathelo asetshenziswe eziyinkimbinkimbi, imfundiso kuyinto ngempela abonakala engasebenza ngempumelelo.

Ikakhulukazi like ubuchwepheshe ukuze sibe abafundisi abaphumelela kanzima ukuze afinyelele izindawo, eziteshini polar, ezintabeni ehlathini, phakathi izihambi futhi izivakashi abangafuni njalo ikhono ukushaja igajethi yakho, kodwa ukuhlala uxhumene kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma leli qembu esimweni esibucayi. Zingaki izinto kungavinjelwa uma abantu bebelokhu ukuxhumana idivayisi okuthembekile okuyinto ozimele njalo "kusukela odongeni."

Hydrogen fuel cell

Mhlawumbe, umnikazi we imoto ngayinye, likhiphe ngesikhathi inani ukukhanya uphethiloli esondela zero, kukhona umbono wokuthi kuyoba indlela enkulu uma imoto siphela emanzini. Kodwa manje ama-athomu alo yawela emkhakheni Ngenxa ososayensi njengoba amandla kwangempela izindawo. Iqiniso lokuthi izinhlayiya hydrogen - igesi luningi kunawo wonke endaweni yonke - iqukethe omningi amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini ishisa igesi kunjalo akukho by-imikhiqizo, okungukuthi, sithola zokubasa kakhulu imvelo.

Hydrogen usolwa ezinye amamojuli of the ISS kanye shuttles, kodwa Emhlabeni ikhona ikakhulukazi ngesimo compounds njengamanzi. Eighties eRussia ziye ekuthuthukiseni izindiza ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen uphethiloli, lobu buchwepheshe ngisho elisetshenziswa umkhuba, futhi onobuhle zokuhlola zikufakazela ngempumelelo. Lapho i-hydrogen ahlukaniswa out, it is wathuthela fuel cell ekhethekile, ugesi lingatholakala elakhiwe ngqo. Lokhu akulona zamandla esikhathini esizayo isivele ngokoqobo. Lezi izimoto kakade kukhiqizwa futhi nenani kahle esikhulu. Inkampani Honda, ukuze agcizelele wonke jikelele koHlelo mthombo wamandla nemoto ngokuvamile, inhlolo-vo lapho umshini iye axhumene kunethiwekhi ekhaya kagesi, kodwa hhayi ukuze ukwazi agcwalisiwe. Imoto ingase ikuhlinzeke ngamanye amandla womzalwane ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, noma ukudlula ngaphandle refueling amakhilomitha cishe anamakhulu mahlanu.

I ethile kuphela lowo mthombo wamandla okwamanje - lena izindleko kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu ezifana izimoto eco-friendly, futhi yebo, linani lelincane hydrogen yokugcwalisa iziteshi, kodwa emazweni amaningi baye sele ahlelile ukwakhiwa yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane isivele uhlelo ukufaka engamakhulu iziteshi ukugcwalisa-2017.

umhlabathi ogangathwe ukushisa

Ukuguquka energy ezishisayo ku ugesi - luwumgogodla geothermal amandla. Kwamanye amazwe lapho kunzima ukusebenzisa kwezinye izimboni, isetshenziswa kabanzi ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, ePhilippines-27% wabo bonke ugesi ewela geothermal izitshalo amandla, futhi e-Iceland bangamaphesenti angu-30%. Ingqikithi le ndlela zokukhiqiza amandla ulula, lo mshini liyafana umusi injini elula. Ngaphambi kusolwa "echibini" magma kuyadingeka ukuze bayamba umgodi lapho amanzi akhishwa. Lapho contact ngamanzi le magma kukhanya kweso siguqulelwa umusi. It liphuma lapho buchitha ophephela mechanical, kanjalo ugesi.

Ibubulo le amandla Ngokuzayo ukuthola "egumbini" enkulu magma. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Iceland eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima ke kuphumelele: esikhipha magma ngesekhondi amanzi konke kuphendukile kwaba alayishiwe ku umusi lokushisa elingaba ngu-450 ° C., okuyinto umlando ngokuphelele. a umusi ephezulu Ukucindezeleka okunjalo uyakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwe-geothermal esiteshini izikhathi eziningana, bangaba Umfutho ukuthuthukiswa amandla komhlaba emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ayegcwele izintaba-mlilo futhi ezishisayo.

Ukusetshenziswa nuclear waste

amandla enuzi, ngesikhathi, wadala furor. Kwaze kwaba nje abantu abaqapheli ingozi egcwele imboni yezamandla. Izingozi ziyenzeka, kusukela izimo ezifanayo sonke sibhekana, kodwa ezingajwayelekile kakhulu, kodwa kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi avele ozinzile futhi, kuze kube muva nje, ososayensi akakwazanga ukuxazulula le nkinga. Iqiniso ukuthi uranium izinduku - bendabuko "fuel" amandla enuzi ingasetshenziswa ngo-% 5 kuphela. Ngemva ekuthuthukeni kwale ingxenye encane lonke core ithunyelwa "dustbin".

esetshenziswa Ngaphambili inqubo lapho izinduku bacwiliswa emanzini, okuyinto kubambezela neutrons, ngenkathi sigcina ukuphendula esitebeleni. Manje esikhundleni amanzi aqala ukusebenzisa sodium ketshezi. Lokhu esikhundleni ikuvumela hhayi kuphela ukusebenzisa lonke ivolumu uranium, kodwa futhi ukucubungula amashumi ezinkulungwane amathani kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi.

Uyokhulula iplanethi ka yenuzi kumosheka kubalulekile, kodwa kukhona omunye "kodwa" ubuchwepheshe uqobo. Uranus libhekisela izinsiza futhi alondoloza ezweni ezilinganiselwe. Uma yonke iplanethi ukuhumusha kuphela amandla ethathwe amandla enuzi (isibonelo, i-US izitshalo amandla enuzi ukukhiqiza 20% kuphela wezindleko ugesi ukusetshenziswa), i-uranium izinqolobane uzobe ukhathele kunalokho ngokushesha, futhi lokhu futhi kuzoholela esintwini yaya embundwini obumbi amandla, ukuze amandla enuzi siqala olwesimanje, kuphela sinqumo sesikhashana.

amafutha yemifino

Ngisho uHenry Ford, ngokudala "I-Model T", ilinganisela ukuthi kuyodingeka ukuba uthonye owakhiwa ngezitshalo. Nokho, lapho amasimu amasha uwoyela Kwatholakala, kanye nesidingo ehlukile imithombo energy sinyamalale amashumi ambalwa eminyaka, kodwa manje emuva futhi.

Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, ukusetshenziswa zemifino zokubasa ezinjengamalahle ethanol futhi biodiesel, anda izikhathi eziningana. Asetshenziswa njengezitolo ezimele ugesi, njengenhlangano ezama ukubuyisa okufakiwe kuze uphethiloli. Esikhathini esithile esidlule, amathemba iphinwe a unyaluthi isiko ekhethekile, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Canola". Kuyinto lungafanelekile ngokuphelele ukudla noma abantu noma izilwane, kodwa likwazi okuqukethwe aphezulu kawoyela. Amafutha kanye steel lokuveza "biodiesel". Kodwa lokhu isiko kuthatha isikhala esiningi, uma uzama ukhule isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukunikeza yokubasela okungenani ingxenye iplanethi.

Manje ososayensi bakhuluma ngani usebenzisa ulwelwe. okuqukethwe kwabo uwoyela ezingaba ngu-50%, okuzokwenza kalula ukhiphe namafutha, kanye nodoti zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela Umanyolo ngesisekelo okuyinto luyokhula ulwelwe entsha. Umqondo kubhekwa ezithakazelisayo, kodwa ukusebenza yayo ingakamiswa kungase kutholakale ukuthi kushicilelwe ucwaningo yimpumelelo kule ndawo okwamanje zishicilelwe.

Fusion yenuzi

umbuso wezwe Ikusasa, ngokuvumelana izazi zanamuhla, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ubuchwepheshe Fusion. Kuyinto, okwamanje, ukuthuthukiswa ethembisayo, okuyinto kakade usenikeze zezigidi zamaRandi.

Ngo amandla enuzi izitshalo ukusebenzisa division amandla. Kuyingozi ngoba kukhona usongo ukusabela engalawuliwe ukuthi ebhubhisa ophendulayo, futhi uyolokhu ebahola ukukhululwa izindodla izinto radioactive: mhlawumbe zonke khumbula yengozi eChernobyl amandla enuzi.

I ukusabela iArmagedoni Fusion, leli gama lisikisela, isebenzisa amandla eyakhululwa eMihlanganweni athomu confluence. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokungafani ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo, akuyona kwakhiwa noma iyiphi imfucuza enemisebe.

Inkinga eyinhloko iwukuthi Fusion okuholela kuyinto into kokuba lokushisa ophakeme, okuyinto kungalimaza lonke ophendulayo.

Lokhu zamandla esikhathini esizayo - engokoqobo. Futhi umcabango Akubukeki okwamanje eFrance lehle esiqaliwe ukwakhiwa kwalesi ophendulayo. Eziningana amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu atshalwe mklamo, okuyinto oxhaswe emazweni amaningana, phakathi lapho, ngaphezu EU, kuhlanganisa China, Japan, I-USA, i-Russia kanye nabanye. Ekuqaleni, ucwaningo lokuqala sele ahlelile bonyana uqale ngo-2016, kodwa izibalo luye lwabonisa ukuthi isabelomali sincane kakhulu (esikhundleni bhiliyoni 5 wathatha 19), kanye kwethulwa washukumiseleka eminye iminyaka 9. Mhlawumbe sizokubona eminyakeni embalwa, ukuthi uyakwazi Fusion amandla.

Izinkinga amathuba zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo

ososayensi Akukhona nje, kodwa futhi abalobi yesayensi, bazinika isikhathi esiningi imibono ukugcwaliseka esizayo amandla, kodwa bonke bayavumelana ubuchwepheshe ukuthi kuze kube manje akukho ukukhetha ungethele abasekele ngokugcwele zonke izidingo impucuko yethu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma zonke izimoto e-US izohambisa biofuel canola Amasimu ngatshala endaweni elilingana nengxenye yezwe lonke, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi izwe endawni e-United States akuzona eziningi kangaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube manje zonke izindlela zokukhiqiza amandla okunye - imigwaqo. Mhlawumbe ngamunye izakhamuzi abavamile ezisemadolobheni, ngiyavuma ukuthi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa imithombo ehlanzekile, evuselelekayo, kodwa hhayi lapho banike izwi izindleko inguquko esinjalo okwamanje. Ososayensi kusadingeka omningi kule ndawo. Ukutholakala kwezinto ezintsha, izinto ezintsha, imibono emisha - konke lokhu kuzokusiza abantu babhekane ngokuphumelelayo nesimo esibucayi zabo ezinde lamandla.

Xazulula izinkinga amandla planethi can izinyathelo kuphela esibanzi. Kwezinye izindawo, kuyinto elula ukusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa energy kusuka umoya, endaweni ethile - solar panel, nokunye. Kodwa mhlawumbe isici main ukunciphisa energy ukusetshenziswa jikelele kanye ukudalwa ubuchwepheshe energy esisindisa. Umuntu ngamunye kufanele aqonde ukuthi unesibopho iplanethi, futhi wonke umuntu kufanele ubuze umbuzo: "? Hlobo luni amandla ingabe ngikhetha sesikhathi esizayo '
Ngaphambi kokuvala kwezinye izinsiza, wonke umuntu kufanele kubone ukuthi uyidinga ngempela yini. Kuphela indlela olunzulu uzokwazi ukuxazulula inkinga amandla.