10 amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izintuthwane. Amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo kakhulu mayelana izintuthwane izingane

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi 100 edlule izintuthwane wayesenze amaphutha owakhiwe Umhlaba futhi cishe akukho zinguquko kwemvelo. Futhi namhlanje, lezi zinambuzane ezihambisana kubantu nomaphi lapho bekhona: emakhaya abo, besendleleni eya emsebenzini, eholidini, futhi zonke ngoba lingakanani encane kakhulu, bakha 25% wezinto zokubasa eziphilayo surface yomhlaba.

Nakuba kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-13,000 zinhlobo wabo, futhi lapho betholakala khona cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle Antarctica, abantu abazi zonke amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izintuthwane.

izinambuzane ikhuthele

Kukhona isayensi ukufunda olwenzeka endaweni kanye nendlela yokuphila kulezi izinambuzane, ngokuthi myrmecology. Kwamenywa ososayensi emhlabeni-class, eyaqala ngekhulu le-18, bazinikela ekutadisheni kwabo, kodwa kuze kube manje lezi zinambuzane kusimangaze ngekhono lakhe ziyakujabulela ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, imvelo kanye nekhono alulame ngokugcwele isiduli esikhulu yayo, ngisho noma ubhujiswe.

Ososayensi eqoqwe idatha zingahlanganiswa ku 10 amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izintuthwane, nakuba zinezikhwepha okuningi.

Eyokuqala Eqinisweni, okuyinto eziyizici cishe zonke izintuthwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala kuphi, okuyinto emangalisayo umsebenzi onzima. Owabona lesi senzakalo ngaphandle kungase kubonakale, ukuthi izinambuzane lihamba elingafani kusukela intuthwane egqumeni futhi emuva, futhi empeleni ngamunye wabo banemithwalo yemfanelo non-ukugcwaliseka okungase nalokuvalelwa, ngisho nesigwebo sentambo.

Ukwakhiwa esidlekeni, ukukhiqizwa zayo zokuphepha, nokuhlanzeka nokudla - akukuphela yemfanelo lezi zidalwa ezikhuthele. kwakheka isisekelo wekoloni is umndeni, ilungu okuyinto ngamunye bangabohlobo lombhalo ezithile.

umndeni formic

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izintuthwane ezimayelana isikhundla izinambuzane sabaphathi umndeni. Eyesibili nto, okuvumela leli butho ukuba khona iminyaka eminingi futhi ukuthi inwebe ubunikazi bayo.

Noma yimuphi intuthwane iqala nge inombolo encane ngabanye, okwandisa eziyizigidi eziningana, bangazihluphi indawo enkulu. Evamile, ozala lezi zinambuzane zingase podrazelit nabesifazane, abesilisa "sabasebenza kanzima."

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo emndenini izinambuzane hlala wonke umuntu kufanele enze kahle imisebenzi yabo - indlovukazi Ungase futhi ukubulala, kanye intuthwane isisebenzi. Konke kuncike nomqondo inzuzo futhi ukubaluleka ngamunye ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuqinisa ikoloni.

umehluko kwangaphandle phakathi yabalingisi ezahlukene ebonakaliswa khona amaphiko e abesilisa nabesifazane, futhi ukuntula kwabo ngabanye ukusebenza.

Indlela lokuzalwa futhi kuncike "umsuka." Ngokwesibonelo, indlovukazi izisebenzi azalwe elivundisiwe futhi abesilisa kusukela amaqanda unfertilized. Ngakho-ke, obomvu, obomvu izintuthwane omnyama 3 izigaba yokukhula - amaqanda, isibungu kanye isiphungumangathi. Ayikho amaqiniso kancane ethakazelisayo intuthwane ukuphila ezihlobene izindlovukazi yabo.

Life and nomsebenzi seNdlovukazi formic

Ngo warren ngamunye zingaba phakathi omunye queens eziningana, konke kuncike amakoloni eziningi. Esesithathu esibalulekile ekukhuleni kahle umkhaya - umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlaziya nabesifazane bayo. Okumangazayo yokuthi abashadile indlovukazi kanye kuphela, futhi isidoda etholwe kufanele kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, okuyinto Uthatha engu-12 kuya ku-20.

Ezinye intuthwane zinhlobo bomshado zesifazane nowesilisa, yalandela naye indiza kokuzalela, kuyilapho abanye kuziwa inqwaba yabesilisa. Emva kokukhulelwa, Queen ukhetha wakhe ukuhlala okufanayo intuthwane-amagquma noma ukuhlela esisha.

Endabeni kokushiya esidlekeni enendawo ukuthola hhayi kuphela zinendawo efanele lenhlangano koloni elisha, kodwa futhi wenza "Igumbi ukulethwa", okuzokwenza ukuhlehlisa iqanda lokuqala. Ukuze alondoloze impilo yakhe nabesifazane kwezinye zezinhlobo izintuthwane, kokushiya isidleke esidala, ukuhlela bese ukuthatha ukutshalwa engadini ezinhlamvu fungal, okuyinto batshala endaweni entsha. Aint it amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izintuthwane izingane?

Ikhono zikhule futhi atshale ukudla

Zonke 4 izinhlobo izidalwa ezisemhlabeni, "Izinkomo" ezifuywa ngamabomu futhi kutshalwa izitshalo lapho umkhaya sedentary alikho beswele - ke izintuthwane, mabhungane, umuhlwa futhi abantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo izinambuzane ngesipiliyoni eminye iminyaka eziyizigidi ezimbalwa kunabantu. Lona 4th kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa lezi zinambuzane.

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-izintuthwane ayibi kuphela amakhowe emasimini abo siqu, kodwa futhi ukubaphatha zinambuzane, okuyinto ngokwabo futhi 'bathele ".

Njengoba myrmecology inothi, kungakhathaliseki lapho izwe futhi lapho amazwekazi kukhona amakoloni ezintuthwane, bakwazi ukhule amakhowe, benza nse, nakuba ukuxoxa ngokuhlangenwe nakho nezisebenzi nomunye.

Kulezi amakoloni kokuba abasebenzi akhethiwe ngubani babekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi izinga zizalela kanye ukutshalwa amakhowe, okuyinto izintuthwane kakade abaqeqeshiwe babe "abafundisi" sabasebenzi abasha. Ucabanga ukuthi-ke? Cha, siyaqhubeka ukuxoxa okwengeziwe amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo mayelana izintuthwane izingane hhayi kuphela.

Ezemfundo abasha

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ngenxa izinhlobo eziningi izintuthwane ke wanquma hhayi kuphela ukwaba yemfanelo phakathi abantu abasebenza, kodwa futhi babafundise, zona nibe nabafundisi ekhethekile. Lena yokuthi 5th zokuphila lezi zinambuzane emangalisayo.

Njengoba myrmecology uthi izintuthwane Asizalwa amakhono ezithile namakhono ukuthi ukunquma umsebenzi wabo okunye isiduli esikhulu. Lapho isinambuzane likhula, ithunyelwa "lamabutho 'ukuba bafeze yimuphi umsebenzi ezifana yokuhlanza, ukuphepha, ukukhiqizwa kokudla kanye nabanye.

Ukuze ufunde umsebenzi ibeke namakhono emsebenzini, eziphindaphindiwe abasha yini umeluleki. Bafunda njengoba izinsana ezingabantu. Umsebenti ngamunye omusha - eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, futhi kunikezwa umkhuba wokusebenzisa amakhono odlule.

Kule nqubo, kukhona contact njalo phakathi intuthwane-ozoyisiza umfundi wakhe. Libuye amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izintuthwane, njengoba lokhu kuziphatha isici kuphela abantu futhi nezinkawu okukhulu. Ngokungafani esikoleni komuntu ukuthi labo kancane ukufeza izibopho zayo noma abakwazi ukubhekana nabo, ungashiyi kunyaka ozayo, futhi ithunyelwa kwamanye imisebenzi lapho kungaba wusizo ekoloni.

Breeding ezinye Ukudla izinambuzane

Iphuzu lesithupha ngumlomo futhi ikhono nokuzala ukudla kwazo. Kukhona amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana izintuthwane, ikakhulukazi esabalalisa aphid, izibungu futhi mealy izimbungulu.

abantu Oqeqeshiwe hhayi kuphela ziklaba "Izinkomo" zabo futhi distilled emadlelweni entsha, kodwa futhi ukuqoqa umpe zabo, esetshenziselwa ukudla.

Lesi sici kubaluleke kakhulu kuleli koloni, izintuthwane distilled 'umhlambi "yabo uma kwenzeka ukuhoxiswa kusukela isiduli esikhulu.

intuthwane izigqila

Ngenyanga yesikhombisa, futhi yesishiyagalombili, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo kakhulu mayelana izintuthwane, kufakwe umushwana esishoyo ukuthi bayizinceku futhi ezilwa. ezimbalwa kuphela zezinhlanzi izintuthwane wayekwenza ebugqilini, kodwa lathunjwa abaningana abasebenza ezithinta izimpilo amakoloni zabo.

Ngakho-ke kuyofikwa Eqinisweni 8th ukuthi izintuthwane ukuqhuba izimpi ukunqoba ukuze uthole ensimini yomunye umuntu, noma sebuningini yezigqila. Iziboshwa benza okufanayo njengoba e intuthwane-esentabeni yakhe, ukunikeza umsebenzi wokuphila abantu baso kuphela futhi ayibi ngenzalo yabo.

I-Cloning nokungcwatshwa

Akukho ngisho emhlabeni kwezilwane ukuthi ngabe wangcwatshwa izihlobo zabo ezase zishonile. Leli qiniso 9th ubeka izintuthwane eceleni abantu nezindlovu. zokuhlanza Special intuthwane eyenziwa izilwane zakhe efile futhi ibekwe ngaphandle kwezwe lakwa waleli qulo. Lesi isilinganiso sokuqapha izintuthwane enempilo musa sigule futhi ikhaya inhlanzeko.

Eqinisweni Weshumi yikhono esiyingqayizivele izintuthwane clone yena. Lena ejwayelekile, isibonelo, umlilo izintuthwane kanye "Amazons". amakoloni Lonke abesifazane zisebenzisa parthenogenesis nokuzala ngokwabo ngaphandle ukubandakanywa kwabesilisa.