Zingaki izingcezu in ibhayithi? Yiziphi izingcezu kanye bytes?

Zonke izithombe, amadokhumenti wombhalo kanye nezinhlelo zigcinwe kumemori ikhompyutha ngesimo izingcezu kanye bytes. Yiziphi iyunithi kulencane kolwazi, futhi bangaki izingcezu in ibhayithi?

Ukugcina idatha kumemori

inkumbulo Computer iqoqo elikhulu lamaseli ezigcwele amaqanda futhi abathandekayo. Cell - lena inani lemali elincane idatha ukuthi lungatholakala umfundi. Emzimbeni, kuba inhlamvu (e amakhompyutha zanamuhla). I-trigger lincane kangangokuthi kunzima ukubona ngisho ngesibonakhulu. Iseli ngalinye has a ikheli ahlukile lapho ithola eyodwa noma olunye uhlelo.

Ngaphansi iseli esikhathini esiningi ukuqonda ibhayithi olulodwa. Kodwa, kuye ngokuthi izakhiwo, kungaba hlanganisa 2, 4 noma 8 amabhayithi. Byte zobuchwepheshe beqonda sisonke, kodwa eqinisweni yakhiwa amaseli ngisho ezincane - izingcezu. I 1 ibhayithi kungaba encode yimuphi uhlamvu, ezifana incwadi noma inombolo, kuyilapho 1 kancane akwanele.

Abalawuli akuvamile bahlinza izingcezu ngabanye, nakuba kuyinto esicabanga kungenzeka. Kunalokho, kukhona isikhalo wonke amabhayithi noma amaqembu ibhayithi.

Kuyini kancane?

Ngokuvamile kancane ukuqonda ulwazi yokukala. ukuzimisela okunjalo akukwazi kubhekwe olunembile, ngoba lo mqondo ulwazi ngempela ukufiphala. Uma ukukhuluma kahle, bit - iyona incwadi zamagama ikhompyutha. Igama elithi "kancane" lisuselwa ngesisho sesiNgisi esithi "idijithi kanambambili", ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi "idijithi kanambambili".

amakhompyutha Alfabhethi ilula futhi siqukethe izimpawu ezimbili kuphela: 0 no-1 (i-khona noma ukungabi khona isitshengiselo iqiniso noma amanga). Lokhu iqoqo kwanele ngokunengqondo uchaze lutho. Isimo wesithathu, okuyinto kuchazwa ikhompyutha ukuthula (okuwuphawu ekunqanyulweni) kuyinganekwane.

Ngu uqobo, uhlamvu ongaqhubeki noma iliphi inani ngokuya Imininingwane: babukana noma zero, akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ngisho ukuthi, ukuba uhlobo idatha lesi silinganiso osebenza. Futhi izithombe, imibhalo, futhi lolu hlelo luyoba ekugcineni aqukethe abathandekayo futhi amaqanda. Ngakho-ke alunywe esingesihle njengenhlangano iyunithi ezimele. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba sihlanganise izingcezu ukuze encode nabo imininingwane ewusizo.

Kuyini ibhayithi?

Uma kancane - kuyinto iledere ibhayithi kuyinto lowo mkhaya uphinde uphile yokukhuluma. Omunye ibhayithi ingaqukatha umbhalo uhlamvu, ingxenye inamba inombolo enkulu, m ezimbili ezincane nezinamba. D. Ngakho, ibhayithi kakade anokwaziswa okunengqondo, siqala nomqulu omncane.

program Novice kanye nabasebenzisi nje ukwazi ukuzibuza izingcezu eziningi kanjani 1 ibhayithi. Ngo amakhompyutha zanamuhla, ibhayithi uhlale alinganayo kumabhuthi eziyisishiyagalombili.

Uma kancane uyakwazi ukuthatha amanani amabili kuphela, inhlanganisela izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili uyakwazi ukukhiqiza inhlanganisela ezahlukene 256. Kumiswa inombolo 256 is amabili ukwakhiwa degree lwesishiyagalombili (ngokuhambisana izingcezu eziningi kanjani ibhayithi ngayinye).

Omunye kancane - 1 noma 0. ezimbili izingcezu kungenzeka kakade ukudala play 00, 01, 10 no-11 Lapho isifinyelele 8 izingcezu ke zeroes nabathandekayo salokhu inhlanganisela ku ezahlukene 00000000 ... 11111111 uphendulela 256. Uma khumbula nje mangaki amanani kungathatha futhi bangaki ibhithi eziqukethwe ibhayithi olulodwa, khona-ke khumbula lesi sibalo kuyoba lula kakhulu.

Ngamunye inhlanganisela izinhlamvu okuthwala Imininingwane ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi ukufaka ikhodi (ASCII, Unicode, njll). Yingakho abasebenzisi ibhekene yokuthi yethulwa kuleli Imininingwane Russian ngezinye izikhathi libonakala ngesimo izinhlamvu eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izici kohlelo kanambambili

Uhlelo kanambambili has zonke ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba ajwayelekile kithi idesimali: izinombolo ehlanganisa abathandekayo futhi amaqanda, ungakwazi ukwengeza, kukhishwe, kuphindaphindwe, njll Umahluko owokuthi uhlelo akunalo 10, nawo onke .. amadijithi angu-2. Yingakho kuyinto elula ukuyisebenzisa ukuze ukubethelwa kwedatha.

Kunoma positional uhlelo ekubaleni inani izingcezu sakhiwe: imivo, amashumi namakhulu, njll uhlelo idesimali, seqiwe eyodwa kancane elilingana 9, futhi uhlelo kanambambili - 1. Njengoba osenyameni kungathatha amanani amabili kuphela, izinombolo kanambambili ngokushesha .. ukwandisa ubude. Ngokwesibonelo, ajwayelekile kithi inombolo 9 kuzoqoshwa njengoba 1001. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ayisishiyagalolunye kuzoqoshwa izinhlamvu ezine, ne idijithi elilodwa kanambambili oluhambisana omunye kancane.

Kungani ulwazi lubhalwe ngemfihlo ezihamba ngakubili?

Uhlelo idesimali ekahle ufaka futhi outputting ulwazi, futhi kanambambili - ukuhlela inqubo ukuguqulwa yayo. Futhi uhlelo ethandwa kakhulu, okuyinto liqukethe izinhlamvu ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha: behumusha ikhodi umshini oluthile elula.

Uhlelo kanambambili iyona elula kunazo kusukela umbono logic. Unit evamile kusho "yebo": kukhona isignali, la mazwi ayiqiniso nangomqondo, njll Zero Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso ukubaluleka "cha": .. Inani kungamanga, akukho isiginali, nokunye Noma yimuphi umbuzo evulekile kungenziwa iguqulwe zemibuzo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu nge okuhlukile izimpendulo "yebo .. "noma" cha. " Inketho lwesithathu, isibonelo, "Akwaziwa" kuyoba engenamsebenzi.

Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa computer nobuchwepheshe kuye kwakhiwa futhi isitoreji idatha ezintathu-idijithi-umthamo, ngokuthi tritium. Bangathola amagugu ezintathu: 0 - esitsheni ayinalutho, 1 - esitsheni egcwele maphakathi no-2 - zigcwele. Nokho, uhlelo kanambambili yayilula kakhulu futhi okunengqondo, ngakho-ke, wathola kakhulu ethandwa kakhudlwana.

Zingaki izingcezu in ibhayithi eyayikhona kuqala?

Ngaphambili, kwakungenakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi bangaki izingcezu in ibhayithi. Ekuqaleni ibhayithi waqonda umshini izwi, isb isibalo ibhithi lapho ikhompyutha bakwazi ukucubungula emjikeletweni omunye zokusebenza (iwashi umjikelezo). Lapho computer ingakamiswa afakwe emahhovisi, microprocessors ezahlukene wasebenza amabhayithi letingemasayizi lahlukene. Byte kungabandakanya 6 izingcezu, kuyilapho onobuhle lokuqala IBM lingakanani ifinyelela 9 izingcezu.

Namuhla, i-8-bit amabhayithi baye sekuyinsakavukela kangangokuthi ngisho kwencazelo ibhayithi ngokuvamile kuthiwa iyunithi Imininingwane ehlanganisa 8 izingcezu. Nokho, eziningi architectures amabhayithi kulingana 32 izingcezu futhi ukhonza njengesisebenzi izwi emshinini. architectures okunjalo asetshenziswa abanye anamandla futhi isignali izilimi, kodwa hhayi kumakhompyutha yethu evamile, laptops nomakhalekhukhwini.

Kungani wayinqoba eziyisishiyagalombili ejwayelekile?

Bytes ngiye ngazuza-usayizi eziyisishiyagalombili platform ngokusebenzisa IBM PC nge ethandwa ngesikhathi processor-8-bit Intel 8086. Ukwanda le imodeli nomthelela yokuthi ngawo-1970. 8 izingcezu ibhayithi ngalinye uye empeleni ube value standard.

Eight-bit standard elula ngoba ikuvumela ukugcina 1 nama-izinhlamvu ezimbili ohlelweni ledesimali. Lapho 6-bit uhlelo zingagcinwa idijithi elilodwa, kuyilapho 2 izingcezu kukhona eziphindaphindekayo. I 9 izingcezu singatlolwa bunjesi izinombolo 2, kodwa namanje uhlala omunye kancane xaxa. Inombolo 8 lingamandla wesithathu ezimbili enikeza lula ezengeziwe.

Ukusetshenziswa izingcezu kanye bytes

Abasebenzisi abaningi uyazibuza: kanjani hhayi ukuba uhlanganise izingcezu kanye bytes? Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba banake okulotshwe notation ibhayithi esifushanisiwe okulotshwe uhlobo ngafeleba "B" (ngesiNgisi - "B"). Ngakho, kuba incwadi encane "b" ( "b") ukuze ukhombise kancane.

Nokho, kukhona njalo ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi irejista kuyakhethwa ngokungalungile (isibonelo, ezinye izinhlelo zonke umbhalo letincane noma engenhla iguqulwe ngokuzenzakalela). Kulokhu, kufanele wazi ukuthi ngokuvamile kulinganiswa e izingcezu, futhi - e amabhayithi.

Ngokwesiko, alinganise inani amabhayithi: usayizi idrayivu kanzima, flash ngemoto kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye naphakathi uzobe elicacisiwe amabhayithi, futhi amayunithi ehlangene, ezifana gigabytes.

Izingcezu esetshenziselwa izinga nesilinganiso. Inani lokwaziswa ludlulele ijubane isiteshi Inthanethi nokunye. N. Ayephila kancane kancane amayunithi esuselwe, ezifana megabits. thwebula ngesivinini amafayela nazo njalo izingcezu.

Uma wayefisa, ukuhumusha ibhithi ku amabhayithi noma okuphambene nalokho. Kwanele khumbula izingcezu eziningi kanjani ibhayithi, futhi ukwenza izibalo ezilula zezibalo. Izingcezu aguqulwa ku amabhayithi sokuhlukanisa by eziyisishiyagalombili, translation Kwenziwa izindlela zokuphindaphinda ngenani elifanayo.

Kuyini izwi emshinini?

Umshini izwi - lena Imininingwane eqoshiwe kuseli inkumbulo. Limelela ukulandelana esiphezulu kolwazi amayunithi ezisingathwayo njengeyunithi eyodwa.

Ubude izwi oluhambisana wokugaya kancane, okuyinto isikhathi eside zazilingana 16 izingcezu. amakhompyutha eziningi zanamuhla kuba 64 izingcezu, nakuba kukhona emifushane (32-bit), futhi isikhathi eside umshini amazwi. Kulokhu, inombolo izingcezu obumba izwi emshinini, njalo iphindaphindeke eziyisishiyagalombili kanye kungenziwa kalula aguqulwa ukuba amabhayithi.

Okwekhompyutha igama elithile Ubude ingashintshiwe futhi libhekisela eziningi izici ebalulekile 'nensimbi'.