Yini luwumgogodla ukuzala (Biology, Ibanga 8)

Yini luwumgogodla ukuzala, futhi yiziphi izinzuzo zayo? Sekuyisikhathi eside Lo mbuzo kwaba of interest ososayensi abaningi, kusukela kabusha eziphilayo inhlobo yabo luyimfuneko eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Kuyini ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Ingqikithi yale nqubo itholakala kabusha zazo siqu. Futhi umbuzo lapha akukho mayelana umbala amehlo noma izinwele isakhiwo. Kubalulekile ukuthi umzimba, okuyinto kuphela owaba khona engokwemvelo ethile, ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwalo. Kungaba kuphela ukunikeza izici ezithile isakhi zilwane, ngofuzo okhokho. Kungenjalo-ke sonke kwemihelo, unjengomuntu-amphibian kusukela movie efanayo.

eziphilayo Breeding Izindlela

Ingabe ikhona, umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual futhi ngokocansi? Impela kufanele abahloniphe. Esimweni sokuqala, hhayi iqhaza gametes, okwesibili yobukhona babo kuyadingeka. Kunezindlela eziningana ukuveza asexual. Indlela elula wabo - iyona division zibe amaseli ezimbili. Ngakho ukuzalela bacterium, izilwane owumphumela kanye ulwelwe. Ukuze Plasmodium falciparum libhekene division plural lapho kwesinye sezitokisi umzali ngokushesha kwakhiwa nedlanzana ezingaphansi ambalwa. Ngenxa ikhono amaseli ukwehlukana, ukulungisa ezilimele izicubu kanye izitho, kanye nezilwane eziningi ziyakwazi ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, angenasawoti Hydra, okuyinto kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu Coelenterates uhlobo, lingalulama izingxenye 1/200.

Lokhu umzimba esandisa by luthela. Kulokhu, umzimba kuqala leli kwi protrusion bukhule, kuthatha izici umzimba kwabakhulelwe, bese ezidabula off futhi uqala khona ezimele.

Zonke bajabulela nokudla nemvubelo. Ngakho, ukwanda isibalo sabo - lutho kodwa inqubo luthela isikhunta.

Izitshalo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha vegetative. Le ndlela ukuhlukanisa ke kulokuphelele amaningi ingxenye. Ngo violets le njongo, amahlamvu, amazambane - Ushintshe amahlumela komhlaba (nezilimo eziyizigaxa), Amagilebhisi - cuttings.

Yini luwumgogodla ukuzala

Le nqubo ithatha indawo kuphela ukubandakanywa gametes - namangqamuzana akhethekile zokuzala: amadoda - isidoda, futhi abesifazane - amaqanda. Ziqukethe ulwazi lwabo nuclei zofuzo eziqukethwe molecule e-DNA.

Ingqikithi inqubo ukuzala iyona recombination yalesi material. Futhi awusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi kudingeka gametes. Ngakho, ciliates izicathulo iza conjugation. Ngakho umzimba amabili asondela kakhudlwana ndawonye obakhiwa wabo ibhuloho cytoplasmic, lapho exchange nucleus okuqukethwe kwabo.

Izinzuzo ukuzala

Ngenxa recombination zezakhi zofuzo - izingxenye molecule e-DNA - umzimba angakuthola izici ezintsha futhi ewusizo. Ukubaluleka eyinhloko ukuzala kuwo. Ngemva ukuqoqwa amaseli komama kwakhiwa ikhophi yayo ngokuthé ngqo. Enye efakiwe ndawo nje ukuthatha. Lapho izimo zemvelo ukushintsha, anjengawengxibongo abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa, okuyinto nakanjani kuyoholela ekubhujisweni kwabo kanye nokuncipha zinhlobo ukwehluka bebonke.

Izici ezintsha akhiwa kuphela ushintsho izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo. Khona-ke bangakwazi ngofuzo futhi kuvikelwe eziningi izizukulwane.

ukuzala ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni

Yini luwumgogodla ukuzala izitshalo, ungase ucabangele isibonelo Fern, okuyinto izitshalo eliphakeme spore. Ohlangothini engezansi amaqabunga ayo eluhlaza abavuthiwe isakhiwo ekhethekile - Sori. Ziyakwazi impikiswano - amaseli ukuveza asexual. Ukuthola enhlabathini olumanzi, bona ziqhume, ukwakha isitshalo esincane oluhlaza. Kungenisa amaqanda nesidoda, okuyinto uhlangane ngababili, zisenza sibe entsha esinezimila isitshalo. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi kukhona alternation isizukulwane ngokocansi - the gametophyte kanye asexual - sporophyte.

Ngo eziqhakazayo, ukukhiqizwa okuzala isetshenziselwa imbali. Ngo ovuthiwe bakhe besifazane gamete pistil, stamen futhi anther - amadoda. Ngenxa yalokho sokukhulelwa kwakhiwa imbewu umbungu. Ngoba ikusasa, ukuthuthukiswa nokuvikelwa ke has inqwaba reserve izinto, izithelo namanzi noma obunesikhumba igobolondo.

Izilwane nazo babe namangqamuzana akhethekile futhi izitho lapho zitholakala - indlala. Laba bameleli be-kwalo mbuso kukhona izinhlobo eziningana kokukhulelwa. Lapho Fusion elingaphandle gametes kwenzeka ngaphandle umzimba female njengoba izinhlanzi noma izilwane zasemhlabeni, lapho Insikazi ibekela amaqanda emanzini bathulula yayo isidoda besilisa. Kungani amaqanda abaningi kangaka? Kuyinto indlela yemvelo ukugcina isibalo sabantu abadala ngoba amangqamuzana olungavikelekile, futhi iningi labo badle izilwane ezidla ezinye. Endabeni kokukhulelwa yangaphakathi umzimba esizayo isikhathi okuthile emzimbeni kamama. Ngakho-ke, inani amaqanda uyakwazi kokukhulelwa, akuyona umxhwele kangaka.

Lokho okushiwo ukuzala, lapho kukhona izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo kwezilwane, kanye ngenxa okuyinto kuba nokwenzeka ukudala hybrid nezinto eziphilayo bakha.