Van Allen emisebeni ibhande

ibhande emisebeni Earth (RPG), Van Allena ibhande, noma - isifunda isikhala abaseduze emhlabeni, ukuba ngesimo izindandatho, okuyizinto ukusakaza enkulu electron nama-proton. Umhlaba ubenza esebenzisa dipole kazibuthe.

ukutholakala

EBL latholakala 1957-58. Ososayensi e-United States ne-Soviet Union. "Explorer 1" (ngezansi), owokuqala US isikhala iziphuphutheki, kwethulwa okuyinto esenzeka ngo-1958, wanikeza ukwaziswa okubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa baseMelika ugibelile ukulinga surface eMhlabeni (endaweni engamamitha angaba ngu-1000 km), watholakala zone ngemisebe (ngaphakathi). Kamuva, endaweni yesibili enjalo watholakala endaweni engamamitha km mayelana 20,000. Akukho umngcele okucacile phakathi amabhande kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle - lokuqala kancane kancane kwelesibili. Izingxenye ezimbili enemisebe zingafani degree ophethe izinhlayiya kanye nokusungulwa yabo.

Lezi zindawo seyaziwa ngokuthi Van Allena amabhande. Dzheyms Van Allen - se-physics, i-experiment eyabasiza ukuba ukuthola. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi lezi amabhande akhiwe ama-solar wind futhi icala izinhlayiya imisebe cosmic, okuyinto bakhangwa Umhlaba ka nozibuthe. Ngamunye wabo yakha Torus emhlabeni (a sibalo ngalo lesi sijame njengebhoksi Ungalokothi).

Emkhathini, kusukela kuleso sikhathi iye yaba khona ucwaningo. Basuke avunyelwe ukuhlola izici eziyinhloko nezakhiwo RPG. iplanethi yethu Akukhona nje, kukhona amabhande ngemisebe. Ziyakwazi zasemkhathini etholakalayo kanye nezinye, ezithinta isimo futhi kazibuthe. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ibhande Van Allen kwatholakala sibonga US imikhumbi interplanetary Mars. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaMelika iyithola Saturn kanye Jupiter.

ensimini dipole kazibuthe

iplanethi yethu ine Van Allena ibhande hhayi kuphela, kodwa dipole kazibuthe. Kuyinto iqoqo amagobolondo kazibuthe owakhe isidleke sakho phakathi komunye nomunye. Isakhiwo emkhakheni sifana iklabishi noma anyanisi. igobolondo Magnetic ungase ucabange njengoba lengubo imigqa kazibuthe force ebusweni avaliwe. I eduze maphakathi dipole iyona igobolondo, aba maningi amandla magnetic field. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pulse ukuthi iyadingeka ukuze nezinhlayiya icala ngaphandle penetrable, kwandisa.

Ngakho, N-mina imvilophi has umfutho izinhlayiya P _n. Esimeni lapho umfutho sokuqala kuyizinhlayiyana lingaphansi kuka P _n, bubonisa amandla kazibuthe. I kuyizinhlayiyana ke ubuyela isikhala. Nokho, lolu hlobo kwenzeka ukuthi sivuleka igobolondo N-th. Kulokhu, akuseyona akwazi ukushiya. Particle lizobanjwa yisicupho nje awusebenzi ukudamba, noma sibhekene emkhathini asalile ngeke ulahlekelwe amandla.

I kazibuthe kuyiplanethi yethu igobolondo efanayo sise amabanga sihluke surface eMhlabeni at longitudes ezahlukene. Lokhu kungenxa ukungafani kazibuthe kanye ahlangene ukujikeleza oluvala amasondo iplanethi. Lo mphumela bubonakala ohamba phambili ku-Brazilian anomaly kazibuthe. Kule ndawo le imigqa yamandla kazibuthe omhlaba ziyakhishwa futhi entrained izinhlayiya ezihamba phezu kwabo, kungaba ngezansi 100 km ubude futhi ngalesosizathu bawe ozungeze umhlaba.

Ukwakheka RPG

Ngaphakathi ibhande emisebeni ukusatshalaliswa engalingani proton ne-electron. Okokuqala etholakala engxenyeni engaphakathi kuso, kanti eyesibili - in the yangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ngendlela efanele usaqala cwaningo, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi kukhona yangaphandle (e) futhi kwangaphakathi (i-proton) amabhande emisebeni eMhlabeni. Okwamanje, lo mbono asihlobene.

Mshini ebaluleke kakhulu isizukulwane Van Allena Belt yamathebhu izinhlayiya kusho ukubola albedo neutrons. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi neutrons zidalwe lapho umkhathi baxhumana cosmic ngemisebe. Ukugeleza izinhlayiya ezihambelayo isiqondiso esivela iplanethi (neutrons albedo), sidlula ensimini eMhlabeni magnetic ngokukhululekile. Nokho, ziyisici engazinzile futhi wayeshesha ukubola ku-electron, ama-proton ne-electron antineutrino. Radioactive albedo core kokuba amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu, ukubola ngaphakathi esifundeni isango. Yileyo ndlela esizwa ngayo Van Allena ibhande is agcwaliswa positrons futhi ama-electron.

EBL kanye neziphepho magnetic

Lapho uqala iziphepho oqinile magnetic, lalezi zinhlobo musa nje ukuphuthumisa, bashiya enemisebe Van Allen ibhande, bethulula kuyo. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma kazibuthe ukucushwa nkambu washintsha, ingase iphuzu esibukweni bacwiliswa emkhathini. Kulokhu, izinhlayiya ulahlekelwa amandla (ionization ukulahlekelwa, bahlakazwa kwangasala) Aguqule Incwadi engeli iphimbo, bese befa ukufinyelela izingqimba engenhla Magnetosphere.

RPG futhi izibani enyakatho

Van Allen emisebeni ibhande lizungezwe ungqimba plasma, akha ukusakaza owabhujiswa proton (ion) kanye ama-electron. Esinye isizathu salokhu mkhuba njengoba enyakatho (polar) kukhanya - wukuthi izinhlayiya athululwa kusukela ungqimba plasma, futhi ngokwengxenye kusukela RPG zangaphandle. Borealis limelela asemkhathini ama-athomu emisebeni okuyinto bayajabula kakhulu ngenxa ukushayisana izinhlayiya ayeke ukunisa aphume ibhande.

I-RPG cwaningo

Cishe zonke Imiphumela eyisisekelo nophenyo indlela okwakheke ngayo ezifana amabhande radiation, eyatholakala ngo mayelana 1960-70-yalolucwaningo. kokuma kwakamuva nokusetshenziswa iziteshi esemkhathini, imikhumbi interplanetary futhi imishini yesayensi ososayensi zakamuva bavunyelwe ukukhiqiza ulwazi olusha abalulekile kakhulu. Van Allen amabhande emhlabeni Umhlaba kuthiwa lafundvwako esikhathini sethu. Chaza kafushane impumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo.

Idatha okutholakala "Salyut-6"

Abacwaningi kusukela eMoscow Engineering Physics Institute ngasekuqaleni 80-yalolucwaningo uphenyo electron zigeleze ezingeni lelisetulu amandla eduze ngokushesha emhlabeni wethu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basebenzisa imishini, owawusendaweni esiteshini esemkhathini "Salyut-6". Kuvumela ososayensi ukuba kahle kakhulu ukuhlukanisa imifudlana positrons futhi electron kanye namandla mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 40 MeV. Orbit esiteshini (ukuthambekela 52 °, ukuphakama mayelana 350-400 km) siphela ikakhulukazi ngezansi amabhande emisebeni planethi. Nokho, namanje wathinta ingxenye engaphakathi Brazilian anomaly kazibuthe. Lapho bewela endaweni notshwala umile atholakele, ehlanganisa ephezulu amandla ama-electron. I-RPG-electron kuphela kabani amandla esingaphansi 5 MeV zalotshwa ngaphambi ukuhlolwa.

idatha satellite yokufakelwa uchungechunge "Meteor-3"

Abacwaningi kusukela eMoscow Ubunginiyela Physics Institute kwenziwe izilinganiso okwengeziwe ku iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa yochungechunge iplanethi "Meteor-3", lapho ukuphakama orbit oyisiyingi esingamakhilomitha 800 futhi 1200. Ngalesi sikhathi, iyunithi uye zimpande RPG ijulile kakhulu. It yaqinisekisa nemiphumela ukuthi zazitholakala ngaphambili esiteshini "Salut-6". Abacwaningi ke ukumtholela enye umphumela obalulekile, ukwenza ukusetshenziswa esiteshini "Mir" futhi "Salyut-7" spectrometer kazibuthe. Kwakuthinta kungase kutholakale ukuthi indawo ezinzile ngaphambilini waphawula siqukethe kuphela of electron (positrons kungekho), amandla okuyinto kakhulu (kufika ku 200 MeV).

Ukuvula umile CNO nuclei ibhande

Iqembu labacwaningi kusukela MSU NIYAF ngasekupheleni 80 nasekuqaleni 90-yalolucwaningo kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okuhloswe ngaso ukutadisha nuclei, okuyinto zitholakala esikhaleni esiseduze. Lezi izilinganiso Kwakuseshwa usebenzisa emakamelweni ezilinganiselwe futhi emulsions zenuzi. Bakhandwa eyenziwa satellite "Cosmos" chungechunge. Ososayensi baye bathola khona nuclei nokusakazwa N O futhi Ne emkhathini, lapho i-satellite orbit yokufakelwa (ukuthambekela 52 °, cishe 400-500 km ubude) ephambana anomaly Brazilian.

Ukuhlaziya selukhombisile ukuthi lezi nuclei, amandla ifinyelela amashumi amaningana MeV / nucleon kwakungafanele Galactic, albedo noma imvelaphi solar, ngoba akakwazanga amandla kangaka engena ijule Magnetosphere kule planethi yethu. Ngakho ososayensi baye bathola ingxenye ezingasadingeki imisebe cosmic abanjwe amandla kazibuthe.

Ama-athomu omoya-Low-amandla kule ndaba interstellar, bayakwazi ukungena heliosphere. Khona-ke, emisebeni yelanga kwelanga ionizes mono- noma disubstituted. I kwaphumela icala izinhlayiya yashesha phezu izimpi ka ama-solar wind, ukufinyelela amashumi amaningana MeV / u. Babe ukungena magnetosphere, okuyinto zigcinwe futhi ionized ngokugcwele.

Athi-umile ibhande proton ne-electron

On Sun Mashi 22, 1991 kwaba khona ukukhanya ezinamandla elalihambisana kukhululwe yisisindo esikhulu impahla welanga. Wafinyelela magnetosphere uMashi 24 futhi uye washintsha indawo yayo yangaphandle. I izinhlayiya solar umoya Magnetosphere wavele esenamandla engeziwe. Bafika endaweni lapho ke kwaba Cress, i-satellite American. Amadivayisi ukukhwezwa kwalo eqoshiwe waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi proton namandla is ahluka MeV 20 kuya 110 futhi electron enamandla (mayelana 15 MeV). Lokhu kufakazelwa ukuvela ibhande elisha. Okokuqala, ibhande athi umile baphawula phezu imikhumbi-mkhathi eminingi. Nokho, kuphela "Mir" esiteshini, wafunda isikhathi ukuphila cishe iminyaka emibili.

Phela, in the 60s kwekhulu elidlule ngenxa yokuthi endaweni yonke yamila zenuzi, lapho lalikhona ibhande athi umile, ehlanganisa ama-electron kanye amandla amancane. It sekuneminyaka iminyaka engaba ngu-10. Radioactive ukuqoqwa izingcezwana isihlakazeka, futhi lokhu kwaba umthombo izinhlayiya icala.

Ingabe ikhona RPG the Moon

Esikhathini satellite kuyiplanethi yethu akukho Van Allen emisebeni ibhande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yona ethi ingenamahluleli umoya zokuzivikela. Ingaphezulu Moon wavula ama-solar wind. A strong ukuvuleka elanga, uma kwenzeka ngesikhathi mission kwenyanga yayiyobizwa incinerated kanye osomkhathi kanye capsule, njengoba yayiyobizwa wakhafula ezinkulukazi emisebeni ecucuza, okuyinto liyabulala.

Kungenzeka yini ukuba azivikele cosmic ngemisebe

Lo mbuzo has ososayensi nesithakazelo iminyaka eminingi. Ngemithamo emincane lemisebe njengoba yaziwa, has cishe akunamthelela impilo yethu. Nokho, kuphephile kuphela lapho bethola inkolo abangavumelani ukundlula embundwini ezithile. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi ngokuvamile izinga lemisebe ye ngaphandle Van Allen ibhande, phezu kobuso iplanethi yethu? Ngokuvamile, okuqukethwe Radon futhi cindezela izinhlayiya esingaphansi 100 BQ ngalinye 1 m ^3. Ngaphakathi, RPG, lezi zibalo siphakeme kakhulu kunalokhu.

Yiqiniso, Van Allen emisebeni amabhande Zomhlaba kuyingozi kakhulu abantu. umthelela wabo umzimba wafunda abacwaningi abaningi. ososayensi Soviet ngo-1963 wathi Bernard Lovell, isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile British, lokho kusho ukuthi Angimazi lo muntu ukuvikela kusuka ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwemisebe emkhathini. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abakwazanga ngisho ukuphatha igobolondo obukhulu apharathasi Soviet. Pho-ke, kusetshenziswa amaphilisi baseMelika abahle metal, cishe like a ucwecwe, angabavikela osomkhathi?

Ngokusho kwalezi ziqinisekiso NASA, it sa osomkhathi nenyanga kuphela uma nokuqubuka akulindelekile ukuthi inhlangano uyakwazi ukubikezela. Kungenzeka ukunciphisa ingozi ngemisebe. Nokho, ezinye izazi, baphikisa ngokuthi cishe kuphela ukubikezela usuku emisebeni eliphezulu.

Van Allen ibhande undize uye enyangeni

Leonov, Cosmonaut Soviet, ngo-1966 namanje waphuma e evulekile. Nokho, wayegqoké super-esindayo phambili isudi. Kepha sekuphelile iminyaka 3, osomkhathi kusuka e-United States wagxumela phezu kwenyanga, futhi kusobala ukuthi amasudi esindayo. Mhlawumbe izazi ezivela NASA eminyakeni wakwazi ukuthola impahla ultra-ekukhanyeni ukuthi ivikela osomkhathi emisebeni? Moonshot namanje kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Omunye agumenti eyinhloko kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi amaMelika ungazange siwela-ke - ukuba khona amabhande ngemisebe.