Umthetho gqwa

Zonke izici ze ngokuvamile amelwe chemical uhlelo gqwa kule fomu: imigqa ahlelwe (ongqi futhi imigqa) namakholomu (elihambisana amaqembu) yethebula ne okwandisa isisindo athomu. Ukutholakala umthetho gqwa kusebenza 1869 futhi ngokungangabazeki fanele Russian usosayensi wemithi - Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Nakuba imithombo abaningi bezinye izizwe eduze kwegama igama labo okukhulunywa Yuliuas Elisabeth Meyer, lowo ngokusho kubo, ngemva konyaka (kodwa ngokuzimela) uhlelo efanayo. Isihluthulelo ukuphumelela kwemizamo eside we Usokhemisi waseRussia okwakubhaliwe, kwaba ukuqaphela ukuthi okwazanywa ngamanye ososayensi zehlulekile, njengoba eziningi izakhi zamakhemikhali ungazange osatholakele, ngakho-ke washiya kwetafula lakhe izikhala zabo.

Umthetho Periodic, uboniswa njengoba ishadi lesikhathi, ukuyaphezulu izingxenye izinkathi eziyisikhombisa. Amagama lezinkathi wokuqala, wesibili nowesithathu kuhambisane uchungechunge efanayo zesi-Roman: I, II, III. Amaphiriyodi wesine, lesihlanu nelesithupha ihlukaniswe ngisho futhi okungekuhle imigqa ngokuthandana zesi-Roman: IV, V, VI, VII, VIII kanye IX. A ngenkathi yesikhombisa kuvumelana X eceleni. Kuqondile nesishiyagalombili amakholomu noma amakholomu zonke izakhi chithi amaqembu eziyisishiyagalombili. Iqembu ngalinye, kusukela ngosuku lokuqala kuze kube ngolwesikhombisa, ihlukaniswe amakholomu amabili, okuyizinto subgroups main nokwesibili. Iqembu lwesishiyagalombili siqukethe sub-ngamaqembu amane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amangqamuzana amabili izakhi zamakhemikhali iqoqo lesithathu - lanthanum futhi actinium - fihla imigqa, ngokulandelana ngokuthi lanthanides (58 ukuze 71 inombolo) kanye actinides (90 ukuze 103 inombolo).

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka lokuqala kuphela ezimbili omele: hydrogen ne-helium. Eyesibili neyesithathu zimumethe izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyisishiyagalombili. Amaphiriyodi wesine, lesihlanu nelesithupha made, kusukela ngamunye kuhlanganisiwe izitshengiselo ezibonakalayo nesishiyagalombili, anikezwa kanje: in the ngisho imigqa equkethwe eziyishumi futhi okungekuhle isiyonke eziyisishiyagalombili. Kodwa uma sicabangela lanthanides, inkathi lesithupha, iqukethe izakhi zamakhemikhali ezingamashumi amathathu nambili, kuhlanganise nane ezifihliwe. Isikhathi lwesikhombisa futhi eside, it has nesishiyagalombili, ezine zazo abonakala, futhi nane (actinides) kufihlwe. Izakhi lemigqa obungavamile izinkathi wesine, lesihlanu nelesithupha kukhona subgroups ohlangothini (b), kanye ngisho amareyi akhona ku subgroups main (a), kanye nalabo okungokwendlela, nezikhathi lokuqala yesibili, lwesithathu nangosuku lwesikhombisa.

Umthetho gqwa uthi zonke izici ngaphakathi eqenjini efanayo kuhluke zifana ngokuthi komunye nomunye futhi kuhluke ngokuphawulekayo kulezo ayingxenye namanye amaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, eqenjini Ia ngaphandle hydrogen, zihlanganisa izinsimbi kanye chemical Valence plus 1, ngesikhathi iqembu VIIa, ngaphandle astatine, zonke izakhi kukhona nonmetals, okuyizinto ezibangela ngokuvamile abe Valence 1. Namuhla umthetho lokususa gqwa emelelwa hhayi kuphela ithebula. Izinkulumo-Mathematical anakho hhayi, kodwa kukhona isitatimende ukuthi izakhiwo noma iyiphi isici zamakhemikhali, kanye izakhiwo izinto ezilula nemisho lemagalagala compounds lapho ifakwa, encike ngezikhathi ngecala ka-nucleus yama-athomu.

Ithemu PERIODICITY yaqale ezihlongozwayo D. I. Mendeleevym, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule minyaka kube nemizamo lososayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene ngandlela-thile ekulinganisweni ezithile amakhemikhali. Kodwa nguye ngaphawula ukuthi lapho okuwenza aqondane ukuze okwandayo uquqaba athomu, impahla elementi lwesishiyagalombili ngamunye zifane nalezo ngowokuqala. Ngo-1869, i-inguqulo yokuqala etafuleni (ngaleso sikhathi izakhi 60 owaziwa kuphela) namanje ezahlukene kakhulu ezilwaneni yesimanje, ngeso lengqondo umthetho gqwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu zinguquko abanye, okuyinto umphelelisi entsha, ukuvumbulula kamuva samakhemikhali. Kodwa akukhona nje abhubhisa umqondo PERIODICITY izakhiwo chemical-athomu, okuyinto wawuqondiswa usokhemisi omkhulu isiRashiya, kodwa ngamunye wabo iye yaqinisekisa umthetho washayelwa ososayensi bethu.

ososayensi Outdoor Russian umthetho gqwa inqubo ukudala uhlelo gqwa babé isisekelo okuthembekile yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yesimanje. Ngaleyo ndlela Mendeleev ukulungiswa abanye athomu mass yabo futhi labikezela khona emvelweni izici ezintathu okwamanje yokuzamazama, okuyinto kamuva atholakele Ucwaningo kuqinisekisiwe, futhi kwatholakala gallium, scandium ne-germanium. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukuqashelwa jikelele kohlelo gqwa. Inani yomthetho gqwa Akuve, njengoba lokhu ukutholakala kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.