Umsebenzi obolekiwe. Umthetho wokuvimbela umsebenzi wesibopho eRussia

Imisebenzi ebolekiwe eRussia ikhona (ngokusho kokulinganiselwa kochwepheshe abahlukahlukene) kusukela eminyakeni eminingana ukuya emashumini eminyaka, okungukuthi, ezinye zezibonakaliso zayo zabonakala e-USSR. Noma kunjalo, leli fomu lobuhlobo phakathi komqashi nomsebenzi akuyona elisha kithi. Ezincwadini zesayensi, imibono mayelana nokusebenza kwemisebenzi ebolekiwe eRussia yayihluke kakhulu, kodwa ochwepheshe abaningi bathi umthetho ohlukile kumsebenzi oqashiwe uyadingeka. Futhi, ekugcineni, isishayamthetho sethu samukele imithombo edingekayo yokulawulwa komthetho kwalesi sigaba.

Lapho amandla engasebenzi

NgoMeyi 2014, iziphathimandla zaseRussia zamukela umthetho wesifundazwe oletha izinguquko ezibalulekile ezenzweni zomthetho mayelana nokubhaliswa kobudlelwane bomsebenzi phakathi komsebenzi nomqashi. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwenziwa kuMthetho "Emisebenzini yabantu" (kusukela ngo-1991), kuya kwi-Code Lab Labasebenzi baseRussian Federation kanye nezinye izenzo zomthetho ezibalulekile. Okokuqala yamukelwa yi-State Duma (ngo-Ephreli 2014), yabe yamukelwa nguMkhandlu WezeNhlangano futhi ekugcineni yasayinwa nguMongameli. Ngokuvamile lezi zichibiyelo zivezwe njengabodwa njenge "umthetho wokuvimbela umsebenzi wesikweletu".

Yikuphi okusha okulethe isenzo somthetho esijwayelekile esimabhizinisi waseRussia? Ingabe izakhiwo zebhizinisi, iziphathimandla zentela, futhi ekugcineni abatshalizimali bezinye izizwe, ababambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umnotho waseRussia bahlale bebalulekile kuze kube manje, baneliseke ngalomthetho?

Ngokufushane ngomsebenzi wesibopho

Ngokusho kwencazelo ejwayelekile, umsebenzi obolekiwe (obizwa nangokuthi ukhululekile) ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu: isisebenzi, umqashi kanye nomphakathi phakathi kwabo (ngokuvamile i-agency ekhethekile ye-HR). Ngabe yiziphi izimo lolu hlobo lobuhlobo olwenziwa ngaso sonke isikhathi? Isibonelo, kungaba ngumsebenzi wonyaka noma ukuthengisa esikhathini esithile esikhulu. Kunezinhlobo zezimpahla ezithengwa kakhulu ngenhlobo ehlobo (ice cream, iziphuzo ezithambile).

Ukuze uhlele, uthi, ukuhweba emigwaqeni kulezi zinhlobo zemikhiqizo, inkampani yomqashi iqasha abathengisi besikhashana, "ukuboleka" kusukela enhlanganweni ye-HR. Lezi zinsuku ziphetha nabathengisi izivumelwano zokuqashwa ngokugcwele . Sekuyisikhathi eside umsebenzi wokuboleka ungalawulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela ngomthetho: i-RF LC ayinakho ukuphawula kokusebenzisana komqashi nomqashi kule fomethi. Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, ukunakwa lolu hlobo lobuhlobo bomsebenzi luye lwaphezulu kakhulu.

Umthethosisekelo uphambene

I-State Duma yaseRussia ekufundeni eziningana kuvunyelwe umthethosivivinywa ngokuletha izichibiyelo emthethweni wezabasebenzi wezwe. Ezinye izazi zithi lezi zichibiyelo azisho, njengalokhu, ukuvinjelwa komsebenzi wesikweletu, kodwa kuphela umkhawulo wokusetshenziswa kwawo futhi ushintshe izimo ezithile. Ngokuyinhloko, abasebenzi abavela ku-HR-ejensi abakwazi, ngokusho komthethosisekelo, banomsebenzi ongaphezu kuka-10% wabasebenzi benkampani.

Futhi, laba bantu abakwazi ukumenywa uma izisebenzi eziyinhloko zenkampani zisiteshini noma zenqaba ukusebenza ngokomthetho (isibonelo, uma zingakhokhi amaholo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho uhlinzeka ukuthi ababoleki akufanele bavunyelwe ukusebenza kumasayithi ngezinga elengeziwe leengozi. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - izimo zeholo, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezikhundleni ezifanayo zabasebenzi abajwayelekile benkampani nabakhokhelwe akufanele zihluke. Ochwepheshe baphinde baqaphele ukuthi izinqubo ezintsha ngeke zithinte amafemu ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ngendlela yokukhishwa kwempahla.

Into esemqoka mayelana nomthetho

Abaqashi abaningi kanye nezinyunyana zabamukela kuphela ukuthi unyaka wokubhaliswa kwezomthetho wesimo esinjalo njengomsebenzi obolekwa ngo-2014, ngoba, ngokusho kwamanye ochwepheshe, manje nje kuphela ukuthi umnotho waseRussia usesikhathini esiphezulu, lapho indima kahulumeni ibaluleke khona. Ngokusho kwesenzo somthetho esijwayelekile esisayinwe nguMongameli waseRussia, umsebenzi wokubolekisa ngumsebenzi owenziwa ngumuntu oqondiswa ngumqashi oqondile, kodwa ngokucela kwamanye abantu (ngokomzimba noma ngokomthetho). Umthetho wethula izinyathelo ezikhethekile ezivimbela abaqashi ukuba bangasayina izinkontileka zomsebenzi ogcwele ngaphansi kwe-TC. Lezo zikhungo ezifuna abasebenzi ngesicelo, kuzodingeka zivunyelwe yi-ejensi kahulumeni. Izakhiwo ezinjalo (ngokusho komthetho) azikwazi ukudalwa osomabhizinisi noma izinhlangano zomthetho ezikhokha intela ngendlela yokwelashwa okukhethiwe. Inhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe yesikhungo esinjalo kufanele ibe okungenani i-ruble million eyi-1, futhi umqondisi wenkampani kufanele abe nemfundo ephakeme.

Imithombo yesinyathelo somthetho

Ubani owaqala umthetho owasungula ukuvinjelwa komsebenzi wesikweletu? Izinyathelo zokuqala kule ndlela zenziwa emuva ngo-2011. Ikomidi le-State Duma, elilawula izindaba ezihlobene nenqubomgomo yomphakathi kanye nobudlelwane bomsebenzi, yakha iqembu elisebenzayo elahlelwe ukuba lilungise isenzo somthetho sokuqeda into efana nokuphuma ngaphandle. Izikhungo ezehlukene zezombangazwe nezomphakathi zihileleke ekukhulumisaneni, kanye nabaqashi ngokwabo. Ekuqaleni, lo mthethosivivinywa uphakamise ukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kohlaka lokukhishwa kwempahla luzolethwa esimweni esifana nemisebenzi, imizimba yombuso. Isisebenzi sizobika kubahloli bezemisebenzi ukuthi isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezibolekiwe abasebenzi, futhi i-ejensi yombuso, futhi, iyala umqashi ukuba alethe inkontileka ngokuhambisana nemigomo ye-TC. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa komthethosivivinywa, lo msebenzi wenziwa yinkantolo: ngakho-ke, izikhulu zanikezela ukunikeza amandla okuhlola abasebenzi.

Ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe

Ukuphuma ngaphandle kuyisici esifikile eRussia evela emazweni athuthukile. EFrance, isibonelo, ukuboleka umsebenzi kungenye yezakhiwo ezidumile kakhulu zobudlelwano phakathi komsebenzi nomqashi emkhakheni wokwakha. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi imakethe evelele emhlabeni ikhula ngokuqhubekayo. Omunye wemisebenzi ephezulu kakhulu yomsebenzi obolekile eNingizimu Afrika (cishe ngo-7.1%), eYurophu - kufike ku-1.8%, e-US - ngaphakathi kwamanani afanayo. Okuncane kancane eJapane - cishe 1.5%. Umsebenzi wezikweletu usetshenziswa naseLatin America. Emazweni aseYurophu, iningi labasebenzi abaqashile bangabantu abasha abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-30 abasebenza emisebenzini ephansi. E-US, noma kunjalo, abantu ababolekile abasebenzi ngokuvamile bayabantu abaneminyaka ekhulile. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphuma ngokweqile njengento evelele kulandela umthetho ongasebenzi ongaphelele. Kukhona nalabo abanombono ohlukile, echaza isibonelo seBrithani Great - umsebenzi obolekiwe lapho usebenza kakhulu, futhi imithetho elawula ubudlelwane bezisebenzi kanye nabaqashi ingcono kakhulu.

Yiziphi izinyunyana zabasebenzi ezicabangayo

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukuboleka abasebenzi, umthetho owenqatshelwe ukuthi wamukelwa eRussia, kufanele ubangele impendulo emihle phakathi kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi abamele izinhlangano zezobuchwepheshe baqala ukucubungula kwalesi senzo somthetho. Isikhundla salezi zikhungo zomphakathi, ochwepheshe bayakholelwa, kuyaqondakala kahle - abameleli bezinyunyana eziningi banethemba lokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yezikweleti kuyisidingo sokwedlula izinkomba zokusebenza zenkampani.

Kulesi simo, izibalo zizobonisa ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wesisebenzi nokwandisa kumholo. Ngakho izintandokazi zomnikazi - uthola isilinganiso esiphezulu ezimakethe, futhi singakhanga, isibonelo, abatshalizimali (noma amabhange - anikezwa ngemali mboleko ekhokhelwayo). Futhi, ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi izinyunyana eziningi zezinyunyana eziphesheya ziphikisana ngokuyinhloko nokungahlehlisi, futhi lokhu kuhamba kuyofika ngokungazelelwe eRussia.

Ukulungiselela umthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba iRussia yenza izichibiyelo emthethweni wezabasebenzi ngokuphathelene nokungaphumi, ubuhlobo phakathi komsebenzi nomqashi kumafomu eduze komsebenzi wesikweletu cishe akulawulwa. Futhi lokhu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvama kokuvela kwabo kwakunjalo, njengoba ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa, kubalulekile. Imakethe yomsebenzi owengeziwe, ochwepheshe emakethe yabasebenzi baqaphele, baqala ukwakha eRussia kakade ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.

Ngo-2004, ngokwesibonelo, ngokusho kwabanye abahlaziyi, imakethe evelele eRussia idlule amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-80 zamaRandi. Sekuyisikhathi eside, abameli baseRussia balahlekelwa ngabangane babo baseYurophu ezindabeni zokulawulwa kwemisebenzi yezikweletu. Lokhu kubandakanya ukungaqiniseki kwabasebenzi, okwathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, babonakala besebenza, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesimo esingajwayelekile.

Kuphi enye indawo eyayiboleka umsebenzi ovinjelwe?

Umlando uyazi izinto eziningi ezenzeke ngaphambili, lapho amazwe omhlaba ethatha imithetho evimbela ukulinganiswa kanye namafomethi ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi eduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Isibonelo, e-United States ngo-1934, izinhlangano zokuqashwa zasivinjelwe ngokomthetho (naphezu kweminyaka emithathu). Ngo-1948, lo mkhawulo wawusungulwa futhi waba khona kuze kube ngu-1997. Umsebenzi obolekiwe (ngezinye izimboni ezimbalwa) uvinjelwe eTurkey. E-Namibia, okuthakazelisayo, abameli bebezikhathi eside becabanga ukuthi benzeni nokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Ngo-2007, kuleli lizwe lase-Afrika, umsebenzi owengeziwe wawuvinjelwe, kodwa ngo-2009 baphinde bavunyelwa.

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi isimo esinjalo asifakiwe eRussia. Manje, uma ukuphuma ngaphandle kuvinjelwe, kungase kube nabadlali ezimakethe abangajabuli kakhulu nalesi simo, ngenxa yalokho ummangali angenza ukuvumelana. Abanye ochwepheshe nabo bakholelwa ukuthi, ngaphezu kokuphuma ngaphandle, kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zobudlelwano bobasebenzi obuzohle zilungiswe ezingeni lezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni.

Ukunganaki komthetho

Kukhona nombono phakathi kochwepheshe ababoleka umsebenzi ukuthi bavinjelwe yizwe kuphela kuphela - kunalokho, kuvunyelwe, nakuba kungenhla. Ngakho-ke ummeli wezombusazwe wanikeza abahlanganyeli kulo mkhakha womsebenzi ithuba lokuba basebenze ngendlela ephucukile, ngokungahambisani nomthetho wezomthetho eminyakeni edlule. Isenzo somthetho esivumelanisiwe somthetho sivumela ukusebenza komsebenzi kwabasebenzi abaqashiwe okwesikhashana kwelinye ihhovisi noma kwenye idolobha (ngokuhambisana neSigaba 351.3 seKhodi Yezabasebenzi YeRussian Federation). Esinye isimo ukuthi isazi esenziwe ngokomthetho esisodwa sezomthetho singasebenza omunye uma ifoni yokuqala ilawulwa okwesibili (noma ngokuphambene nalokho).

Umthetho uphinde ucacise ukuthi ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlenga kufanele kuhanjiswe ngendlela yokuziqhenya ngokucabangela imibono yenhlangano yezinyunyana - sesivele sitshele isithakazelo emisebenzini ebolekiwe yalezi zakhiwo. Isibonelo, lokhu kungenzeka uma inani labasebenzi abaqashile eqinile lingaphezu kwamaphesenti ayishumi abasebenzi.

Isibopho somqashi

Umthetho owenqatshelwe umsebenzi wokuboleka imali, noma kunalokho ukuchitshiyelwa kweKhodi Yezabasebenzi yeRussian Federation (ukwakheka ukuthi kuphendulela ngokuzithandela isenzo esingokomthetho esivumelwaneni esizimele sesivele siguqukile emphakathini wezamabhizinisi), sinquma izinombolo eziningana zomthwalo wemfanelo yomqashi ezindaweni ezihlobene nokuphuma ngaphandle. Isibonelo, umsebenzi wokubolekisa awukwazi ukusetshenziselwa ezindaweni ze-I no-II amakilasi enengozi, ekukhiqizeni okulimazayo, kanye nangezinhloso zobugovu, isibonelo, ukuthola noma yiliphi ilayisense noma enye imvume. Izimo zokukhokhelwa kwezikhulu zemali mboleko akufanele zibe ngaphansi kwalezo zisebenzi zesikhathi esigcwele zenkampani.