Ngo yesayensi yanamuhla, sibonga eziningi izazi ezivelele (ezifana Erika Hobsbauma, Benedict Anderson, Entoni Smita, u-Ernest Gellner nabanye), izimbangela zezinkumbulo ngokuphikisana kwezinhlanga kanye inhliziyo ubuzwe wafunda ngokwanele. Ngesisekelo eyisisekelo nesenzakalo lanoma isiphi isizwe indesheni yiyona okuthiwa collective ukwazi kazwelonke. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kuyinto nokuqaphela iqembu ngokwanele ezinkulu zabantu useduze wakhe ongokomoya futhi igazi: lolo limi olusetshenziswa amasiko, imvelaphi, esidlule zomlando, ubunye ngomhla izikhathi nobuqhawe nezinezinhlekelele kakhulu emlandweni, sinamaphupho afanayo lekusasa. Ngo yesayensi yanamuhla, lapho Nokho, kukhona nemibono engafani ezindabeni lo mkhuba isizwe, ngokuvumelana enengqondo kunazo zonke zazo, isizwe esinjalo kwenzeka kuphela esikhathini yesimanje yomlando European, inkathi kwezimboni kanye ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni, lapho breaking ukuhlonza wendawo zakudala kwemiphakathi emzaneni (; babehlala iningi labantu ) futhi izwe elilinganiselwe ongumlimi medieval ngokuzumayo wanda kakhulu ukulinganiselwa imingcele.
mlando American Eugene Dzhozef Veber sabuchaza kahle le nqubo, encwadini yakhe ethi "Wamemezela abalimi isiFulentshi." Yilokhu okwenzekayo kutisondzeta isizwe esithile futhi, ngokufanelekile, ukuphikiswa kwabanye. Kakade leli qiniso wabeka izimbangela yezingxabano zobuzwe. Iqiniso lokuthi isizwe ayikwazi akhethiwe, kudala kuwo isithombe engcwele, njengoba uma ethunyelwe Providence. Image, okuyiwona, njengoba umlando ubonisa, izigidi alungele ukuya ukufa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akekho ngesikhathi esifanayo hhayi ngekunikela ngekuphila kwakhe ngekutitsandzela ilungelo inhlangano, kusho inyunyana yabasebenzi, nokunye. Lokhu uyakufanelekela wukuthi, ngokubona umuntu, awukwazi ukushintsha ezazinikezwa ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni. Isendlalelo esilandelayo isisekelo, yimanje imbangela izingxabano zobuzwe Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuzo zonke izizwe has a eyinqaba kuphela izici zakhe ezimenza ahluke. Sinenkosi yinto ehlukile ngokuphelele: engqondo, zenkolo, ulimi, esihlobene inkumbulo zomlando kanye nabanye. Izimbangela izingxabano ngamazwe baqamekela yokuthi ngabameli okungenani esinye sezizwe kunomuzwa yokukhathazeka ukuze kulondolozwe izimfanelo zabo kazwelonke: kuhlaselwa inkumbulo amaqhawe esizwe, ulimi ukungakhuli nokunye.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lobo ikakhulukazi ekuthonyweni nekuvikela sitfunti kazwelonke futhi izithakazelo balezozizwe Sekuyisikhathi eside ngaphansi ezinye uhlobo lokuhlukumeza ukuthi abakwazanga ukusebenza ngokulandela izidingo ezifanele isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Europe lanamuhla imiphakathi zinjalo Basques eSpain Flemings eBelgium. Izimbangela nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe kulamave ku ingcindezelo omude amazwe imiphakathi yabo: Castilians kanye Walloons, ngokulandelana. Esinye isibonelo okuphawuleka likahulumeni waseSoviet. nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe eSoviet Union wafika kucashile phakathi kabusha. Futhi kuyathakazelisa, ukuzibophezela kwabo ukuqaliswa kazwelonke ka wathi okokuqala, labo isikhathi eside azange abe isimo sabo siqu: Balts, Ukraine, Georgians. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abangaphelele ababenegunya ngesikhathi esisodwa isimo, namuhla akusilo ngakho nozwelo maphuzu athinta izwelonke. British, isiFulentshi, amaNtaliyane eYurophu kudala wathola ulimi olufanayo, "kudlalwa ngokwanele" wokuphika isizwe kanye nokuthatha ezinye amagugu.