Umphakathi: izibonelo kumazwe. Izibonelo ekubeni, izenzo zomphakathi Russia

Umphakathi - isisekelo impucuko yesimanje, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukucabanga kombuso wentando yabantu. Ekuqaleni kwathiwa kahle njengoba kuqhathaniswa lempi, zokuphatha-umyalo uhlelo, lapho zonke izakhamuzi alalele iziyalezo uhulumeni kanye ayikwazanga nomthelela kubo. Kodwa kubukeka ezahlukene kakhulu zomphakathi. Isibonelo ngiqaphele ukuthuthuka izakhamuzi lula ukuthola esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngaphandle khona zemiphakathi athuthukile ayikwazi ukwakha ngempela isimo esingokomthetho, lapho zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo futhi isimo, oluvela esisebenzini elula uMongameli, singaphansi komthetho.

Kuyini zemiphakathi?

Ukuze uqale cabanga ngezimiso wokusebenza futhi umlando umsuka zomphakathi umqondo walo wanamuhla, kubalulekile ukucacisa lokho okushiwo yilo eside. Ngakho, umphakathi - siwukubonakaliswa izenzo asebenzayo yezakhamuzi khulula, ngubani ukuzenzela amalungiselelo yabangane engenzi-nzuzo futhi zizimele kusukela isimo kanye akuzona ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi okuya ithonya zangaphandle.

Yini luwumgogodla ngomphakathi onjalo?

Kukhona ezinye izibonelo ukubonakaliswa temphakatsi agcwele ubuhlobo yomuntu kanye nesimo:

• izithakazelo umphakathi kanye nesimo akukwazi ngaphezu izithakazelo zomuntu ngomuntu;
• Inani eliphakeme inkululeko isakhamuzi;
• Kukhona ilungelo lokuzalwa lezakhamuzi yangasese;
• akekho umuntfu unelilungelo ezindabeni zangasese isakhamuzi, uma akwephuli umthetho;
• Izakhamizi sangena phakathi kwesivumelwano izinhlelo ukudalwa zomphakathi, okuyinto ungqimba zokuzivikela phakathi kwawo isimo.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi omphakathi kuyinto abantu bakhululekile ukuze azihlele emaqenjini professional noma amaqembu isithakazelo, futhi imisebenzi yabo bavikelekile ukuphazamiseka isimo.

Indaba le zemiphakathi

Ongqondongqondo Abaningi ezinsukwini yaseGrisi yasendulo ayezibuza ukuthi yini isizathu ukudalwa isimo futhi ingxenye yayo esemqoka - emphakathini. Besiyini isisusa eshukunyiswa Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, lapho bamunye imfundo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi multi-functional ezifana yomphakathi, okuyinto oluthatha indawo enkulu. Futhi indlela kuthinte abantu kwenzakala ngamandla ngesikhathi esithile.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isayensi wethu usanda kuphela yabhekisela kumiswa zemiphakathi, lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa emhlabeni othile wezifundo zezombusazwe kanye nefilosofi amakhulu eminyaka lokhu sekuqhubeke inkulumo mpikiswano evuthayo, ukubaluleka esingenakubalwa overestimated. Ngaphansi kohlaka imisebenzi yesayensi lezo izingqondo ezinkulu njengoba u-Aristotle, Cicero, Machiavelli, Hegel, Marx, nabanye abaningi baye bazama ukubona izici eziyinhloko e esenza ukusebenza komphakathi. Izibonelo zitholakala kulawo mazwe futhi kohlaka uhlelo lezepolitiki ayephila ngaphansi kwawo. Omunye umbuzo obaluleke kunayo futhi ukuphokophela bekulokhu mayelana nohlobo ubudlelwano phakathi isimo kanye nomphakathi. Imigomo esekelwe phezu kwayo ukwakha lezi ubudlelwano futhi zihlale ngokulinganayo kuyazuzisa zombili?

Yini esase sikhona kakade izibonelo emlandweni wezwe?

Umlando uyazi izibonelo eziningi zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi medieval idolobha Italy Venice isibe imodeli isimiso yeningi iqondene nezithiyo nezilinganiso ngaphakathi umbuso wezombangazwe. izimpawu zomphakathi eziningi, okuyizinto ngathi into evamile, zaqale lwenteke khona. Kususelwa amagugu lomuntu futhi inkululeko yawo, nokuqaphela isidingo sokuba kunakekelwe ngokwezinto amalungelo alinganayo - la macebiso neminye imibono eminingi intando yeningi wawusuzelwe.

Omunye umuzi-state e-Italy - Florence, wenza banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni lesi simanga letibitwa ngekutsi zomphakathi. Isibonelo Venice, yebo, has nomthelela obalulekile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe, futhi imizi laseJalimane Bremen, Hamburg futhi eLübeck, nabo athuthukile izisekelo ukwazi zezakhamizi kanye waphawula labantu nomthelela isitayela kanye nezindlela zokuphatha le mizi.

Ingabe ikhona into enjengale eRussia?

Naphezu remoteness indawo futhi Emasiko zingatholakala izibonelo zomphakathi Russia njengoba insimu yalo samanje, futhi insimu ka emazweni angomakhelwane ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba wakhe emoyeni. Okokuqala sikhuluma Novgorod futhi Pskov, lapho ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba nalo uhlelo esiyingqayizivele abazalwa kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Ngenxa yokungena olwandle, futhi ngenxa yalokho ithuba elihle ukudayisa emadolobheni angomakhelwane nemibuso, kula madolobha ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni wezandla kanye zezohwebo. Ukuze operation yabo ngokugcwele futhi kuphumelele akaphenduli yakudala ngaleso indlela isikhathi, ngakho lapho asungula uhlobo lukahulumeni nge ukuchema kuzo yeningi.

Izici Novgorod futhi Pskov

Ngesisekelo impilo Novgorod futhi Pskov kwamiswa abasesigabeni esiphakathi, okuyinto waziphatha ezohwebo kanye ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla, ukuhlinzeka amasevisi ahlukahlukene. yayiyimizi kulawulwa ukubiza Chamber kazwelonke. bonke abantu khulula Unelungelo iqhaza kule mihlangano. Ngokuba non-khulula uswidi izakhamuzi, nokudela futhi ukusebenzela ingxenye umkhiqizo inyatheliswe umnikazi womhlaba, noma sihlupheka kulesi nobugqila shí ezikweletini, futhi kubo abangu zibalwa izigqila.

Kuyini isici Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isikhulu wakhethwa isikhundla. Uma izakhamuzi kungukuthi aneliseke indlela isikhulu wenza imisebenzi yakhe, babekwazi ukususa kuye kusukela kuleso sikhundla futhi ukhethe enye ikhandidethi. City esiphethwe isikhulu inkontileka lapho eziningi imikhawulo igunya lakhe waphoselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, akakwazanga ukuthola ubunikazi ezweni, akazange avunyelwe ukungena ezivumelwaneni nge uthi angaphandle ngokwabo ngaphandle kwaloba Novgorod, nokuningi. Lobu buhlobo ayikwazanga elichaza ngokugcwele umqondo temphakatsi, isibonelo lapho umbukiso wadala eNovgorod futhi Pskov nokubusa izikhungo.

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo izimiso komphakathi post-Soviet Russia

In the 80s sekwephuzile, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, izinkulumo nezingxoxo isimo umthetho, osekelwe kuyo, kanye kumigomo kumiswa zomphakathi ezweni elisha laduma ibutho kathathu. Ababonise isithakazelo esikhulu kuleli kuncike ubulokhu ihlala eliphezulu kakhulu, ngoba ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka Fusion okuphelele kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi kwadingeka ukuba baqonde ngokushesha kangakanani, kodwa kobuhlungu ukudala into e ngayo embusweni Western, kwathatha ekhulwini angaphezu kwelilodwa.

mlando Young nososayensi zezombusazwe wafunda izibonelo zomphakathi, abamenyiwe ochwepheshe abaningi bevela kwamanye amazwe ngqo ufunde kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho ngempumelelo kwamanye amazwe.

Imiraro ukubonakaliswa wesimanje lobuzwe eRussia

ukwehluleka wezoMnotho kanye izinkinga abazalwane ababehlangabezana nazo at zonke sinyathelo. Kwakungelula ukuba badlulisele izakhamuzi ukuthi manje ezimpilweni zabo, inhlalakahle, Ngokuzayo kuxhomeke kakhulu abalithandayo siqu, nokuthi kufanele ukwenze uyaqaphela. Izizukulwane zabantu akazange unamalungelo umnyuziki nenkululeko. Kwakudingekile ukufundisa. Noma yimuphi zomphakathi, isibonelo lapho ufundwa izazi zanamuhla, uthi kwasekuqaleni isinyathelo, kumelwe usuke izakhamuzi ngokwabo, ngubani azibonayo ngokwabo njengoba main ukushayela force of the state. Ngaphezu amalungelo nezibopho ke.

Izinselele zesikhathi esizayo

Ngokusho kochwepheshe nososayensi zezombusazwe, enye yezinselele emphakathini post-lamaKhomanisi isidingo ukunikeza incazelo entsha nokubaluleka, njengengxenye okuzoba ukuthuthukisa umphakathi ophucuzekile. Izibonelo yeningi athuthukile kungasiza ukugwema amaphutha amaningi, kuzokwenza kumiswa umphakathi omusha.

Manje kukhona inqubo esebenzayo ye ekubeni umuntu, ongaswele futhi engenzi-nzuzo izinhlangano. Inkathi okusheshayo, ukuthuthukiswa cishe engalawuliwe yabhujiswa. Iqala isigaba kumiswa. Kuyobonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi abakhileyo ezweni lethu wake ukuqonda ngokwabo amalungu agcwele zomphakathi.