Umlando we-AvtoVAZ. Amaqiniso anesithakazelo nezithombe

Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, imikhiqizo eminingana yemoto yakhiqizwa e-USSR. "I-Zaporozhtsy", "iVolga" kanye ne "Muscovites" izohlala ikhunjulwa izakhamuzi zezwe lakithi njengezikhathi zalezo zikhathi ezide kakhulu. Kodwa eSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho izimoto ezanele. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuwathola ekuthengiseni okuvulekile. Imishini yasatshalaliswa ngokwezinhlu zamabhizinisi amakhulu.

Ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sezimoto ezinamasondo amane, kunqunywe ubuholi bezwe ukwakha imboni entsha yemoto. Ngokusho komqondo, bekufanele ahlale endaweni esemqoka embonini yokukhiqiza imoto. Kusukela kulo mzuzu umlando we-AvtoVAZ uqala. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kwakushesha kakhulu (izikhathi ezimbili ngokushesha kunokuba kuhlelwe). Imishini yezobuchwepheshe ayiklanyelwe kuphela emafektri e-USSR, kodwa futhi namanye amazwe ase-socialist, kanye namazwe ase-United States naseYurophu.

Ukwakha ifoni

I-Volga Automobile Plant yayizokwakhiwa ku-Togliatti. Kuze kube sekugcineni, ubuholi bezwe buphelile ngo-Agasti 1966 isivumelwano nesithakazelo saseNtaliyane Fiat, esasiza ukwakha i-auto giant. Abadingeki nje kuphela ukwakha ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwemjikelezo, babe nemishini efanele, kodwa futhi baqeqeshe abasebenzi.

Umlando we-AvtoVAZ ku-Togliatti ngisho nasesiteji sokudala uye wazi isenzakalo esincane. Iqiniso liwukuthi isibonakaliso somkhiqizo omusha wemoto sakhiwe abaculi baseSoviet. Umqondo wesikhombiso wawungomunye wabaholi bezindawo ezinkulu A. Dekalenkov. Kodwa lezi logos kumelwe zenziwe amaNtaliyane. "Fiat" wadala izifanekiselo ezingamashumi amathathu zokuqala ngephutha. Egameni lomuzi "Togliatti" incwadi "I" yaba incwadi "R". Umshado wawushintshwa ngokushesha.

Igama lesitshalo alikhethwa ngokufaniswa namanye ama-Soviet manufactures, abizwa ngokuthi, u-Ulyanovsk noma uGorkovsky. Lokhu kwenziwa kusukela ekucabangeni kwezombusazwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, "amahlaya angalungile akakwazanga ukugwema."

Ukuqala

Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kwaqala ngaphambi kokuba isitshalo sigcwaliswe. Ngenxa yomsebenzi ongenalutho wabasebenzi, ngo-1970 "amakecks" yokuqala ayisithupha akhiqizwa - imoto edumile yeZhiguli - i-VAZ-2101.

Ukufuna izimoto kwakunjalo ukuthi ukuthengisa kunciphisa amathuba okukhiqiza kuphela. Ngonyaka wokuqala bakhishwa ngeziqephu eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-100.

Umlando we-AvtoVAZ (izithombe zezimoto zokuqala ezethulwa ngezansi) kwembula ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwalesi giant. Ngokujwayelekile kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokuqaliswa kwakhiwe futhi ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle.

Ngo-1973 i-VAZ-2101 yaqala ukuhlinzeka ngemakethe yomhlaba. Noma kunjalo, lo mkhiqizo kwakufanele uqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Lada. Igama elithi "Lada" ngesiFulentshi lalizwakala njenge "Gigolo" (indoda idansa imali).

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igama elithi "Lada" laqala ukukhiqizwa kumthengi wasekhaya. "Lada" akayekanga ukukhiqiza.

Ukukhula komkhiqizo

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-AvtoVAZ waqhubeka. Ngemuva kokuqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-1970 nokungena emakethe yomhlaba, amamodeli omshini amasha asungulwa. Babeyi-VAZ-2102 ne-VAZ-2103.

Ngo-1980 i-Olimpiki yenzeke e-USSR futhi yafakwa kumthumeli "Five" (VAZ-2105). Kodwa-ke, lezi zithombe, nakuba zijabulela isidingo esikhulu, kodwa okwakuthandwa kakhulu emlandweni wesitshalo kwakuyi "eziyisithupha" (i-VAZ-2106). Yakhululwa ngokukhiqiza okuningi ngo-1976.

Umthamo wokukhiqiza we-AvtoVAZ wanikezwa izitshalo ezinhlanu. Kusukela ngo-1966 kuya ku-1991, kwakuhlanganisa isitshalo se-"Avtonormal", iSkopinsky neDmitrovgrad auto, isitshalo se-VAZ ne-AvtoVAZagregat.

I-Kopeika neTroika

Ukukhumbula wonke ama-model we-AvtoVAZ (wonke umlando we-auto giant), akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhokhele inzalo yakhe yokuqala. Babeyi-VAZ-2101 ne-VAZ-2103. Iyokuqala yamadijithi amabili wokugcina enombolo yomodeli kubantu yayibizwa ngegama elithi "Kopeyka". Umshini wesibili waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "troika".

"I-Kopeika" yavumelana nezimo zemigwaqo yaseSoviet yemodeli yase-sedan Fiat 124. Imoto yasendlini yayinwetshwa ngokusuka ku-110 kuya ku-175 mm. Futhi, abathuthukisi baye baqinisa ama-brakes nokumiswa. Le moto yayiwuphawu lwamaSoviet yama-70s. "I-Kopeika" yaba ukhokho wama-sedans ane-back wheel drive kanye nama-"classic" ahlukahlukene.

Esikhathini esincane emva kokuqala kwe "Kopeyka" eyasungulwa emgqeni wendikimba, "i-troika" yafakwa ekukhiqizeni okuyingqayizivele. Ngaleso sikhathi yayibizwa ngokuthi "imodeli" yokulinganisa. Kwakuyi-penny esebenze kabusha. Kunakekelwa ngokukhethekile ukuklama. Imoto yayinezibani ezine, izici ze-chrome nedeshibhodi ethuthukisiwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa komfanekiso okulandelayo

Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwezimoto ezimbili zokuqala zezimoto, umlando we-AvtoVAZ uhlanganisa ukuguqulwa okuthandwa kakhulu kwe "Kopeyka". Emva kokubuyiswa kwayo okukhulu kwafakwa ku-VAZ-2104, 2105, 2106 no-2107. I-popularest among them kwaba "Six". Kwakuyisibonelo seFiat 124 Speciale. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yokukhiqizwa kwalolu hlobo, izigidi ezingu-4.3 ze-VAZ-2106 zithengisiwe.

Uthengisiwe kahle nezinye izinto ezintathu zezimoto. Abaqambi bakhiwa imfashini ngaleso sikhathi izibani ezibonakalayo ezinezimpande. I-salon nayo ibuyiselwe kakhulu. Injini yezimoto nayo yayisimanje. "Six" futhi namuhla kubhekwa njengomshini owaziwayo.

Amamodeli wama-80s

Umlando we-JSC "I-AvtoVAZ" eminyakeni engu-80 yekhulu leminyaka eledlule ikhuluma ngesigaba esisha sokukhiqiza. Ngalesi sikhathi, isizukulwane esisha ngokuphelele sezimoto zeSputnik sakhiwe. Ngenkomba ehambelanayo ekamelweni, njengamanye amamodeli wangaphambilini, abantu bashaye imoto "G8". Kwakuvezwe ngendwangu enjenge-wedge. Ngoba le VAZ-2108 yayibizwa nangokuthi "isisel".

Imodeli yayine injini entsha, ibhokisi legiya. Wayenomshayeli ohamba phambili. Ukuma kwemoto kwakuyi-aerodynamic, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto zangaphambilini. Umzimba unesakhiwo samandla. Le modeli yasungulwa yi-auto giant kanye ne-Porsche. AmaJalimane asiza umkhiqizi wasekhaya ekudaleni konke ngaphandle kokuklama.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, i-VAZ-2108 ene-hatchback ne-sedan hlobo yaqala ukudayiswa.

Ekupheleni kwe-80-ies eyakhiwe i-subcompact "Oka". Isibonelo saso kwakuyi-1980 Daihatsu Cuore. Kamuva, ngaphezu kwe-AvtoVAZ, Oku kwaphinde kwaveza i-OAO SeAZ ne-KAMAZ.

Plant emva kokuwa kwe-USSR

Ukuhlakazeka kweSoviet Union kwakunzima ezinkampanini eziningi ezinkulu nezincane, kuhlanganise ne-AvtoVAZ. Umlando wesitshalo ubonisa ukuthi i-giant yemishini yezimoto yasinda ngaleso sikhathi inkinga ejulile neyesikhashana.

Iqiniso liwukuthi ezinsukwini ezidabukisayo ze-AvtoVAZ, lesi sitshalo sabhekana nomqondo onjengokuthi "ukuncintisana". Kuze kube yilolu phuzu, abathengi baseSoviet bebelokhu bethengisa izimoto ezivela emgqeni womhlangano ngokushesha kakhulu. Kodwa manje ukugeleza kwezemfashini, nakuba izimoto ezisetshenzisiwe zokukhiqiza kwamanye amazwe zithele kuleli zwe.

Esikhathini sobuSoviet, izimoto ezikhanyayo zokukhiqiza zasekhaya zazingcono kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezingenisiwe, azikwazanga ukumelana nanoma yikuphi ukugxekwa. Lesi sitshalo sasibhekene nesidingo sokunciphisa inani lokukhiqiza. Imisebenzi engaphezulu kwama-25% iye yancishiswa. Ngisho nokusekelwa kwezwe akuzange kusize. Ukulinganisa ukufunwa kwezimoto zakwamanye amazwe nezasekhaya, imisebenzi yamasiko emikhulu yaziswa. Kodwa akuzange kusize okuningi.

Sebenza enkingeni

Umlando we-AvtoVAZ usitshela ngezinsuku ezinzima ngempela zenkampani. Ukufunwa okwanele kwezimoto ezingasebenzi, ukulwa nokuzikhandla kwamalungelo akuzange kubambe iqhaza ekubuyiseleni kwenkinga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkinga yesimiso sezezimali yabe iqhaza ekwenzeni ukuwohloka kwezindaba. Umbuso ngazo zonke izindlela kungenzeka usekele imboni efile. Kodwa izinkinga zangaphakathi nezingaphandle eziqoqiwe azikwazanga ukuxazululwa kuphela ngalezi zinyathelo.

Kwakukhona amacala aqoshwe ukweba okuningi kwemikhiqizo nezinsimbi. Lezi zinkulu ngisho nangokwenani elikhulu lamabhizinisi. Ngo-2009, ukuncipha kwezokuthengisa kwaba irekhodi lika-39%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2008.

Ukuze ulondoloze imboni yezimoto ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezweni, kwakudingeka izimali ezinkulu. Izinyathelo zokulwa nezinhlekelele zakhiwe. Ngemva kokuxazulula izinkinga zayo zangaphakathi nangaphandle, ibhizinisi lingaphinda lifike ngezinyawo.

Indlela yokuphuma kwenkinga

I-AvtoVAZ yabhekana nobunzima obude obude. Umlando wesitshalo uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 ye-decadent, ukukhiqizwa okungahambisani nhlobo ezimweni zokufuna okunganele. Noma kunjalo, ukukhishwa kwakusatholakala. Ngo-Julayi 2009, kwafinyelelwa isivumelwano phakathi kweRostekhnologii no-Renault-Nissan. Isikhwama esisemthethweni se-AvtoVAZ sinqunywe ukwanda. Yayitshala imali engu-240 million ye-euro yi-Renault-Nissan yenkampani (lokhu kwaba yi-25% yawo wonke amasheya) futhi kathathu inani likaRostekhnologia (ngenkathi likhulisa isabelo sayo esikhwameni somthetho ngu 44%). Kodwa-ke, inkampani, "I-Troika Dialog" yalahlekelwa yi-17.5% yesigxobo sayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunqunywe ukunikeza isikhundla somklami oyinhloko uSteve Mattina, owayesenesikhundla esifanayo ezinkampanini zomhlaba ezifana noMercedes noVolvo. Isikhathi sokuvuselela kancane kancane saqala.

Imodeli yemoto yasePost-Soviet

I-AvtoVAZ, umlando wayo wokudalwa nokusebenza wazi izibalo eziningi, ngesikhathi sezinkinga kubonakala ngokubuyekezwa okuncane kwamamodeli. Ngakho, ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka eyi-90 yekhulu elidlule elinye lamamodeli ambalwa amasha kwakuyi-VAZ-2110. Kwakuyi-sedan, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo se "Eight". Le moto yayinomzimba obaluleke kakhulu, kanye ne-salon design.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba ngu-10, ukukhiqiza kwakungazi izibuyekezo eziphawulekayo. Inkinga efikile embonini ephumelelayo ngaphambilini, ishintshe yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi wayo. Ngonyaka ka-2003 kuphela, ngokusekelwe ku-joint venture GM-AvtoVAZ, u-Chevrolet Niva wabekwa ekukhiqizeni okuyi-serial. Ngemva konyaka ku-Togliatti kwakhiwe ukukhiqizwa kwe-sedans, ama-hatchbacks kanye nohlobo lwezinqola "Kalina".

2007 ibonisa ukukhululwa komodeli omusha we-auto-big Lada Priora. Ukuze kukhuthazwe isidingo sabathengi ngo-2011, i- "Kalina" yashintshwa inguqulo yayo eshibhile ye "Grant". Ngonyaka ka-2012, inguqulo eguquliwe yohlobo lwe-Renault Logan jikelele Lada Largus yasungulwa.

I-Museum ye-AvtoVAZ

Ukukhathazeka "i-AvtoVAZ" inomlando ocebile. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi unamamyuziyamu akhe siqu. Ungomunye wezikhungo ezifanayo kakhulu ezweni lethu. Imyuziyamu yomlando ka-AvtoVAZ i-Togliatti. Izinikezelwe emkhakheni owaziwayo kuphela, kodwa nangaphandle "Lada".

Kulesi simyuziyamu kuboniswa kuphela okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezitshalo zokutshala. Lapha kunezibonelo zokuqala zikaGrant, uLargus, no-Kalina, ezakhiwe ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR. Futhi emnyuziyamu ungathola izimoto ezingasekho ekukhiqizeni lapho, kodwa emigwaqweni yamadolobha ethu ezweni cishe akunakwenzeka.

Umlando wonke kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lokusebenza kwesitshalo kwalezi zikhathi zanamuhla ugcinwa ezindongeni zeminyuzi edumile. I-"cherry" yokuqala eyathengiswa ngenethiwekhi yenkampani yenkampani manje iboniswe lapha. Kusetshenziswe umnikazi wayo iminyaka engaba ngu-19. Wanikela emnyuziyamu ngo-2000, owathola njengesipho imoto entsha, eyayisanda kuqala ukudayiswa.

Amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Umlando omfushane we-AvtoVAZ ngeke uphele ngaphandle kwamaqiniso athakazelisayo. Isibonelo, "i-Niva" (noma i-VAZ-2121) yiyena kuphela imoto yasekhaya eyayithengiswa eJapane.

Umuzi lapho kwakhiwe khona umshini wemoto owawubizwa ngeStvropol. Kodwa ngo-1964 kwaqanjwa kabusha ngokuhlonishwa koNobhala Jikelele weCommunist Party yase-Italy P. Togliatti. Ushone ngesikhathi evakashela ikamu labantwana "Artek" ngesikhathi kuxoxisana ngokukhiqiza okuhlangene esikhathini esizayo.

Umklami oyinhloko we-Niva, uPr Prusov, uthi leli gama linikezwe imoto ngezinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama amadodakazi akhe (Nina no-Irina), kanye namadodana omqambi wokuqala wokukhiqiza (Vadim no-Andrei).

Ukukhathazeka namuhla

Njengoba ebhekene nobunzima obujulile, ukukhathazeka kancane kancane kuhamba ngezinyawo. Umlando we-AvtoVAZ udinga ukuhlonishwa. Ngempela, naphezu kwakho konke, izimoto ezivela kubathumeli bayo zaziwuphawu lwaleso sikhathi. Mhlawumbe manje basuke bengabalandeli babo bangaphandle. Kodwa ngendlela efanele, kuyokwazi ukuthuthukisa imboni yezimoto.

Ikusasa lomkhiqizi omkhulu wezimoto ezweni lethu. Ngendlela efanele, ingaletha inzuzo enkulu ezweni. Ngisho namanothi ezindala ezinjengoba "Eziyisithupha" kanye "Neziyisikhombisa" zisadingeka kokubili phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezwe lakithi nasendaweni yawo wonke amazwe asekuthuleni kwezenhlalakahle. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukuthuthukisa amamodeli amasha ngezimfanelo ezithuthukisiwe zombili izindlela nokuklama, ungaletha i-auto giant ezingeni elisha.