Umdlavuza wegazi - Luyini? Incazelo isifo, izimbangela, uphethwe, onalesi sifo

Oncology, umdlavuza - migomo kubangele ezingemnandi, akhelene yokwesaba Umgwamanda e eziningi kithi. Lapho isimila esibulalayo sisehlela e isiphi isitho, isuswe. Futhi yini okufanele uyenze ukuthi unomdlavuza wegazi, ababeka njalo ehamba kulo lonke umzimba futhi bavakashela wonke inqwaba uhlaka izikhathi ngosuku. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa lesi sifo 100% ebulalayo, futhi, Okwamanje, ingelapheka njenganoma iyiphi Oncology. igama elifanele Ezazimzungezile - wegazi noma ene-leukemia. Kuyini lokhu? Yiziphi izici abakubangelayo? Ingabe kukhona amathuluzi elaphe ke? Kungakhathaliseki ngofuzo wegazi? Kungani kufanele ababuzwayo abantwana abancane? Ake sizame ukuphendula yonke le mibuzo.

izimboni igazi

Chaza ukuthi yini wegazi, akunakwenzeka, unganikeli imininingwane igazi. Kubonakala uketshezi eyohlobo, kodwa eqinisweni kunezinkulungwane amaseli ezincane - kwamangqamuzana abomvu engeziwe, izinhlayiya zegazi kanye amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Bonke esikhathini esabelwe ubudala babo futhi bafe. Beka efile ngokushesha ukuthatha amasha. Bakha okubizwa ngokuthi "mboni" wegazi, okuyinto zitholakala thymus, ubende, izindlala zamanzi, umnkantsha, ukuthi ijabulise futhi hip amathambo. Kuphakathi ngokukhiqiza umkhiqizo wokugcina liyadingeka feedstock. On hematopoietic izinto zokusetshenziswa 'izimboni' kukhona ama-stem cell. Njengoba ezifanele, basuke ukushintshwa (umahluko), kuphenduke wayefisa igazi izinhlayiya. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi cell nokuvuthwa. Ezinye uhlelo ngemuva lokhu kugadwa ngokucophelela. Ososayensi wenze lokhu hematopoietic "isilawuli" uyazi kancane, thina kuphela ukwazi ukuthi esikhathini yokuvuthwa stem cells ayaguquka amaningi, kancane kancane kuphenduke myelocytes, normocytes, prolymphocytes nezinye baze bafinyelele esigabeni sokugcina, lapho izinguquko siphele. Ngokwesibonelo, lymphocyte esiteji sihamba lymphoblasts futhi prolymphocytes futhi erythrocyte eritrotsitoblasta esiteji, pronormotsita, normocytes futhi reticulocyte. Lapho ukungasebenzi kwenzeka kule "elihambayo" kuyinkimbinkimbi ziqala mass share beya amaseli kusukela izigaba Lesisemkhatsini, isifunda evala kugucuka olwengeziwe. Isibonelo, awufiki-lymphocyte, futhi eyeka ngaleso lymphoblasts. It kuvela i overabundance lamaseli ezingadingekile engenamsebenzi ukuthi buthelela kangangokuba kugcwala out amagciwane evamile igazi-ukwakha. Ngakho kukhona ene-leukemia. Kuyini lokhu? Lena esibulalayo kohlelo hematopoietic.

Ifomu okungamahlalakhona

Leukemias ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka criteria ehlukahlukene. Ngokwemvelo neoplastic izinqubo secrete mafomu oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki. Kulokhu lezi izincazelo kukhona ngokungenasizathu futhi akuhambisani endinganisweni. Ngakho, izinhlobo wegazi akuxhomekile isikhathi lesi sifo futhi awasoze ku komunye nomunye, kodwa ngamunye wabo esiteji of ukuthethelelwa futhi uhileleke. sici eziyingozi wegazi kuyashesha zokuthutha izidalwa ezisesimweni sokuguquka egazi noma isiphi isitho, kubenze ukuqala umdlavuza.

Ake sicabangele wegazi ezingelapheki. Kuyini nokuthi kungani iphindwe elibizwa? Lolu hlobo sifo sibangelwa ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa zakhekile, isilungele umsebenzi egazi (erythrocyte, leukocyte nezinhlayiya zegazi). Ngokuvamile ukuthi kuziveza abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-50 nangaphezulu. Amafomu wegazi ezingelapheki:

• myelocytic;
• neutrophilic;
• mieloskleroz;
• basophilic;
• myelomonocytic;
• monocyte;
• erythromyelosis;
• wegazi lymphocytic;
• hairy iseli wegazi;
• lymphomatosis;
• gistotsitoz;
• iretrimiya;
• thrombocythemia.

Ngamunye wabo inezimpawu ayo isici. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho myelocytic wegazi kuphela izimpawu zesifo i kuqala kuyinto ubuthakathaka, ukujuluka, ukukhathala. Ubende akuyona lakhulisiwe, igazi kuyinto evamile. Okuwukuphela kwento kungase wazise - inani elikhulu neutrophil egazini, nakuba kwenzeka kuzo zonke izinqubo ezithathelwanayo.

Izici ezivamile okuqhubekayo wegazi ezingelapheki yilezi:

• ngenxa yobuthakathaka;
• ukujuluka ngokweqile;
• splenomegaly;
• evuvukele zamanzi;
• ukuqubuka esikhumbeni futhi nolwelwesi lwamafinyila;
• izinqubo necrotic kwesikhumba futhi izitho;
• i exacerbation of kuqhuma Inkinga igazi umnkantsha;
• isilulu samafayela;
• kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo leukocyte egazini;
• kokuziphatha leukocyte umnkantsha;
• kwehle amasosha omzimba.

ezingamahlalakhona wegazi lymphocytic

Lesi sifo sidalwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ngo-lymphocyte avuthiwe, 90-98% kulo bayizinkulungwane eqenjini "B". Lapha ukuhlukanisa izigaba ingozi nesibulalayo. Lesi sakamuva ngokushesha okukhulu liphenduka lymphosarcoma. Ukuqala Kwenkathi lesi sifo cishe kusifundisa, ngoba nesineke engazizwa iyiphi izimpawu asolisayo, futhi wonke ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukukhombisa ejwayelekile, okuhlanganisa ezimhlophe cell segazi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo muntu ogulayo uqala akhathala ngokushesha, lapho ukujuluka, izindlala zamanzi kanye ubende bayanda. Ngo ezingamahlalakhona wegazi lymphocytic iwuhlobo ezimele, ebizwa enoboya cell wegazi, a amaqhubu isici villous we cytoplasm, futhi iqukethe eziningi phosphatase futhi amelana acid tartarikovym. Kulesi uhlobo anda lymph node akuzona, futhi ubende. sici yakhe yesibili - cytopenia, okusho kuncipha igazi elilodwa noma konke ngesikhathi izakhi kanye kwakhiwa. Ezigabeni zokuqala ukuxilongwa zonke izinhlobo leukemias lymphocytic nzima ngisho nalapho enza ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ngoba imiphumela ecishe ifane kwanoma iyiphi izifo ezithathelwanayo. Futhi ezivimba ukuxilonga kahle ukuvuvukala-lymph, okuyinto ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa, ene-leukemia. Iziguli wenziwa yokwelapha yokuqala-antibiotic abese ucacise izindlela ukuxilongwa histological futhi izifundo cytological wenziwa roentgen (wegazi wamaphaphu kwakhiwa lingene lymphocyte anda thoracic zamanzi).

Ifomu acute wegazi

Ngo esakhula landile acute wegazi. Kuyini futhi kanjani kuyingozi? Lolu hlobo sifo sibangelwa ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa ku beya egazi, esiyinhloko (kuqhuma) isimo. Kuye ngalokho izinhlobo amangqamuzana ayinhloko soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo leukemias olunamandla ludlule:

• monoblastny;
• myelogenous;
• eritromieloblastny;
• myeloblastic;
• acute wegazi lymphoblastic;
• undifferentiated.

Njengoba e wegazi acute egazini uthatha izinhlayiya amaminerali phezu ukusebenza igazi beya kancane kancane ilahlekelwa umsebenzi owawudalelwe, okungukuthi, ukunikezelwa izinhlaka mpilo nezakhi. Futhi kakhulu ziyancipha noma baphelelwa umsebenzi leukocyte ngokuvikela umzimba ekulweni nezilwanyana ezincane angaphandle.

Izimpawu wegazi acute

Zonke izinhlobo zesifo abe isinyathelo sokuqala (led), ukuthethelelwa futhi uhileleke. It nanela ukuthi kungenzeka kokubili okuyinhloko lokubuya kwesifo wegazi acute okuphindaphindiwe. Ubude somptomatika isifo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• isimila ekwandeni umnkantsha;
• igazi kakhulu;
• ubuthakathaka jikelele ne iphika isiyezi;
• ukopha mucosal futhi ulceration (stomatitis njalo, namathansela, ulceration e emphinjeni namathumbu);
• ukuqubuka esikhumbeni;
• anda isibindi, ubende, izindlala zamanzi;
• i-pneumonia,
• ubuhlungu emathanjeni lapho kukhona effleurage (imbangela neziqu kulezi cells asabekayo);
• sepsis kanye nezinye izinkinga ezithathelwanayo.

Ukuthethelelwa kwenzeka uma igazi ayisaxhunyanisiwe Kutholwe amaseli beya umnkantsha engaphansi kuka 5%, kanye ekwandeni leukemic umnkantsha ayitholakali.

I esiyingozi kakhulu futhi embonweni owandile phakathi izingane eqenjini yobudala engamashumi 1-6 ubudala ne-acute wegazi lymphoblastic. Ngokuvamile bathola abafana ogulayo.

Njengoba ama-lymphocyte efomini "B" (ababenyathelisa omzimba) kanye "T" (enqanda izinhlayiya angaphandle), lymphoblastic leukemia wehlukaniswa iziqephu ku izinhlobo eziningana, ngayinye yaba liguquke izinhlobo ezithile leukocyte. Ngo iphesenti imigomo, phambili "e" izinhlobo, okuyinto ukwabelana 85%. Kuvamisile isiqongo kwenzeka izingane ezineminyaka engu-3, kusukela ngalesi yobudala umzimba ngenkuthalo ukhiqiza "B" -leykotsity. "T" -form ihola intsha esikhulakhulile iminyaka 14-15, lapho i-thymus ifinyelela kusayizi waso omkhulu. Esikhathini ukuthethelelwa wegazi kulolu hlobo kumelwe nakanjani babe evamile cerebrospinal fluid. Itholiwe ingane kubhekwe kabani ukuthethelelwa ihlala iminyaka engu-5 noma ngaphezulu. Izinga kusinda izingane ukwelashwa esifike ngesikhathi futhi efanele wegazi acute kuyinto 80-85%.

Izimbangela Nezingozi Sifo

Umdlavuza wegazi e abadala nezingane kubangela ukuphazamiseka isakhiwo wama-chromosomes ukuthi kungadalwa ukukhubazeka lezinceku noma amathonya zangaphandle. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• ngemisebe (emisebeni);
• carcinogens (imithi, ukudla, amakhemikhali);
• i-nicotine;
• ngelashwa nangemithi izimila.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela omsakazo viral wegazi ayikahlanganiswa lawo.

Phakathi yokuba izici zofuzo eziyingozi kuye kwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo isifo wegazi e Down Syndrome, Bloom, Turner.

Ukuxilongwa wegazi zihlanganisa:

• ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle (kumba ISIZINDA, ekuboneni izinguquko mucosal);
• ukuhlolwa Laboratory igazi phezu ukwakheka ambalwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, ama-lymphocyte, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, izinhlayiya zegazi;
• umnkantsha biopsy;
• (I-PCR angathola chromosome Philadelphia, uma kukhona);
• INHLANZI ukuhlaziywa (kubonisa izinguquko kuma-chromosome);
• IPT (ichaza amaseli usebenzisa amatshe, zimisele iziqondiso kanye antigen).

ukwelashwa

Iziguli, ene-leukemia ziyadingeka esikoleni ngamakhemikhali (amaphilisi, imijovo izidakamizwa). Lokhu kwelashwa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba babulale wonke amaseli soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokushiswa ngokuvamile akuyona esingaphansi kwezinsuku ezimbili - primary, isinyathelo yefomu acute lesi sifo, futhi prophylactic, e ukuthethelelwa. Ngemva esigabeni sokuqala ukwelashwa kanye lapho sizama ukufinyelela 100% Imiphumela wenziwa ukufakelwa of umnkantsha amaseli. Uma emva kwakho konke lokhu umsebenzi kufika ngiwela ogibeni lwezidakamizwa, ke kukhomba ukwehluleka imithi isetshenziswa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukushintsha uhlobo lwemithi yokwelapha. Ukushiyeka wegazi njalo kunciphisa izinga lokusinda. Odokotela baye bathola eziningi izinhlobo zesifo ukubuyela:

1. ngokuya

• superearly (basinde ngesilinganiso% 10 kuphela);
• ekuseni;
• ngasekupheleni (impumelelo kufinyelelwa ku 38% of amacala).

2. kwasendaweni

• ngaphandle umnkantsha;
• umnkantsha (ayingozi kakhulu);
• kuhlangene.

esinzulu futhi, ezimweni eziningi isifo ezingalindelekile wegazi. Akuve kuyingozi, ngaphandle ukwephula imisebenzi kwegazi? Okokuqala, yokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza lalisakazeka kalula futhi ngokushesha wonke umzimba. Okwesibili, isimo esibucayi kakhulu lesi sifo, lapho amaseli asabekayo ukungena nolwelwesi ingqondo. Okwesithathu, imiphumela emibi kubangelwa ekwelapheni zonke izinhlobo wegazi.

Umdlavuza wegazi izinkomo (izinkomo)

Zonke izilwane, kuze ezihuquzelayo, kakhulu, uhlushwa wegazi, igama yesibili komdlavuza hematological. Wachazwa 1858. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lesi sifo akayona ingozi abantu. Manje, sibonga ucwaningo olusha, it is wafakazela ukuthi izilwane nabantu wegazi uyingozi enkulu. Kuze kube manje, lesi sifo sasivumela bawuqonda, kodwa ukwelashwa ingakamiswa asethuthukile. Njengabantu, wegazi ezilwaneni ebonakaliswa amila isimila (ayanda) ka hematopoietic izicubu amaseli nge ekushayweni e inqwaba beya igazi lymphoblasts futhi myeloblasts. Ubangela lezi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo sezinkomo igciwane leukaemic. A nombono okhanyayo ezithile ukuntengantenga yayo okushisa aphakeme futhi amakhemikhali. Ngakho, ke ishonela inyama ngomzuzu ezingeni lokushisa 60 ° C, futhi ubisi ezingeni lokushisa 75 ° C amasekhondi 20 kakade. Kulula ukuqeda igciwane izixazululo we-formaldehyde, chlorine, sodium hydroxide. Kodwa ezilwaneni bukhoma akunakwenzeka ukuba alibhubhise. Iqiniso lokuthi kuthinta lymphocyte. Kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokwelapha okuhloswe ngaso kokubhubhisa wegazi igciwane, ngesikhathi esifanayo amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ne ngaphandle lapho isilwane sifa.

Izimpawu zesifo

izimpawu Izinkomo wegazi singenzeka kuze iminyaka 6. Sonke lesi sikhathi, leso silwane igciwane kungathelela ezinye izilwane nabantu, kanye nokudlala inzalo ogulayo, kanjalo le sifo e imfuyo amapulazi. Ukunikeza 4 izigaba zesifo:

• podleykoznaya;
• kokuqala;
• efakwe;
• esigungwini.

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala ukuhlolwa kwegazi isimiso ukukhombisa evamile. ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwegazi kuphela angathola isifo (serological ukuhlolwa, virologic ukuhlolwa). Amapulazi isimo ukuchitha ukuhlela zabo futhi ikakhulukazi umuntu ngokuvamile abazi nokwazi uthi kukhona Burenka yakhe ayithandayo ugulela ukufa.

Isigaba sesibili libhekene ukwanda isibalo leukocyte lymphocyte egazini, futhi kukhona isibalo esikhulu mafomu abonisa ukungavuthwa. Nokho, izimpawu kwangaphandle lesi sifo sisekhona.

Kuphela esigabeni sesithathu wegazi izinkomo uqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokwelashwa. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• ukukhathala isilwane;
• Ukuwohloka jikelele, Ukuwohloka;
• ezithela wehlise;
• izinkinga ipheshana wokugaya ukudla (uhudo noma ukuqunjelwa, nobunzima ukuhlafuna);
• yellowing we nolwelwesi lwamafinyila;
• Ukuwohloka inhliziyo;
• edema eziningi (e umbele dewlap, isisu);
• pripadanie ngemilenze yangemuva;
• exophthalmia;
• evuvukele zamanzi (ngezinye izikhathi zibe nkulu ngokufanele kwekhanda lengane).

Isigaba sokugcina Asihlali isikhathi eside. Zonke izimpawu zokwelashwa ngesikhathi esifanayo uzwakalise ngokucace egazini yabonisa iphesenti eliphezulu soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ne ukuthambekela ukunciphisa yabo jikelele ambalwa. Isilwane ilahlekelwa ikhono lawo lokulwa nezifo futhi kufa.

Ngo abasha okusheshayo ukudlula zonke izigaba futhi ngezinye izikhathi isilwane omdala bafe ngokushesha kusuka ubende ezambiwa. Kuyenzeka phambi lapho kuqala izimpawu.

zokuvimbela

Njengoba ukwelashwa wegazi kwezilwane hhayi kungaba, kubaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nesifo kuyinto zokuvimbela. Endaweni yokuqala ngayo ukuqhuba cwaningo ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngo amapulazi amakhulu abasenzela ngamunye ngonyaka 1 isikhathi sazo zonke izilwane, kanye nezikhathi 2 ukuze nangezinkunzi eGiligali. Uma umhlambi itholwa isikhathi esingaphezu 2 igciwane zenethiwekhi, ipulazi ubhekwa ababencishwe amathuba ngaphambilini. Ukulungisa isimo uqhutshwa ngezindlela ezimbili - culling kwezilwane ezinegciwane futhi esikhundleni kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngempela igciwane izinqolobane.

Kubalulekile futhi nokuvimbela ukungeniswa amathole ukuze imfuyo ekhona. Zonke izilwane amazwe kufanele uhlole ku oncornavirus.

Ingabe ikhona ubisi wegazi futhi inyama ethathwe kwezilwane ezinegciwane? Ngeshwa, yebo. Ubisi kusukela izinkomo ezinomdlavuza wegazi, akuvunyelwe nhlobo ukuphuza fresh. Lokhu ubisi kufanele uthunyelwe dairies, lapho wadalula pasteurization eside. Endaweni yasekhaya kungase baphuze emva eside (imizuzu hhayi ngaphansi kuka 5) abilayo. Odokotela abaningi batusa ukusetshenziswa ubisi ezifana kuphela kokudla kwezilwane.

Inyama, uma kungekho umonakalo we-muscle leukemia, ingadliwa futhi emva kokuphathwa okushisayo okushisayo. Uma isilwane esibulewe noma esifile sithinteka yizitho kanye nemisipha yamathambo, khona-ke isidumbu saso kufanele sichithwe.