Umbhishobhi omkhulu Hermogenes. Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia Hermogenes

Saints eRussia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi babe madoda esaba uNkulunkulu, abalimi elula abahwebi abacebile, futhi abesifazane zokuziphatha kakhulu ezinhle nezikufanelekelayo ababusi elikhazimulayo. Russian isizwe Orthodox reveres abavikela yakhe ngoNkulunkulu, ukuthembela ekuvikelweni abangcwele wasezulwini, sifuna futhi uthola kuzo ukusekelwa endleleni sabo esingokomoya.

Biography emfushane Serene Lords

UbuKristu eRussia has a lot of abangcwele esikhulu abavikeli. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Hermogenes ngokungangabazeki omunye ubuntu esiphawuleka kunazo zonke emlandweni-Russian ubuKristu. Kukhulu ngezindlela Biography of the indoda kungukuthi ngokugcwele. Kuze kube manje, nezazi-mlando ezingenamandla mpikiswano olujulile mayelana mlando ebalulekile yokuphila kwakhe PHETHO.

Biography uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Hermogenes egcwele ukuqagela kuphela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wazalwa e Kazan, yaqanjwa ngokuthi igama Ermolay. Usuku olunembile ukubukeka lokuzalwa kwakhe ayikaziwa, izazi-mlando usukela 1530. On imisuka yezenhlalakahle uMbhishobhi Omkhulu idatha esichazayo azitholakali. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, Hermogenes kungokwalabo bohlobo Rurik-Shumsky, ngakolunye - ke livela Don Cossacks. Izazi-mlando bathambekela ngokwengeziwe zokukholelwa ukuthi ikusasa St Hermogenes, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow wayesalokhu ovamile, cishe kube lula bomdabu "abantu."

Izinyathelo kuqala-Orthodox Hermogenes

Ermolai inkonzo yakhe waqala e Kazan noMsindisi-isimo Monastery umfundisi abavamile. umpristi Parish ibandla St Nicholas Kazan, uba e 1579, iqhaza emcimbini ukuzuza ebusweni Kazan uNina kaNkulunkulu futhi wabhala "sikaKhisimusi lomkhuba nezimangaliso encibilikayo isithombe Kazan uNina kaNkulunkulu" wathumela kamuva Tsar Ivan le Kubi.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva Hermogenes kuthatha monasticism futhi ngokushesha iba wesigodlo kuqala, bese Archimandrite Kazan noMsindisi-isimo Monastery. Hermogenes ukwakhiwa umbhishobhi nokuqashwa Metropolitan Kazan bese Astrakhan owaqhutshelwa e-May 1589.

Kuleli qhaza lethu isikhathi eside, futhi cishe iminyaka engu-18 ubudala, Hermogenes basebenza kanzima. Ngosizo lwakhe, esidalelwe ethuneni abefundisi bendawo, kuyinto ngenkuthalo popularize le (ngokuvamile enobudlova) ubuKristu phakathi kwezizwe we iVolga. Iguqula imindeni yonke ayesebuyele nemizana ekhethekile ngaphansi kokuqondisa Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia.

UbuKristu yahlakazeka eRussia, uma sikubeka kahle, izindlela esingathembekile kakhulu futhi ngenhlonipho, kuya "amaqaba" ukuvukela bavunyelwa ukusebenzisa isijeziso ngokomzimba, pads kanye nokuvalelwa ejele. Ngo-sisekelo, ngo-January 1592, Metropolitan inzalamizi uJobe presents ukuphikelela ukuthi zonke Orthodox Kwamiswa ukukhunjulwa ukholo lobuKristu futhi amasosha owadela amakhanda abo ngesikhathi Ukuvikelwa Kazan e 1552.

Ubaba Hermogenes wathatha ingxenye kulowo mkhosi lokwedlulisela izinsalela ongcwele Germana Kazanskogo kusukela dolobha kuwo umuzi Sviyazhsk, eyaqala ngo-1592. Indaba yenzalamizi Hermogen ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle Ukhulumé umnikelo wakhe omkhulu ukuba ukwakhiwa phansi amasonto Kazan Orthodox zezindela, mayelana nokubamba lakhe wokugcotshwa Borisa Godunova kanye nomphakathi, iqhaza lenqwaba abantu babethandaza odongeni Novodevichy Sezindela.

Ukwakhiwa yenzalamizi

Ngo 1605 sobukhosi Russian wathatha kafushane Amanga Dmitry mina - elinamandla, enze sengathi Prince Dmitry, futhi eqinisweni, wabaleka ngalolo suku Chudov Monastery igosa Grishkoy Otrepevym. Metropolitan Hermogenes wabizwa ngokuthi Nouveau 'bazimele' enkantolo ukusebenza elisezingeni lephalamende, kodwa yabekwa ihlazo ngenxa yokuthi inkosikazi Polish yafuna ubhapathizo Lzhedmitriya Mariny Mnishek phambi 'bazimele "ukumshada.

Meyi 17, 1606, ngemva kokubusa esifushane, Dmitry Amanga waxoshwa sobukhosi Russian nendawo yakhe sathathwa lokugcina uhlobo Rurik - Vasiliy Shuysky. Omunye izinqumo zakhe kuqala wagudluzwa uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Ignatius (endleleni, yangaphambili protege Polish) kanye nokwakhiwa Metropolitan Kazan bese Astrakhan isikhundla sokuba uMphathi Zonke Russia. Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, evimba lesi sinqumo awazange lalungiswa. Kulesi sikhundla, uMphathi Hermogenes khona isonto asebenzayo futhi emisebenzini yezombangazwe kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa-Orthodox e isimo Russian.

protege Omkhulu ukholo lobuKristu, yedwa ngokumelene lonke zaziziningi izitha yeRussia, uMphathi Hermogenes, Biography iDemo engesiyo ukwazi ukwamukela incazelo yokuphila kwakhe, izinto ezinkulu, iziqalo, ukholo lwakhe olukhulu nokungenakuzanyazanyiswa ngoNkulunkulu, nokuqina ungenakunqotshwa izinkolelo zakhe, ubizwa ngokuthi yi ngakwesokudla 'idayimane kanzima' izazi-mlando nezingqapheli 'umprofethi entsha "kwaleli zwe Russian.

Isimo sezombusazwe e-Russia

Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Hermogenes, isithombe imifanekiso egqamile:

Isimo sezombusazwe e Russian State ngaleso sikhathi kwaba eziguquguqukayo. Leso sihlalo sobukhosi lidlule esandleni eyodwa kuya kwenye, ngesivinini inhlekelele. Inqobo nje uma omunye zasebusuku ngoMeyi 1606, i-boyars eliphakeme, eholwa Vasiliya Shuyskogo (omele omunye wabafundisi imikhaya omkhulu kwesikhulu, umzukulu zezikhulu Suzdal, ummeleli wokugcina uhlobo Rurik) akukho zungu ehlelekile.

Inhloso kwakuwukuba kokugumbuqelwa sobukhosi Russian ne Amanga Dmitry mina kokuqhoqhobala Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Ukuqedela lo msebenzi kusukela zonke casemates wedolobha iziboshwa ezikhishwe ngasese banikwa kubo izikhali, futhi ekuseni eMoscow benanela alamu okwethusayo, wamema abantu Red Square.

abantu isiRashiya, ukhathele yokucindezela Polish, isixuku wathela emigwaqweni ukuze izingalo elinde ne boyars. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho omkhulu, isixuku womele igazi baphuthuma ukubhuqwa we nabasePoland, umgogodla kwabozungu, eholwa Shumsky, yasihlephula ku amafulethi zenkosi ngesihluku ubulele Amanga Dmitry I. 1 Juni 1606 Shuya ngokusemthethweni wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi eneminyaka ukwesekwa kwemibandela Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Ukuze abantu ngokunemba lesi sinqumo ukukholisa, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow All Russia, yanikeza imvume nokukhishwa Uglich ukuba inhloko-dolobha izinsalela Tsarevich Dmitry, ayevalelwe obala umphakathi ku 3 Juni ngawo lowo nyaka.

zikhathi ezinzima

Nokho, lokhu isilinganiso asizange siveze umphumela efanele. emva kwezinyanga ezintathu lezi zenzakalo ezichazwe, kokubili laseRussia aqala basakaza khona amahemuhemu mayelana ngokuyisimangaliso Dmitry, ukuthi kusolakala ukuthi wakwazi ukubaleka ezandleni bakhi. Nalapha Kwahleka ukungajabuli ezweni Russian. Amabutho bahlangana enyakatho isimo wangafuna ukulalela kwenkosi. Umbhishobhi omkhulu Hermogenes zodwa sikhathi sezinkathazo ngoba izwe Russian yayiseduze kaNkulunkulu agcotshiwe, inkosi uBasil.

Isimo emhlabeni inkosi entsha Russian kwaya kuba engazinzile, abaningi asekelayo Shuisky phambi boyars futhi abefundisi baye bemfulathela futhi kuphela Hermogenes, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow, abaye ngokuvamile ziye zabhekana ukuhlaselwa nokululazeka, stoically waqhubeka emelela yinkosi. Isibonelo salokhu esenzeka ebusika 1609, lapho lapho sizama Shuisky sebethule isixuku baphuthuma ezibiyele ukuze athonye boyars ukususa Basil umbusi, uMphathi Hermogenes elathunjwa bayiswa endaweni ngokubulawa.

Ngisho kwamanje, phakathi isixuku zineminyaka umuntu omdala wayezama ukunqanda izwi abantu zikaNkulunkulu zokulunga, ukukholisa "singanqotshwa zothando kaDeveli." Ngalesi sikhathi, le Icebo lika kuhlulekile, kubangelwe ukuhlakanipha nokuqina yokukhuluma, wathi inzalamizi. Nokho oda zabantu ezingamakhulu amathathu wakwazi ukubaleka abakhohlisayo e liyiswa ekamu elisha e Tushino pretender.

I yenguquko Nezinkinga Russian

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isimo laqala izenzakalo neqhaza yezinguquko ukugeleza Nezinkinga. Omunye Ngezinsuku zasebusika ezibandayo ngo-February 1609 Vasiliy Shuysky engena inkontileka nombusi Swedish uCharles IX. lamabutho IsiSwidi of amasosha wathunyelwa Novgorod futhi ibekwe ngaphansi umyalo lomshana yenkosi izimantshi Skopin-Shumsky.

United ngaleyo ndlela Russian futhi Swedish amabutho ahlomile ehlaselwa ngempumelelo ibutho Tushino pretender, wabaxosha enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia. Ungena Shumsky futhi uCharles IX yesivumelwano futhi ukungena ezweni Russian IsiSwidi amabutho ahlomile anikeza ugqozi ekuqaleni evulekile offensives lempi Polish King Sigismund neRussia. Ekwindla ka onyakeni ofanayo, ibutho Polish waya Smolensk, anethemba lokuthola bamba lula komuzi. Kodwa lapho kwaba!

Smolensk isibindi futhi ngobuqhawe iminyaka eside cishe emibili, wamelana ukuhlaselwa we nabasePoland. Ekugcineni, iningi Polish Army abayiswe aphume Tushino kuya Smolensk phama, futhi ekupheleni konyaka kusukela Tushino ukuba Kaluga wagijima yena nomkhohlisi. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ekamu 1610 sihlubuki labhujiswa ngokuphelele futhi ngo-March 12, abantu enhlokodolobha wahlangana ngomdlandla ibutho Skopin-Shumsky. usongo ngokuthatha enkingeni-abenzi e yaseMoscow, kodwa lokho akusho ukuphela impi ngesikhathi esisodwa nge bahlaseli ezimbili - ezicathama Kaluga futhi nomkhohlisi ngubani wazinza ngokuqinile at Smolensk Sigismund.

Shumsky isikhundla ngalesi sikhathi kancane wamqinisa ngokuzuma uma efa umshana wakhe Hero Skopin-Shumsky. Ukufa kwakhe kuholela izenzakalo inhlekelele ngempela. ibutho Russian badlulela Smolensk ngokumelene nabasePoland, iphansi kwesandla sika-umfowabo umbusi phansi ngokuphelele eduze nedolobhana Klushino. Getman Zolkiewski wahola amabutho babedabuka ePoland futhi kwase eMoscow matasa Mozhaisk. Pretender, lokuqoqa izinsalela amabutho masishane wathutha ngaseningizimu yenhloko-dolobha.

Tsar Vasily sebethule. Itshe Eliyigugu uMbhishobhi Omkhulu

Zonke lezi zenzakalo ebulalayo uphawu isiphetho Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Phakathi no-ehlobo 1610 lezi zihlubuki wangena ezibiyele ashaqe boyars, Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Hermogenes ukumemeza kokugumbuqelwa inkosi yena, waba ngenkani asuswe Kremlin. Lord of the Church, kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya futhi ukunqanda isixuku oluthukuthele, kulokhu awuzange ukumuzwa. Inkosi yokugcina kwakungezesizwana uhlanga lasendulo Rurik wagudluzwa uvela esihlalweni sobukhosi Russia, amandla indela kanye "abadingisiwe" ku Chudov Monastery, elise (ngaphambi kokubhujiswa kwalo) engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Kremlin ngesikhathi Imperial Square.

Hermogenes, Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow futhi angigodlanga enkonzweni kaNkulunkulu, nenkosi yakwa-Basil, okuyinto kumnyama noma kubomvu kubhekwe eqiniso agcotshiwe yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian. Izifungo izindela Shumsky akazange aqaphele ngenxa yokuthi imfuneko ikhomishana yezithembiso kuyinto ngokuphelele ukuphinyiselwa okufanele kwamagama uyafunga ngokuzwakalayo ngqo labo ababa indela.

Endabeni izifungo Vasily izwi renunciation yazo zonke izinto zomhlaba awasho Tyufyakin Prince - omunye izihlubuki ngenkani wagumbuqela inkosi esihlalweni sayo sobukhosi. By the way, uMphathi Hermogenes kamuva Tyufyakina okubizwa ngokuthi indela. Ngezinye sebethule Shumsky, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, kuziwa esimweni ekupheleni nemisebenzi zezombusazwe yeNkosi nanjengobufakazi iqala inkonzo yakhe eqotho Lobu-Orthodox.

Amandla e-dolobha ishuthiwe ngokugcwele boyars. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto iwela ihlazo, uhulumeni lithole isidlaliso "Eziyisikhombisa Boyars" abayizithulu ukuba zonke izimfuneko, imizamo, iseluleko kanye nezincomo Hermogenes. Nokho, naphezu boyars ngokuzumayo deafened, ngalesi sikhathi isikhalazo sakhe wezwa kakhulu loudly ngokuqinile, enikeza umfutho onamandla Awakening yeRussia kusuka "ubuthongo kaDeveli."

Ukulwela ukukhipha sobukhosi

Ngemva sebethule Vasily boyars wema phambi umbuzo obalulekile - abenza Tsar entsha yeRussia. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga Zemsky Sobor ukuthi ibizwe, lapho umbono, ihlukaniswe phakathi kwababusi. Hermogenes aphikelela umbono ukubuyela esihlalweni sobukhosi Vasiliya Shuyskogo, kahle, noma uma lokhu akunakwenzeka e kokugcotshwa omunye wezikhulu Golitsyn noma indodana Rostov Metropolitan ezincane Mikhail Romanov.

Njengoba utshelwa Inzalamizi zonke Orthodox eniyenzayo emithandazweni kuNkulunkulu ngenxa ukhetha le Tsar Russian. Boyars, esikhundleni salokho, sukuma ukhetho sobukhosi isiRashiya, indodana umbusi Polish Sigismund, isikhulu Vladislav. I nabasePoland wawubonakala ungacacisi kubo ububi nenkanyiso encane kuqhathaniswa mbumbulu Amanga Dmitri II futhi Tushino yakhe "ibutho." Umbhishobhi omkhulu yedwa ukuqaphela indlela esibonakala oyinhlekelele Russia kuyoba indlela okhethiweyo kaJehova boyars.

Ningamlaleli Hermogenes boyars waqala izingxoxo uhulumeni Polish. Umphumela wale izinkulumo ingabe abavumelana ngakho omkhandlu eziyisikhombisa phezu okugcoba Prince Ladislas ukubusa. Futhi inzalamizi yabonisa zonke nokuqina ubuntu bakhe lapha. Wafaka phambili ezimeni eziningana esiqinile - Vladislav Ngeke ube Tsar Russian ngaphandle kokuthatha kwabo ukholo Orthodox, Prince ukubhapathizwa kufanele bathathe indawo ngaphambi kokufika eMoscow, washada Vladislav kuyodingeka kuphela intombazane isiRashiya, ziphele zonke izinhlobo zobuhlobo ne iSonto Pope katolizizmom zonke zako. Ithunyelwa nabasePoland nalezi zimfuneko, izithunywa wabuya ngaphandle impendulo ecacile inzalamizi wathi uma zokuchithwa Prince wabhaphathizwa noma izinkulumo ezengeziwe mayelana amgcobe inkulumo sobukhosi ngeke kwenziwe.

ukukhashelwa Semiboyarshina

Buyela emuva Sigismund wathumela amanxusa eliholwa Metropolitan Filaret futhi Prince Golitsyn ngemiyalelo kucace Umbhishobhi omkhulu kakhulu kufunwe kusukela Vladislav ukwamukelwa Lobu-Orthodox. Hermogenes wabusisa amanxusa ngokunika igunya ukuze sikwazi ukuma siqine ku lesi sidingo, futhi sivumele ukunqotshwa yinoma isiphi namaqhinga yenkosi Polish.

Bese Umbhishobhi omusha usebhekene ukushaqeka. 21 Septhemba, ebusuku, izicukuthwane ngokukhohlisa vuleka sango inhlokodolobha kwezinhloko zamaviyo Polish eholwa Hetman Zolkiewski. Nkosi wazama ukudlubulunda lesi senzo. Kodwa boyars bonke benanele ngo- intukuthelo inzalamizi, isonto lutho ukugxambukela ezindabeni zezwe. Sigismund yena wanquma ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi isiRashiya, empeleni nje ukujoyina eRussia enkulumeni Pospolitnoy. Iningi lalaba boyars wafisa ukuba bafunge ukuthi bayoqhubeka bezithoba inkosi yasePoland. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, inxusa Russian ngokuqinile wagcwalisa igunya inzalamizi, steadfastly ukulwela izithakazelo zezwe isimo Russian kanye ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox.

Ngolunye usuku uJehova Germagen ukuvusela abantu isiRashiya, bebakhuthaza ukuba abeke ukuba nimelane amakhetho inkosi umbusi Polish yeRussia. Zezıhlabane, egcwele inzalamizi inkulumo ngakhethi wawufinyelela umgomo walo, wathola i-echo e umphefumulo wabantu Russian.

Boyars wathumela enye incwadi ngenkululeko vzoshestvii weNkosi Sigismund, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka isignesha yakhe Serene Bishop of amanxusa Russian eveziwe kusukela kudala emhlabathini Russian yiliphi ibhizinisi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzeka emphakathini noma zezwe, waqala noMkhandlu abefundisi bama-Orthodox. Futhi esigxotsheni izikhathi zamanje kunzima ukuhlala isimo Russian bengenayo inkosi, khona-ke abe arbiter main ngaphandle inzalamizi Bole akekho futhi silungise noma yikuphi ukungezwani ibhizinisi akukwazi ngaphandle umyalo wakhe. Bethukutheliswe Sigismund wayeka zonke izingxoxo, izithunywa wabuyela eMoscow.

Winter kusihlwa e-1610 Amanga Dmitry II wabulawa, isusa enkulu phakathi kwabantu Russian samanje. Bayanda baqala ukuthukuthelela izingcingo for ukuxoshwa nabasePoland bevela ezweni Russian. Ukuze ezisekhona ezinye ubufakazi nabasePoland ngokwabo sikhathi. Bathi Umbhishobhi omkhulu eMoscow ukusakaza ngasese kulo lonke usiyala edolobheni, ekhuthaza abantu ukuba zenze futhi ngokushesha saqhubekela inhlokodolobha ukuvikela Orthodox ukholo lobuKristu futhi ukuxoshwa abahlaseli.

Isikhumbuzo ukuze inzalamizi Hermogenes e Red Square e Moscow:

Ukuqina sokholo ubuqhawe Umbhishobhi

Futhi futhi Umbhishobhi Hermogenes weba usongo. amambuka Polish nasezincekwini anquma ukuhlala ngokwahlukana inzalamizi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ukumisa umbiko we izikhalazo inzalamizi kubantu.

Januwari 16, amabutho 1611 amaphoyisa atshalwa kule wezinzalamizi egcekeni farmstead ziphangwe futhi uJehova ngaphansi ukuhlazeka nokuhlekwa usulu. Kodwa nakuba isikhona ngabodwa pheze ephelele, ubiza Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia St. basakaza phakathi kwabantu. emadolobheni isiRashiya, ngokokuqala umpteenth rose evikela isimo. Militia baphuthuma izindonga inhlokodolobha wenkululeko yayo kubahlaseli Polish. Ngo-February 1611, Umbhishobhi omkhulu amambuka wagudluzwa amfaka ejele emgodini omnyama we sezindela Chudov, lapho indlala futhi ngenye ngokwehliswa isithunzi.

Nkosi Hermogenes ukholo 17 Januwari ngonyaka 1612. Nakuba izazi-mlando ungenalo ukuvumelana ngalolu daba. Ngokusho kwamanye ama-akhawunti, Umbhishobhi zabulawa indlala, ngakolunye - ke anobuthi ngamabomu carbon monoxide noma ngesihluku waklinywa.

Esikhathini esithile ngemva kokufa eMoscow umdala kokululama khona kuwo we nabasePoland, futhi Februwari 21, 1613 sobukhosi Russian kwakuhlezi Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, ubani Hermogenes ngokungangabazeki athandaza kuNkulunkulu.

Ekuqaleni, inzalamizi wembelwa Miracle Monastery. Ngemva kwalokho, umzimba weNkosi, kwanqunywa ukuba bathuthele kweNyuka Cathedral - kela yabefundisi ephakeme eMoscow. Kwatholakala ukuthi amandla saint wahlala incorrupt, ngoba izinsalela kwakungafanele phansi emhlabathini. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto nokunxusa senzeka ngo-1913.