Umbhali Ukraine Ivan Franko: Biography, lokusungula

Ivan Franko - abadumile imbongi Ukraine futhi umbhali. Yena wayevelele hhayi kuphela ezincwadini kodwa futhi imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle nesayensi. Omunye wabantu omkhulu kunabo bonke e-Ukraine kuba Ivan Franko. Nokho, Umlando wakhe, ngeke kube nentshisekelo hhayi Ukraine kuphela.

Umsuka Franco

Iminyaka yokuphila hero yethu - 1856-1916. Ivan Yakovlevich Franko wazalelwa edolobhaneni Naguevichi. Manje kuba saseLviv (Drohobych wesifunda). Uyise wayengumGreki le wensimbi emzaneni. Ivan Ros uyintandane. Uyise, Yakov Franko, washona ngo-1865. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-9 kuphela ubudala. Kamuva, ngo-1872, wafa, futhi unina, uMaria Kulchitskaya. Naphezu kwesimo esinzima kwezezimali, Ivan wafunda.

isikhathi ukuqeqeshwa

Kusukela 1862 kuya 1864 waya esikoleni, elalisendlini edolobhaneni elingumakhelwane; e 1864-67 - esikoleni samabanga aphansi e Drohobych; futhi esikhathini kusuka 1867 kuya 1875 Ivan esikoleni Drohobych. Kamuva, lapho esevele engumshumayeli umlobi odumile, yathukuthela echazwe oda eyayivamile sokuzivocavoca. Ngo izindaba ezifana "umsizi", "Siyini isifundo of calligraphy," "oluthile lokudla esikolweni," "uBaba-humorist" Ivan Franko ngokwethembeka isimanga kuvezwa othisha abanonya drummed ezingqondweni zezingane oyisiphukuphuku esikoleni esiphakeme ngokuhlakanipha.

Chaza kafushane esinye salezi izindaba. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Uyise-humorist" sikhuluma umuntu kubhekwa a humorist, nosomahlaya. Kodwa eqinisweni, le ndoda mncane ubuso ihhashi teases izingane, uma benza amaphutha, uyadelela kubo ngokujezisa ngezinduku, ubeka izingane kwi "ebhentshini lembongolo." Okunye othisha, Isithombe Umlobi, ngalutho.

Izithombe elinikezwe ngenhla, osebenza ku 1870. Lesi sithombe yokuzivocavoca, okuyinto ukuboniswa ofunda Ivan (yena - emgqeni wesibili, okokuqala kusukela kwesobunxele).

Franco ubengeke abe nomuntu oluvelele, uma ngesikhathi ufunda izincwadi zabo agcwaliswa ulwazi lwabo esikoleni. Ukufunda kwaba yokuchitha isizungu esithandayo. Ivan wenza incwadi, lapho ayengathola khona: yezincwadi, ozakwabo zakhe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, baba imadlana, ukuthenga edishini ezishibhile. Kumele ukuthi Ivan wayevelele ezifundweni. Ngo-1875 yena wanikwa scholarship kusukela Isikhwama Glowinski. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ekwindla, wabhalisa e-University of Lviv, emnyangweni philological. I scholarship wanikezwa Ivanu Franko phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sesifundo somuntu eyunivesithi. Kwakubonakala sengathi Ivan ulinde ikusasa ezolile futhi evikelekile. Wayengeke abe eyunivesithi noma esikoleni esiphakeme othisha. It wayethemba nabangane bakhe nezihlobo.

Ukuboshwa lokuqala

Nokho, eminyakeni yokuqala cwaningo e-University of Ivan Franko wazibonakalisa njengoba isibalo somphakathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, sezenhlalo, isiqondiso esiqhubekayo. Waqala ubungane Mihailom Pavlikom futhi Ostap Terletskii. Through the zokuqala, yena waqala ukuxhumana ne Drahomanov, owayeneminyaka ngaleso sikhathi eGeneva. Drahomanov kwaba sezenhlalo wamavukelambuso, kuyingozi emehlweni amaphoyisa Ukraine. Ngenxa ukuxhumana naye, yethu iqhawe waboshwa ngoJuni 1877.

Bekanye Ivana Franko nabo abasolwa ngokwakha umphakathi imfihlo sezenhlalo. I-January ezilandelayo, inkantolo utholakale enecala Ivan. Wagwetshwa emavikini ayisithupha ejele. Njengoba isikhathi sesiphelo sesimiso okuphenya akabalwa njengesijeziso, Ivan wadedelwa amasonto kuphela emva eziyisithupha, 5 Mashi 1878.

imiphumela ukuboshwa

Isijeziso lalilincane, kodwa imiphumela zazizimbi kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi umuntu irekhodi lobulelesi, ngokuvumelana nomthetho alikwazanga uthisha. Ngenxa yalokhu umgomo ngiyoqeqeshwa ngokwengeziwe ku-internet Ivana Franko baba akucacile. iqhawe lethu futhi ekhethiwe scholarship. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Franco abandayo kanzima ngesikhathi ngiboshiwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lesi sifo siba amahlalakhona. Yena wajaha Ivana ukuphila. Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke imiphumela ejele. UYise uMlobokazi Franco, Olga Roshkevych, engumpristi futhi benqaba usathandana yakhe. Waze wenqaba ukuba aqhubeke Olga kokubona "uyisigebengu" futhi luhambisane naye. emshadweni wabo, ngeshwa, akazange athathe indawo.

umshushisi omusha

Ukushushiswa amaphoyisa hero yethu aziphelelanga lapho. Waphinde waboshwa ngo Coloma ngoMashi 1880. Franco futhi ngokuthi bagqugquzela ukuba kuvukelwe sezenhlalo. Wachitha izinyanga ezintathu esitokisini kuze kube ubuyela uphenyo saba side kangakanani. Ngokusho imiphumela, kwathiwa waqaphela ukuthi ukuboshwa Franco abusekelwe. Juni 13 Ngawo lowo nyaka, iqhawe lethu wathunyelwa esigadiwe kusukela Coloma e Naguevichi. Izinkumbulo ezihambisana nalesi siphetho, Ivan wathola okuvelayo zazibonakala umsebenzi wakhe. Bakha isisekelo indaba Franco, "I-Lower Ngokujula".

Amaphoyisa enganikanga Ivan Franko wedwa. Lapho ngiyoshumayela okwesithathu ecabanga ke ngokuqondene ukufika e Lviv iqembu Ukraine abafika bevela Kiev. Ivan waboshwa e Lviv ngo-August 1889. Lesi sikhathi bemthwesa icala zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi, wasishaya izinhloli eRussia. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi amacala ayebekwe la madoda linesisekelo. I sejele sikhathi ziyabonakala ku "Sonnets Ejele" - umjikelezo olusankondlo, adalwe Franco.

ukuphila Siqu

Ngo-1886, u-Ivan washada. Umkayo wayesesibhedlela intombazane ozalwa e Kiev, Olga Horuzhinskaya. I Franco umkhaya waba nezingane ezine, kodwa umndeni inhlalakahle kusukela 1902 bekulokhu sokudiliza. Unkosikazi Ivan waqala isifo sengqondo, is iyakhula njengoba isikhathi sihamba. Lokhu kwaletha iqhawe lethu eziningi zosizi.

Ivan Franco ngo-1902 wathuthela endlini yakhe (wayekade ngaphambilini aqashiwe yokuhlala). Ikheli samanje endlini lapho ayehlala Franco - Str. Franko, 152. Isebenza Museum yisikhumbuzo umbhali. Izindlu, Ivan wathatha loan ezinkulu. Izinkokhelo ku yaqedwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe indodana yakhe u-Ivan.

Ukugula Ivan Franko

Franco ngo-Ephreli 1908 saya ukwelashwa kanye ukuphumula Lipik, esemgwaqweni Croatia yesimanje, eduze Zagreb. Sekube kakhulu zaba zimbi ekuguleni kwakhe - kokubili izandla zakhe yayikhubazekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, steel enezimpawu isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Eminyakeni eyalandela, lokhu kubonakaliswa sifo sashintsha kancane. Nokho, Franco ngeke aphinde kwakungelona kufanelekile ngokugcwele. Abaphila Besikhathi wayekholelwa ukuthi ukugula kwakhe is phetho ugcunsula adluliselwe esisodwa. Wabanikeza asemrarweni Ivanu Franko. Nokho, Okwamanje, odokotela bavame ukuba abacabanga ukuthi njengoba kungabesifazane 1877, nesiphelo sesimiso isikhathi, hero yethu eyayigula ifomu rheumatism. Kumayelana Reiter Syndrome. Umqondo wokubuyelela ke ziye zavela ngemva ngemva kokufa Ivan iminyaka eminingi.

ukufa Franco sika

isifo Bazophela amandla, izinkinga zezenhlalo kanye nomndeni, ukuswela imali, iqhawe lethu bafa e Lviv, ekhaya lakhe, 28 Meyi, 1916. Ithuna Ivan Franko ikhona Lychakiv Amathuna.

Ivan Franco njengoba imbongi

Thina ninikeza manje bajwayelane imisebenzi kwezincwadi Ivan. Okokuqala njengoba imbongi eyenziwe 1874, u-Ivan Franko. Umlando wakhe kuphawulwa ukudalwa izinkondlo kuze kube sezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe, kuze kube ngo-1916. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe mikhulu kangakanani eziningi izinkondlo amahle mayelana nezindaba zomphakathi, kanye nalakufundze emphilweni. Bakhandwa eqoqwe ezincwadini eziningana.

Nokho, ithalente esankondlo iqhawe bethu amandla esiphezulu kubonakala inkondlo eside, hhayi isosha esihlatshelelwayo. Ivan uye wadala isithombe ofanele ngokuphila Galician bosuku lwakhe. Lapha kufanele imisebenzi efana "Aimoré abantu" (1884), "Njengomuntu" (le nkondlo ngo-1889), kanye inkondlo ezidalwe 1890. "In Love" kuphawula. Ivan Franko Futhi ngiwuthumbile izithombe esidlule umlando wabantu base-Ukraine. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ngale ndaba, kufanele kuqashelwe "Ibha amahlaya" (1887), le nkondlo "Ivan Vyshenskii ', wadala 1895, kanye nomunye umsebenzi -" Ngo Saint George Hill "(1900). Ivan Franko enikelwe ezinye izidalwa zabo nizindla ngoNkulunkulu nangenkolo. Kufanele kuqashelwe inkondlo 1885 Ex nihilo, kanye "Ukufa uKhayini", wadala ngo-1889.

Abavelele phakathi izinkondlo ezibhalwe ngu-Ivan fanele ukucutshungulwa ezihlukahlukene ezivela ezweni izincwadi. Lezi imisebenzi 1890s ngokuthi "Lis Mikita," "The Adventures of Don Quixote", "Inkosi ezincisha injabulo," "Abu kasimov izicathulo", njalo liqiniswe 1900 inkondlo "Smith Bass".

Hlobo luni lomsebenzi esivelele izinkondlo sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo umlobi? Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi le kudala inkondlo "UMose" ngo-1905. Kulesi umsebenzi, esekelwe - indaba kweBhayibheli, emelelwa ukuvelela abantu Ukraine, owaqala ukulwela inkululeko yokuzimela.

Franko - Umbhali

Ivan Franco kwaba imbongi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi umbhali. Kulezi imisebenzi ayezenza njengoba umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela, okuyinto igxile ngenkinga Galician impilo yakhe ngosuku. Kwaba abalobi Ukrainian lokuqala Franco sika ukuboniswa ukuphila abasebenzi laseHalychyna, owayesebenza emasimini uwoyela, kanye osomabhizinisi yamaJuda, ababe ekilasini abamelene yabo. Ngo-1877, kwaba khona umkhiqizo "ukuguqulwa yezoni, 'ngo-1884 - Boa constrictor, ngo-1887 -" Yats Zelepuga "e-1899 -" Oilman ". Wadala ngo 1882, inoveli "laseHalychyna uyahleka," kubhekwa umsebenzi engcono yale umjikelezo.

Creation elalinikezelwe ukuphila nezazi, futhi ibekwe ezindaweni okuphawulekayo Franco temibhalo yephrozi. Kodwa ngo-1880, u-Ivan wabhala "I-Lower Ngokujula", ngo-1897 - "Ukuze uthole ikhaya", ngo-1900 - "izindlela engu-". Abavelele enye ephakathi kwemisebenzi kulolu chungechunge kungokwalabo labo abazinikele ubudlelwane Ukrainian-Polish. Phakathi kwabo, kufanele kuphawulwe "Lel futhi Polel" (1887), kanye "izinsika Society" (1894). Bobabili isebenza ngeshwa kwesokunxele sidle.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu emangalisayo njengoba indaba Ivana Franko "Farbovany izimpungushe" ( "farbovany" lisho ukuthi "zaveza '). Ngo izizathu zakhe ngo-1953, ukuthi lwenziwe Yihhovisi eSoviet ikhathuni, umqondisi-nokuveza ngubani Alexander Ivanov. "Impungushe obudaywe" ingenye imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu Ivanov.

Abaningi base-Ukraine eyaziwa ifilimu ngokuthi "zahar Berkut". Likhuluma indaba emzabalazweni abantu inkululeko abathanda ukucindezelwa social nabahlaseli. Kuyinto kule filimu mayelana emzaneni ZaseCarpathos. Uzungu wahamba wayosebenza, "zahar Berkut" Ivan Franko.

Ivan Yakovlevich wazibonisa kule drama. play wakhe "ebiwe Injabulo" kwaba ezintsha ngesikhathi sawo. Futhi namhlanje kubukeka ngempela zanamuhla. Esikhathini play "Injabulo ebiwe" kuchazwa ukuphila komkhaya, olubheka bajabule. Nokho, umndeni ahlahlele phambi ezibukelini. Indawo isinyathelo wakhethwa edolobheni Ukrainian yesifundazwe. Classic uthando unxantathu itholakala maphakathi ngesakhiwo yalo msebenzi. Izimpilo zabantu abathathu kusahlangene - Anna, umyeni wakhe lover wakhe uMichael uMykola. Umona, oshade naye, uthando, nokufa real futhi ngengqondo, ukuphenduka nokubulala ngokuyisimangaliso "uvuko" - play kahle kamhlophe izinkanuko hhayi wawungaphansi amadrama kaShakespeare.

imisebenzi yokuhumusha

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, Franco wasebenza phezu izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi emhlabeni izincwadi. Indlela aphumelela ngayo kulo mkhakha kuphezulu kakhulu. Ukuhumusha okuqondene ke, ungakha lonke umtapo.

Kuvele anhlobonhlobo kakhulu imikhiqizo ukuthi bakhangwa Franco. izinguqulo akhe ahlanganisa ukudalwa lwesiGreki sakuqala, Arabhu lasendulo, izincwadi Indian lasendulo; izinkondlo eBabiloni lasendulo. Njengoba izincwadi ezintsha, kungase kuqashelwe "Faust" by Goethe. Ivan Franko elihunyushwe kuyo 1882. Yayithanda nezinye German kanye isiFulentshi, Polish, isiNgisi Italian imisebenzi.

Nazi ezinye izinguqulo Franco - wonke amabhuku emibhalweni K. Havlicek-Borovsky futhi A. S. Pushkina. Of ekhethekile ukudluliswa inothi umjikelezo imisebenzi wadala mlando eRoma lasendulo. Ivan Franko wasebenza phezu kwabo Agasti 1915 kuya ku-March 1916, ie nonyaka afa ngawo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zihunyushelwe German Ukrainian Folk songs, kanye nokusiza M. S. Grushevskomu ukudala inguqulo German we "Umlando Ukraine-Rus". imisebenzi awuwedwa kwezobuciko ingashintshwa Ivan Franko. Umlando wakhe ephawulwe isithakazelo emibhalweni zesayensi kanye ethandwa ngezihloko ezehlukene yena wayekhuluma-yalolucwaningo 1870-80. Ivan kubhekwe bawathole ewusizo ekufundiseni abantu Ukraine.

Osebenza njengokuvimbelayo folklorist

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkonzo yakhe kwezobuciko Franco wayenesithakazelo temdzabu. Eyokuqala inganekwane e ukuqoshwa yayo yanyatheliswa ngo-1876. "Izaga Galician-Russian" futhi "Studio of Ukraine Folk songs" waba impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu Franco kulo mkhakha. Ivan ishicilele eziningi amarekhodi ethnographic kanye zamasiko nocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhala uchungechunge Folk songs.

French njengoba mlando sezincwadi

Ngo eziningana izindlela umsebenzi ku-internet Ivana Franko wabe ngomlando izincwadi. Eyokuqala yalezi - Umlando izifundo. Impumelelo enkulu kakhulu kule isiqondiso - Franco mqondo zobudokotela, walivikela e 1895. Eyesibili isiqondiso - ukuqoqwa, cwaningo kanye ukushicilelwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kwezincwadi Ukraine. Lapha kufanele iqoqo Franco waphawula "Apocrypha Legends kusukela Imibhalo Yesandla Ukraine." Ivan wathola futhi ishicilelwe ukudalwa Ivana Vyshenskogo, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo ebhala eziningi izifundo. Wabuye Published imisebenzi Taras Shevchenko, Fedkovych A. Świdnicka nezinye Ukrainian abalobi. Esinye isici wayesebenza Franco - ukubhala imisebenzi zokwenziwa umlando izincwadi Ukraine.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

nezihlakaniphi Young Galician e 1890 wadala Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, eholwa Ivan Franko kuze 1898. Le phathi zithobele isiqondiso sezenhlalo. Yena inesifiso abe ummeleli emibuthano ezibanzi wezisebenzi.

Ivan Franco e-1895, baba ikhandidethi kuleli ephalamende saseVienna (i-Radical Party) e wabavoti Mostiska - Dobromyl - Przemysl. Ngo 1898 wayengumuntu umfundi kwesinye wabavoti - Skalat - Zbarazh - Ternopil. Nokho, kuzo zombili izikhathi Ivan Franco namanje engakaze akhethwe.

Franco e 1899 zazivela Radical Party, wadala bangena Ukrainian party kazwelonke-yeningi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ezizivelelayo elahlekile umholi ezinethonya National Democrats anamukelanga amandla abalulekile. Franco e yinhlama entsha imisebenzi ekhethekile kungukuthi zihlukaniswa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile waphinde wayeka umzabalazo zezombusazwe futhi ugxile ngokugcwele kwezesayensi etemibhalo.

efingqa

Ivan Franko, ogama biography okuzoxoxwa ngawo esihlokweni, kwaba nesazi imbongi ubizo lwakhe. Nokho, akakwazanga ukuhlala unethezeke bese ubuka isimo sezombusazwe ezweni labo. Ngako-ke kwakute azivumele ukuba nje umbhali. Ivan Franko kakhulu futhi balamukela ngezinhliziyo ezivumayo nganoma yisiphi ibhizinisi, okwakubekelwa, ngokombono wakhe, abe wusizo abantu Ukraine. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo eziningi etemibhalo ayikwazanga bona Franco, tinkondlo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba okuyinto kunjalo kukhona ukuqashelwa kahle deserved. Kwezinye zingoma, iqhawe lethu wakhononda kalusizi ukuthi wayengeyona uyakwazi bona bonke imibono yabo izincwadi.

Nokho, ngokunembile ngenxa yomsebenzi universalism Franco, singasho ukuthi ungomunye abakhi isizwe yesimanje Ukraine. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi uJohane Y. ukuboniswa phezu eyiphepha ihlelo 20 hryvnia. Yiqiniso, leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi niwubone umzimba wakhe kubaluleke kakhulu abantu base-Ukraine. Kusukela ngo-1992, isithombe ku-internet Ivana Franko ikhona imali eyiphepha par ukubaluleka 20 hryvnia. Design Its lashintsha izikhathi eziningana, kodwa lesi sibalo Franco njalo lahlala enyameni.