Ukwehlukaniswa kwesiko kwamasiko ekhulwini lama-17. Ukwandiswa kwezihlobo zamasiko neYurophu

Ikhulu leshumi le-17 liyisikhathi esiphezulu sezomlando kanye namasiko kazwelonke. Lesi sikhathi kubhekwa njengesikhathi. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho iminyango yezinguquko ezidumile zikaPetru zenziwa ezweni lethu. Ingxenye eyinhloko yale nqubo yi-secularization yesiko.

Ukubuyekeza kwesikhathi

Isikhathi esicatshangelwayo siyathakazelisa kulesi sigaba, esibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinguquko zikaPeter I azizange zivele ngaphandle. Zaba umphumela wemvelo walokho konke ukuthuthukiswa kwangaphambilini kwezwe. Kule ndaba, ikhulu lemfundo elifundwayo lidalula kakhulu, ngoba phakathi nalesi sikhathi izinguquko eziyisisekelo zenzeka cishe kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila komphakathi. Izinguquko zithinte ezombusazwe, umnotho, umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRussia yaqala ukudlala indima evelele futhi evelele ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngakho-ke, ukwehlukaniswa kwesiko kwamasiko kufanele kubhekwe njengengqikithi yezinguquko ezingenhla.

Izikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa

Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, inkolo yahlala endaweni echazwe emlandweni kanye nobuciko baseRussia. Amandla, umphakathi, kanye nemfundo yazinqunywa yiyo, eyashiya impendulo ebalulekile endleleni yokuphila nokucabanga kwabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngekhulu le-17 umkhuba omusha wokuthuthukiswa wawusanda kuvela: izibopho neNtshonalanga Yurophu zanda, ngakho ukuphumelela kwamanye amazwe kwafinyelela ezweni lethu. Imibuthano efundiswa emphakathini yaqala ukubonisa isithakazelo kolwazi lwezwe, isayensi, isiko futhi, ekugcineni, indlela yokuphila yaseYurophu.

Konke lokhu kwakunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu empilweni nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseRussia. Okunye ukuqondiswa kwentuthuko, okwabonakala ngesikhathi esicatshangelwe, ukuthambekela ukuboleka izimpumelelo ezinkulu kanye nezintandokazi ezivela phesheya. Ekuqaleni, kuphela ababusi baseMoscow nabasezingeni eliphakeme ababekwazi ukuthenga izimpahla ezidliwayo. Inamba yabantu abanjalo kancane kancane kodwa yanda kancane. Leli chungechunge elincane kamuva laba yisekela likaPeter I ekufezeni izinguquko zakhe.

Imfuneko yokushintsha

Ukwakhiwa kwesiko kwamasiko kwavela ngenxa yalokho konke okuthuthukisiwe komlando waseRussia. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngisho naseNkathini Ephakathi Izikhulu zaseMoscow zazimema abantu bezinye izizwe egcekeni labo ekwakheni, kanye nodokotela, abadwebi, abadwebi nabaculi. Isibonelo esibangelisayo yisimemo sika-Ivan III somdwebi odumile wase-Italy u- Aristotle Fioravanti ukwakha i-Assumption Cathedral edumile eMoscow Kremlin. Esinye isibonelo ngumsebenzi womculi ongumGreki uTheophanes the Greek eRussia.

Ngaleso sikhathi, lezo zimo zokuxhumana namakhosi angaphandle zazingavamile. Kodwa noma kunjalo babonisa. Okokuqala, bakhuluma ngokuthambekela komphakathi waseRussia ukuboleka isipiliyoni saseWest Europe. Okwesibili, kwaba yinto edingekayo yaleso simo njengesiko samasiko.

Izindaba zomndeni

Izincwadi zekhulu le-17 zacaca ngokucacile lo mkhuba wokungena kolwazi lwezwe kanye nempumelelo kulobuciko. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha, okungahlosiwe kuphela ukufundisa, kodwa futhi ukujabulisa umfundi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuntu bomuntu, izifiso zakhe nesifiso sokuphuluka empilweni, kufinyelela isikhundla esithile seza phambili. Lezi zinhlobo zihlanganisa okuthiwa indaba yansuku zonke. Izibonelo zakhe kwakuyimisebenzi: "Indaba ka Savva Grudtsyne", "Indaba yeNtaba nobubi" nabanye. Ukuzikhethela kwabo kwakungokuthi babheke ukunakwa okukhethekile ekuboniseni izinhlamvu ezingafani nezinhlamvu, ukwabelana kwabo okunzima, izinkinga zansuku zonke. Futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, abalobi baqala ukugxila kakhulu ezimfanelweni zabo zabalingisi.

Isithutha

Izincwadi zangekhulu le-17 nazo ziyathakazelisa ngoba kulokhu ukukhwabanisa kwakha. Abalobi befomu elingenangqondo bahleka usulu ukwehluleka kwe-bureaucracy yanamuhla. Njengomthetho, izikhulu, amajaji, ukufumbathisa nokukhwabanisa kwaba yinto yokuhlekisa. Phakathi kwemisebenzi edume kakhulu yale nhlobo ingabizwa ngokuthi "Indaba ye-Shemyakin Court", "I-Tale ka-Ersh Yershovich" nabanye. Ukubonakala kwemisebenzi yalolu hlobo kubonisa ukuthi isiko saseRussia singene esiteji esisha sokuthuthukiswa. Umlingiswa wezwe wezincwadi wawubonakala. Futhi wakhuluma ngezinguquko ezinzima ekuqapheliseni komphakathi.

Umlando usebenza

Ukuqala kwekhulu kwakubonakaliswe ukushaqeka okukhulu kwezwe. Izinkinga, ukukhwabanisa kwamandla, izinsongo zokuthunjwa kukahulumeni ngamaPoles, ukususwa kobukhosi - konke lokhu okwethusayo, kwathonya kakhulu imibono yomphakathi. Abantu baqala ukuzindla ngalokho okwakwenzekile. Abaningi bezindaba kanye nabalobi emibhalweni yabo bazama ukuthola imbangela yale nhlekelele enkulu, eyashaqeka isimo saseMoscow. Le mizamo yokuqonda nokuqonda okwenzekayo nayo ubufakazi bokushintsha okukhulu emibonweni yemibuthano efundisiwe. Ukuhlakanipha kwaqala ukuhlaziya izinguquko ezenzeka ezweni. Ngakho-ke, kuvela uhlobo olusha lomlando womlando, ngokuvamile olunikezwa isikhathi esingaqondakali ("The Tale of 1606").

Ukushintsha kokubuka

Abantu basesikhathini sekhulu le-XVII - lokhu kungenye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ekuqondeni umbuzo wokuthi yini eyashukumisela ukuguqula ubuciko bezwe lethu ngesikhathi sokutadisha. Indaba yukuthi imibuthano efundiswa emphakathini iba nesithakazelo esijulile kolwazi lwezwe. Amakhosi amaningi angama-Mikhail no-Alexei Romanovich athola impumelelo yamazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kodwa ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, umphakathi ofundwayo waba nesithakazelo ezincwadini zezwe, okwaba uphawu olucacile lwezinguquko ezenzekayo.

Abantu abasesikhathini samanje banamathele ngokwengeziwe izinhlobo zezwe nezokujabulisa. Babenesithakazelo emidlalo yaseshashalazini, izindaba, ukulinganisa. Iphesenti lokufunda abantu liye landa ngokuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esidlule. Inani lezincwadi liye landa, izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe zaqala ukusakazeka. Inkantolo yabeka imikhiqizo yezemidlalo. Konke lokho kwafakazela izinguquko ezinkulu kulo mhlaba jikelele, okwaba yisisekelo sokuthi ukuguqulwa kukaPetru kukhulume ngekhulu elizayo.

Izinguquko zesici kakhulu

Isiko lekhulu le-17 laliyisinyathelo sokulungiselela ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko obuhle nobuhle obuhle ngaphansi kukaPeter I. Izinhlobo ezintsha zavela kuzo zonke izindawo zokudala ubuciko. Isibonelo, amaphonshi ayetshenziselwa kakhulu - ama-portraits amakhosi noma abanye abantu abadumile abangazange baveze ukufana, nokho, empeleni yabo kwakuyihlobo lobuzwe. Olunye ushintsho oluphawulekayo lwalokhu ukuthi abameleli abaningi bezikhundla eziphezulu baphuthunyiswa yizimpahla zokunethezeka zaseWestern Europe, okwakungenjalo ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, inkosikazi uSophia - Vasily Golitsyn - ehlelwe endlini yakhe into efana neqoqo lezimpahla ezibizayo ezilethwa phesheya. Abaningi bathola izincwadi nezincwadi. Zonke lezi zinguquko ziye zafaka indlela yokufaniswa komphakathi ofundisiwe wezobuciko zaseWestern Europe.

Isimo somphakathi

Isiko sekhulu leshumi le-17 sathuthukiswa ngokusondelana kakhulu nezinguquko ezombusazwe jikelele kulelizwe. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngesikhathi esicatshangelwe kusobala ukuthi ukuthambekela okubonakalayo ukuboleka imibono ethuthukile nempumelelo evela eNtshonalanga. Yiqiniso, lezi ziboleka azikaze zithole ububanzi obunjalo njengasekhulwini elilandelayo. Nokho, lelo qiniso laliveze kakhulu. Isibonelo, izinguquko zikhonjisiwe emkhakheni wezempi, lapho amaRomanovs yokuqala eqala ukudala imishayezo emisha enhlobonhlobo yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngokwesazi-mlando esidumile SM Solovyov, kwakukhona ngalesi sikhathi "abantu babuthana emgwaqeni," okungukuthi, konke okusemaphandleni kwakuvuthiwe izinguquko kanye nezinguquko.

Ukusakaza ukufunda nokubhala

Izindawo zenkambiso lapho izinguquko zenzeka khona: izincwadi, ukudweba, izakhiwo. Mayelana nezincwadi, sesivele sikhulume ngenhla. Lapha kufanele nje wanezela ukuthi ukufunda nokubhala kuleli zwe kusakazeka kulo lonke isikhathi ngaphansi kokucwaninga. Izincwadi ezikhiqizwa ngokubambisana ngokuqukethwe komphakathi: izincwadi, izincwadi zolimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikole ezivame ukuvulwa. Phakathi kwazo yiSlavic-Greek-Latin Academy, eye yaba esinye sezikhungo ezidumile kunazo zonke eRussia.

Ubuciko obuhle

Emdwebeni kwakukhona nezinguquko. Inqubo yokwehlukaniswa kwemithetho yenkambiso nayo ithinte le nkundla, njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla. Kufanele kufakwe ukuthi ezinye izinguquko zithinte izithombe ze-iconography. Ngokuhambisana nencwadi yendabuko, abaculi baqala ukusebenzisa izimpumelelo zezobuciko zaseWest Europe. Isibonelo, isitayela sikaFryazhsky. Umsebenzi wabadwebi wawuholwa yiCarmory Chamber. Futhi umdwebi odumile kakhulu wabonisi-icon wayenguSimoni Ushakov.

Ukwakhiwa

Izinguquko zekhulu leminyaka nazo zathinta izindawo ezinjalo zenkambiso njengezakhiwo nezakhiwo. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kwekhulu le-17 kwaphazanyiswa emva kwezenzakalo zezikhathi ezinzima. Kwakungavunyelwe ukwakha amasonto ngesitayela esifana netende, ngoba lalihlukile e-Byzantine. Amathempeli akhiwa nge-five domes in form bulbous. Isitayela esisha sesivele: okuthiwa iNaryshkin Baroque. Ukuziqhenya kwalo kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwezimbali ezibomvu nezimhlophe, kanye nokuhlobisa ubucwebe. Ukwehlukaniswa kwemikhuba yaseRashiya esikhathini esibucatshangelwe kuboniswe ukuthi ukwakhiwa komphakathi kuye kwanda. Izikhumbuzo ezidume kakhulu yiTerem Palace e-Kremlin, amakamelo omthengisi nezinye izakhiwo.

Fashion New

Ukuguqulwa okuyisisekelo ngesitayela ngokubukeka ngokuvamile kubhekiswa esikhathini sikaPeter Alekseevich. Ngendlela eqondile neyinkimbinkimbi yaphoqelela ukuba izimpendulo zakhe nabo bonke abahlonishwayo bagqoke ingubo yaseYurophu yaseYurophu, bahlambe izintshevu zabo, kanye nabesifazane abaphoqelekile ukuba bagqoke izingubo ezinhle kakhulu ezisezintweni zangaphandle. Nokho, izingubo zekhulu le-17 sezivele zenze izinguquko. Ngakho-ke, enkantolo yabalandela kuqala umbusi wokuqala, kwakusenokwenzeka kakade ukubona izicukuthwane eziseJalimane. I-Golitsyn ekhulunywe ngenhla nayo ilandele indlela yaseWest Europe.

Inani le-Period

Umlando wesiko laseRussia uhlanganisa izigaba eziningana: inkathi yasendulo, inkulu, i-Medieval Russia, izikhathi zanamuhla, ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, isigaba seSoviet nesimanje. Kuloluhlu, ikhulu leminyaka elingaphansi kokucwaninga lihlala endaweni ekhethekile, ngoba yaba yindawo yokulungiselela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kukaPeter I. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakudingeka imfuneko yokusekwa kolwazi lwezwe ngokwesayensi nakumasiko. Abanye abacwaningi bavame ukubona ukusabalalisa kwemibono yezemfundo ezweni lethu. Ukwehlukaniswa kwemikhuba yaseRussia ekhulwini lama-17 kwathinta zonke izindawo zokuphila. Futhi lokhu kuyinhlobonhlobo yayo eyinhloko kusukela ebuciko besikhathi sonke esidlule, lapho ukuboleka kwempumelelo ye-Western Europe kanye nokuqalwa kwakunzima, futhi ulwazi lwezwe lwaluphuthumayo kakhulu.

Faka endaweni yentuthuko yase-pan-European

Amasiko omhlaba, nakho konke ukuhluka kwawo, nokho abe nomugqa ovamile ovamile wenguquko. Ekuqaleni kokubonakala kwabo, bahlukaniswa nenkolo ejulile. Ukholo lungena kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi bese luchaza izici zazo. Kodwa kancane kancane, ulwazi lwezwe lungafinyelela ebucikweni nasekuzileni komphakathi, okushintsha isimo somhlaba kubantu. Ngokulondolozwa kwenkolo ephakeme, amakhosi aqala ukubonisa isithakazelo esikhulu kumuntu wesintu, ukukhathazeka kwezwe.

Kulokhu, isiko nendlela yokuphila yekhulu le-17 eRussia yahamba ngendlela efanayo yokuthuthukiswa njengamazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sethu sezenkolo zenkolo sisazimisele kakhulu impilo yabantu nezombusazwe kanye namasiko. Iqiniso liwukuthi emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu ulwazi lwezwe luqala ukusakazeka kakade emakhulwini e-XII-XIII. Futhi ezweni lethu kuphela esikhathini esibukezwayo. Mayelana nalokhu, inkolo nasemakhulwini eminyaka alandela yayihlala endaweni evelele empilweni yomphakathi.

Ubudlelwane neWest

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ubuhlobo baseRussia neYurophu banda. Amakhosi angaphandle aqala ukudlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni amasiko ezweni lethu. Ngokwesibonelo, abafowethu baseGrisi basungula iSlavic-Greek-Latin Academy edumile. USimeon wasePolotsk, ovela eByelorussia, owadlala indima enkulu ekusakazeni ukukhanya enkantolo yasebukhosini. Wanikele ekuthuthukiseni amanga nezinkondlo.

Ngekhulu leminyaka elifanayo, izwe lethu laqala ukudlala indima evelele kwibalazwe lamazwe omhlaba, ukujoyina amaqembu aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Isibonelo, iRussia yaba yingxenye yempi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Konke lokhu akukwenzi kodwa kuthinte impilo yezopolitiki yasekhaya, eyayizizwa iyingxenye yesikhala saseYurophu. Izinguquko ekubukeni kwezwe azibonwanga kuphela ezinkambisweni zamasiko nezemfundo, kodwa futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Futhi ngisho nezingubo zekhulu le-17 zafakazela ukuthi imibuthano efundiswa emphakathini yayizwa isithakazelo esikhulu kumakhelwane babo.

Umkhuba wesiko

Naphezu kwazo zonke izimpumelelo ezibalwe ngenhla, ubuciko baseRussia bulokhu bukhona. Nakuba abaningi baye bathola impumelelo emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ingxenye ebalulekile emphakathini nokho ihlukumeze kabi kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwekhaya kanye nezintsha ezihlukahlukene zakwamanye amazwe. Akumangazi ukuthi izinguquko zikaPetru zazibhekwa njengento engafanele futhi engafani nomoya waseRussia. Ngakho-ke, ngalesi sizathu, ukuhwebelana kwesiko kufanele kukhulunywe ngokubhuka futhi ngokucophelela.

Lezo zinguquko ezenzekile emphakathini ngokungangabazeki zinikeza isizathu sokubiza lesi sigaba isikhathi esikhethekile, esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni. Kodwa-ke, akufanele siphumelele iqiniso lokuthi ngezindlela eziningi, isiko laseRussia liye lagcina izici zalo zendabuko zikhona kuphela. Okokuqala, lokhu, okuyiqiniso, kubhekisela ekubukeni komhlaba. Ngemva kokuthatha izingubo, imfashini, imibuthano eminingi yomphakathi nokho yaqhubeka ithembekile emasikweni, emasikweni nasemikhumeni yasendulo. Lokhu kwabonakala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nokubusa kukaPeter I. I-tsar kwadingeka ibhekane nokuphikisana nomfana, okwakungafuni ukwamukela izinto ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbusi wokuqala wathola ukwesekwa phakathi kwalabo abaphishekela inkambiso yokuxhumana neWestern Europe.