Ukwakheka kanye Properties of Amafutha Amafutha

Oil - futhi lolu ketshezi oily oluvuthayo, okuyinto evamile e sedimentary igobolondo endaweni koqweqwe. Kuyinto omunye namaminerali ebaluleke kakhulu abantu. Amafutha kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ingxube cyclanes, alkanes futhi lamaNazaretha. Futhi, iqukethe oksijini, nesibabule nezithako ze-nitrogen. Ukwakheka uwoyela watholakala kwenkulungwane ethize izinto eziphilayo, okuyinto zakha ayisishiyagalolunye amaphesenti carbon, i-hydrogen amaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu, amaphesenti ayisihlanu sulphur, nitrogen ne amaphesenti omunye amaphesenti amathathu-mpilo. uwoyela sihlanganisa compounds kanye admixture elincane amaminerali nemvelo. Okuqukethwe umlotha amafutha sincane kakhulu, ayidluli eyodwa kweziyishumi iphesenti. Amafutha kuyinto ezintathu izinhlobo:

1. Easy.

2. Isilinganiso.

3. Heavy.

Amafutha burns ngesikhathi sokushisa kwemini cishe 43,7-46,2 MJ / kg, okuyinto inzuzo enkulu phakathi kwezinye umlilo nezinto ezinokuvutha.

Ukwakheka amafutha Ungafaka bese kukhishwa nezingxenyana ukukhanya ukuthi ubilise at degrees ezingamakhulu amabili Celsius. Zakhiwa ngokuyinhloko i-methane hydrocarbon, alkanes isb. Okuqukethwe kwamafrakshini ukukhanya kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli ezikhiqizwayo ezindaweni ezahlukene, kungaba kuhluke. Cycloalkanes hydrocarbon elimnandi ezifana, okungukuthi, enkundleni lichaza ekwakheni uwoyela kubalulekile.

Izingxenye enobuthi kakhulu kufakwe Ukwakheka imikhiqizo uwoyela petroleum kuthiwa ngobulungisa kubhekwe hydrocarbon elimnandi (lamaNazaretha). Zibizwa ngokuthi toxicants ezingamahlalakhona. I amaningi asebenzayo yalezi kuyashesha futhi zihlanganisa benzene, toluene futhi xylene, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje ongaphakeme ukubila izinto. Inani elikhulu lamaNazaretha ezihlukahlukene kubhekwa mutagens esiyingozi futhi carcinogens. I esiyingozi kakhulu iqembu esiteji - iqembu polycyclic hydrocarbon elimnandi.

Ukwakheka amakhemikhali kahle uwoyela kuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu methane hydrocarbon okuqinile - okubizwa ngokuthi waxes. okuqukethwe kwabo kulo bangase idlule amaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu.

Ngokusho okuqukethwe imikhiqizo paraffinic uwoyela zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana:

1. Amafutha Ukwakheka maloparafinovogo. Abayona ngaphezu amaphesenti uhhafu we paraffins e kwengoma.

2. Amafutha sredneparafinovogo kwengoma. La mafutha esihlahla iqukethe amaphesenti angu-eziyisithupha wax.

3. uwoyela Vysokoparafinovaya. Lapha wax iqukethe amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-6.

Amafutha equkethwe izinto ezifana chrysene, phenanthrene, benzpyrene, pyrene, tetrafeny. It Ubuye non-hydrocarbon izingxenye - inhlaka asphaltenes, okuyinto ukudlala indima ebalulekile yomsebenzi waleli amaminerali.

Kusukela iphuzu kwemvelo umbono izingxenye amafutha abalulekile yilezi sulphur compounds. On okuqukethwe wale mikhiqizo, uwoyela zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

1. ongahluziwe amnandi. Iqukethe kuze kube yingxenye amaphesenti nesibabule.

2. Amafutha sulphurous. Lapha, okuqukethwe sulphur ingeqi amaphesenti amabili.

3. uwoyela ephezulu nesibabule. Lokhu yonke imikhiqizo uwoyela equkethe amaphesenti angaphezu kwamabili nesibabule.

uwoyela izakhiwo, okuyinto incazelo eyisisekelo ukuphakama izinga layo, zihlanganisa:

1. Wugqinsi. Mayelana uwoyela ngokuvamile babe engqondweni kwabantu bayo maqondana distilled amanzi. I kwabantu uwoyela ngokuvamile zokhahlamba kusuka 0.8 kuya 0.9 g / cm3, kodwa futhi kukhona izinhlobo zamafutha, kwabantu ezingase zifinyelele 0.98 g / cm3.

2. viscosity. Ukwabela okunemibandela kinematic futhi viscosity ashukumisayo.

3. isisindo Yamamolekhula. Kuyinto kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthi izinga imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Isisindo yamangqamuzana iningi amafutha esingaphansi 300 g / Mol.

4. Inkomba yezokubona. Lena kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu imikhiqizo uwoyela, okuyizinto Izingxube eyinkimbinkimbi izinto ezahlukene.

5. Fractional kwengoma. Zonke izinto okuyinto, ngisho nengcosana kufakwe uwoyela, kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu for izinga layo.