Ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo kahle. Ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi hyperactivity

Uhlamvu zengane ngayinye ihlukile. Omunye uthanda buthule ekhoneni nokufunda, kungilapho abanye bakhetha romps nabangani. Kodwa konke inomkhawulo, ukuze ngesikhathi esithile umama izingane ukudlala kakhulu ngizwe ngezinto eziphathelene ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi hyperactivity. Ingabe ngidinga wesabe?

ADHD - kuyini?

Izingane osebenza up - zonke iyayazi ke. Kodwa umsebenzi ngokweqile ungaba ku ngokwabo futhi abanye ngezizathu zezokwelapha. Ukungakwazi ukugxilisa syndrome ezinganeni ubudala wasesikoleni samabanga aphansi abizwa ngokuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi yezimpawu zesifo esithile ukuthi nqanda them nga ngempumelelo sokwetshisa ulwazi. La madoda kukhona ngokuphamazela, njalo uphazamisekile okuhlushwa kwenye umsebenzi ngabo - inkinga enkulu kakhulu.

Isayensi yanamuhla ithi lesi sifo engaphansi isizathu esithile. E-US nase-Canada uphethwe kanye ngezigaba isetshenziswa nhlobo izifo zengqondo. Kodwa ukwenza nje ngesaba ucabange ukuthi odokotela kuleli cala, zama ingadlulisela ingane esikoleni esikhethekile. Njengomthetho, ngoba lokhu akukho sizathu. Nokho, futhi ngempela indiva lesi simo futhi kunomvuzo - ukungabi khona noma yisiphi isenzo kungase kube nemiphumela okwengeziwe ezifana izinkinga ukuhlanganiswa evamile emphakathini, Ukuwohloka ukusebenza, futhi izakhiwo ngemva kwalokho kungenziwa wadonsa, ubudlelwane ezimbi nabazali nothisha, njll . Ngenhlanhla, kukhona baye eside izindlela ukulungiswa kulesi sici, kuhlanganise imithi.

umlando syndrome

Incazelo yokuqala isimo efana ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi hyperactivity sifo, satholakala amarekhodi wezifo zengqondo German Heinrich Hoffmann-Donner, sangomhla 1846. Nokho, akwenziwanga iphephabhuku kwesayensi, kodwa kuphela encwadini yezingane anikezelwe indodana usosayensi othile.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ezisemthethweni kulesi simo senziwe 1902 i wezingane IsiZulu George Steele, ukugcina izingane nezinkinga zokuziphatha, kuhlanganise ukuthambekela ukuhamba ngokweqile nemisebenzi elimazayo. Nguye wasikisela ukuthi leli akulona iphutha umzali embi, futhi ukungasebenzi kwekhono isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala nokutadisha okunzulu ka-ADHD. Ukuthi kuyini, akucaci kuze kube manje.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-Athazeksesi, izingane mobile kakhulu futhi wahlakaza waqala lokwenza ukuxilongwa "sakugcina ubuchopho ukungasebenzi", kodwa in the 80s ekuqaleni kwalesi umqondo abanzi ukuthi eceleni labelwe "ukungakwazi ukugxilisa isifo". Ukwelashwa futhi wathola, kodwa ukukhuluma ngakho ngokwehlukile.

zinhlobo

Ngo-1990, ngezigaba siphakamisiwe, okuyinto eveza umahluko phakathi Uma unganakile, ukubonakaliswa ezimbili akuhambisani okuphambene isimo esifanayo. Evamile, babizwa ngokuthi HD kanye ADD. Iqembu lokuqala lalihlanganisa izingane motor disinhibition ukugxilisa ingqondo, engacabanganga futhi kunzima ukulawula indlela aziphatha ngayo. Esigabeni esikahle iziguli ezisele, kunalokho, kukhona hypoactivity, ukucobeka, ukukhathala ngokushesha futhi ukulahlekelwa okuhlushwa.

nokudlanga

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ophuthumayo inkinga, elihlobene ne ukungakwazi ukugxilisa disorder ngoba akukho amazinga iyunifomu zokuxilonga. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni ahlukahlukene kukhona izibalo ezahlukene kakhulu: e-United States - 4-13%, e-Germany - 9-18%, eRussia - 15-28%, e-UK - 1-3%, e China - 1-13%, nokunye. d. it is hhayi kunakwe abadala abanezinkinga ezifanayo, ngakho izibalo zangempela kungaba kuhlaba umxhwele ngisho nakakhulu. Kuyaqapheleka futhi ukuthi phakathi amantombazane, ukuthi le nkinga ingasaphathwa ezivamile kuka yabafana. I-ADHD yokugcina kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini izikhathi 3 kaningi.

ubufakazi

Nezincwadi zesayensi lwabelwe kuze kube amafomu 100 ezahlukene ukubonisa sici for ADHD. Kodwa into ihlala ngakho: kwehle okuhlushwa, hyperactivity nokuthambekela imisebenzi elimazayo. Njengoba sekushiwo, a ukucobeka jikelele futhi hypotonia ingase futhi ukhulume omunye izinhlobonhlobo le nkinga. Futhi, jikelele, kungase kube inkumbulo neziyaluyalu, ukunyakaza esilawulayo-abayimilutha, ukungabi namakhono zokuzisiza kanye nokuthuthukiswa emihle motor amakhono, ngokuba manqikanqika, impulsivity, abukhali futhi njalo ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo, amehlo ukucasuka nokukhathazeka. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu ukuziphatha somntwana zihluke kakhulu kulokho nendlela ukwenza cishe wonke ontanga yayo, kungenzeka ngisho kudingekile uye kudokotela uyofuna icebiso, okungenani ukuthula yami kwengqondo.

izimbangela

Uma ngaphambili izizathu lokhu kuziphatha zichazwe nge izikhala imfundo, eminyakeni yamuva siye baqala ukukhuluma yokuthi ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi hyperactivity kungase ususelwe izici ukuthuthukiswa umzimba, okungukuthi - isimiso sezinzwa. Iqiniso ukuthi ubuchopho uyaqhubeka ukwakha nangemuva kokuzalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi ezimatasa yomsebenzi wakhe iwela yesibili iminyaka lesihlanu zokuphila. Yiqiniso, le nqubo iyaqhubeka futhi kamuva, kodwa kuzo zonke CNS nokuvuthwa kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubukela izingane ne-ADHD wabonisa ukuthi banayo, ikakhulukazi ADD-zinhlobo ngesikhathi ukuxazulula matasa iyiphi inkinga kuyehla kwegazi we Lobe ngokuqondile zobuchopho. Futhi uma ingane izama ukugxila umsebenzi, maningi ukwehla ukuthi asiqokomisa. Omunye umbono ixhunyiwe nokudluliswa hypoxia fetus, okuyinto waphendula eminyakeni ngale ndlela. Kukhona umbono ukuchaza lokhu isimo ukwephulwa of catecholamine umzimba. Othile benza futhi ekholelwa ukuthi lesi sici luthathwe, bethi izinguquko izici kwezakhi zofuzo. Nokho, naphezu ezizathwini ezahlukene, impendulo ngqo yombuzo "ADHD - ke" ngokuya pathogenesis kuseyimpicabadala.

ukuhlola

Njengoba sekushiwo, ezihlukahlukene izimpawu kungenziwa wayesho ukuthi ngenkulumo ethi ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo kahle. Futhi njengoba azikho izimpawu zesifo, ngaphezu nezinkinga zokuziphatha, hhayi okwamanje sezihlonziwe, odokotela bephoqeleka ukuba ancike emhlabathini esintengayo kakhulu. indlela Enobunye ukuxilongwa alikho e-United States nase-Canada wasebenzisa imibuzo yabo, futhi i-Old World - le. Kule ngxenye nenqubo kuzo zombili izimo zivumelana ukuziphatha ephelele, kodwa, isibonelo, is kakhulu zihlakazeke izingane. Izimpawu zasenkulisa yobudala kahle ke kuqinisekisa ubuntu kungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene ngokuphelele, ukuze uphethwe yini kufanele kwenziwe uchwepheshe abanekhono kakhulu futhi abanolwazi.

Nokho, ezinye imibuzo uma ukungabaze akuyona bayishaya indiva. Ngo sitholakele ADHD sisetshenziswa imaging, electroneuromyography futhi ekushayweni spectrometry, kanye cishe zonke ajwayelekile Bheka, electroencephalogram. Konke lokhu kusiza ukuze uqonde kangcono izimo lapho ukungakwazi ukugxilisa uyalandelwa.

ukwelashwa

Amasu sokulungisa isimo hyperactivity futhi ukungakwazi ukugxilisa disorder zihlukaniswe imithi ukuphumula. Eyokuqala ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa phesheya, lo somabhizinisi abaningi omama Russian abangafuni ukuba izinto ingane kanye nezidakamizwa ngaphezulu ngokuvamile eduze kakhulu. Abazali eYurophu nase Melika, ngokuphambene ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa izindlela non-kwemithi, kodwa lapho izidakamizwa abanamandla.

Ngokuvamile udokotela ukukhethela amalungiselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi we amaqembu evuselela, zinhlungu, tricyclic antidepressant futhi nootropics. Ngo umkhuba ngamazwe, ukuze sibe abafundisi abaphumelela ekwelapheni ADHD yabonisa imithi emibili: "Ritalin" futhi "Amitriptyline" futhi analogue yabo.

ukwelashwa Non-kwemithi futhi liphumelela ukusetshenziswa wayo elungile futhi senziwe njalo. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba ubuyekeze isithombe impilo yengane ngokuya umbuthano wakhe abangane nemisebenzi. Umdlalo kungcono ukukhetha ezolile, ngaphandle isakhi ezinamandla ezingokomzwelo, futhi ozakwethu kubo - olinganiselayo futhi ungaphazamisekile. kusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwengqondo, lapho ukulungiswa kwesimo sengqondo sengane maqondana ukufunda ngoba inesizotha. A Kusizuzisa ku-ADHD amaseshini benemihelo futhi ukhulula ukukhathazeka. Ezimweni ezithile, hhayi engadingekile intando nomndeni yokwelapha - ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi akubonakali ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ukugula ngengqondo izingane kwandisa ingozi ukucindezeleka omama mayelana 5 izikhathi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zombili izindlela e bo khe hle imiphumela emihle kakhulu basaqhubeka ibangelwa inhlanganisela yawo.

zokuvimbela

Ngaphandle kokwazi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezibangela ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ukugula ngengqondo izingane, kunzima ukukhuluma mayelana izinyathelo abakwazanga ukuyivimbela. Yiqiniso, kunengqondo ukuba omama ukuqapha ngokucophelela isimo sabo futhi emva kokubeletha - ukuthuthukiswa ingane. ososayensi bezinzwa Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izimpawu ADHD kungabonwa kweminyaka engaba ngu-3-5, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Njengoba ukuthola lezi zici usungaqala izindlela ukulungiswa ngokuvumelana ukuphathwa non-izidakamizwa - noma kunjalo baba ungawoni iyiphi ingane. Umuntu kumelwe amane ukukhumbula ukuthi izingane ukungakwazi ukugxilisa waphawula kunalokho eyinqaba umsebenzi ubuchopho: emva kwemizuzu 3-5 womsebenzi akudingayo ikhefu.

ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke

Njengoba ojwayelekile, esikhathini sobusha nge ukungakwazi ukugxilisa ngandlela-thile phezu. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ine-ADHD akudingi ukwelashwa kanye iphelela ngokwalo. Igcwele ukunganakwa uma hhayi esithinta izinzwa, izinkinga ezingokwengqondo. Ngeminyaka 14-15 ingane ungathola ukuzenyeza, izikhala ulwazi, ukungabi nabangane. Sikhishwe yokuthi ngalesi sikhathi, ngakho Iyophindela nesikhathi esinzima wena, inhlobo esibucayi, noma ushiye izimpawu ADHD ngaphandle ukunakwa, ngoba kungaba izinkinga kakhulu eminye lithathelwe nomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi 30-70% kulaba noma ezinye izimpawu zokwelashwa yalesi sifo ebonwe yobudala amadala.

Disorders Abadala

Yebo, lokhu kwenzeka nje kuphela nezingane. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, ADHD - akukho sici ngaphezulu ubudala pre-school noma usakhula, lokhu uphethwe singasebenza omdala. Odokotela bayanqikaza ukuvuma ke, uvele disorganization, lokukhohlwa futhi ukubambezeleka njalo in the ishede waqina futhi ukungabi of amandla. Kodwa, njengoba sekushiwo, e 30-70% amacala abanezingane okwatholakala ukuthi ine-ADHD noma izinkinga kuzokwenzeka kamuva.

Nokho, Izici womsebenzi e ukuguga, shiya umkhondo wazo, ukuze iziyaluyalu ukunakwa ungaboniswa akamuhle ngakho kuhle kwengane:

• "Hang" ngesikhathi icala noma ingxoxo;
• okuhlushwa kahle;
• nobunzima ukugxila umsebenzi;
• abampofu inkumbulo sokuzwa, izinkinga ababa nazo kabusha ulwazi wathola ngomlomo;
• bayawashalazela imininingwane, mhlawumbe kubaluleke nokubaluleka.

Kunenye uhlangothi kuya uhlamvu lwemali. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu ne-ADHD angase awele isimo lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi phezu-emakamu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokugxila kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa kungenza umuntu bayakhohlwa isikhathi, nezinye izinto. Kepha hyperactivity, ngokuvamile abantu abadala lubonakaliswa ingasaphathwa.