Ukuhlolwa qualitative ku phenol. Ulungiselela Phenols: Reaction

Carbolic acid - omunye amagama Phenol, ekhombisa ukuziphatha yayo ekhethekile yezinqubo zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwaziswa kulula ukudlula benzene engena nucleophilic esikhundleni ukuphendula. I izakhiwo semvelo sawo ekhuthaza zichazwe ukuhamba hydrogen esidi athomu eqenjini hydroxyl banamathele iringi. Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi ezinto eliphezulu impendulo ukuvumela kwakwakhe phenol zihlanganisa ezinuka kamnandi - nemikhiqizo ye-benzene.

Phenol (esibulalini hydroxybenzene)

Ngo-1834, wemithi German Runge labelwe carbolic acid esuka amalahle itiyela, kodwa ayikwazanga ukususa ukubhala ngezithako zawo. Kamuva, abanye abacwaningi baye basikisela ifomula, basusa ukuxhumana okusha utshwala elimnandi. Omele elula yaleli qembu - phenol (esibulalini hydroxybenzene). Njengoba injalo emsulwa, yalolu ketshezi kuyinto crystal esobala kokuba iphunga isici. umbala Air phenol zingashintsha babe pink noma obomvu. Ukuze elimnandi utshwala ejwayelekile abampofu abandayo amanzi solubility nokuhle - e ezihogelwayo. Phenol liyancibilika ezingeni lokushisa 43 ° C. Ingabe kwakwakhe anobuthi, nabo isikhumba kubangela ukusha. I moiety elimnandi kuyinto olukhulu phenyl (C6H5-). Ngqo nomunye athomu carbon mpilo eziboshiwe neqembu hydroxyl (-OH). Ukuba khona ngayinye izinhlayiya ubonisa ezifanele ukuphendula qualitative ukuze phenol. Ifomula okubonisa okuqukethwe Imininingwane zama-athomu ezakhi kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka engqamuzaneni - C6H6O. Ukwakheka kubonise ifomula kwesakhiwo, kuhlanganise umjikelezo futhi Kekule iqembu ukusebenza - hydroxyl. ukumelwa Visual engqamuzaneni, i utshwala elimnandi ukunikeza imodeli sharosterzhnevye.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule ukwakheka kwama-molecule

Impambaniso esiyingini benzene futhi OH iqembu ichaza chemical ukusabela phenol ezisansimbi, halogens, nezinye izinto. Njengoba eboshiwe iringi elimnandi kuyi-athomu ye-oxygen kuholela ukuhanjiswa electron kwabantu engqamuzaneni. Ukuxhumana O-H kuyinto polar ngaphezulu, eliphumela ukuhamba okwandisiwe hydrogen eqenjini hydroxyl. I-proton ungayithola enye by ama-athomu sensimbi, okuyinto ebonisa ukuthi asidi we phenol. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, iqembu OH kwandisa izakhiwo esisheshayo esiyingini benzene. Delocalization of electron ukwanda, kanye nekhono esikhundleni electrophilic nucleus. Lokhu kwandisa ukuhamba ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ye-hydrogen banamathele carbon ngesikhathi ortho- kanye para-isikhundla (2, 4, 6). Lo mphumela kungenxa yokuba khona lokuthi electron kwabantu - iqembu hydroxyl. Ngenxa usithonye phenol asebenzayo kuka-benzene siziphathe ukusabela nge izinto ezithile futhi substituents entsha ngamakhasimende e-ortho- kanye para-izikhundla.

I izakhiwo esidi

Iqembu hydroxyl we elimnandi utshwala umoya-mpilo-athomu Uthola icala omuhle, buthaka zokuxhumana yayo nge-hydrogen. proton ukukhululwa lula, ngakho phenol liziphatha njengoba asidi, kodwa namandla kunomFilisti alcohols. ukuphendula qualitative ukuze phenol zihlanganisa test litmus test ebukhoneni proton eshintsha umbala kusuka blue pink. Ukuba khona ama-athomu Halogen noma amaqembu nitro elihlobene ne-ring-benzene kuholela ekwandeni emsebenzini hydrogen. Umthelela is ebonwe amangqamuzana nitro phenol. Lower asidi substituents ezifana iqembu acid, futhi alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, njll). Compounds okuletha ndawonye indandatho-benzene, iqembu hydroxyl a methyl olukhulu, libhekisela cresol. Amandla ayo kukhona ntekenteke carbolic acid.

phenol ukuphendula sodium futhi ane-alikhali

Ngokufanayo acid phenol is wasithukuthelela izinsimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, usabela nge-sodium: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-Ona + H2 ↑. Kwakheka sodium phenoxide, ne-hydrogen gaseous ikhishwe. Phenol is wasithukuthelela elisekela encibilikayo. Kwenzeka neutralization ukuphendula ukwakha usawoti namanzi: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Ikhono ukunikeza hydrogen eqenjini hydroxyl ku phenol ingaphansi kwe acid kakhulu wezinto ezingaphili futhi carboxylic. It displaces ke kusukela oncibilikile emanzini ngisho carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Ukusabela Isibalo: C6H5-Ona + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

Ukusabela iringi-benzene

izakhiwo elimnandi kukhona ngenxa electron delocalization nucleus ye-benzene. Hydrogen kusukela ring Ikhutjhwe yi-athomu omoya-Halogen, nitro. A inqubo efanayo phenol molecule kulula kunalokho of-benzene. Esinye isibonelo - the bromination. Benzene Halogen usebenza khona kulethe, bromobenzene etholwe. Phenol is wasithukuthelela amanzi uxhumano lokudlulisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Ukuxhumana kwe-kwenze elimhlophe 2,4,6-tribromophenol, osimo ukuhlukanisa isivivinyo izidakamizwa efana ke kusukela ezinuka kamnandi. Bromination - yokusabela qualitative ngoba phenol. Isibalo: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Eyesibili ukuphendula umkhiqizo - hydrogen bromide. Lapho zisabela phenol nge alulaze nitric acid etholwe esuselwe nitro. Umkhiqizo ukuphendula nge kanzulu nitric acid - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol noma picric acid sinokubaluleka okukhulu esisebenzayo.

ukuhlolwa qualitative ku phenol. uhlu

Esikhathini nokuxhumana izinto etholwe ukudla okuthile ezikuvumela ukusetha Ukwakheka qualitative izinto sokuqala. Inani umbala asabela ngayo ibonisa ukuthi khona izinhlayiya, amaqembu obusebenzayo ezisebenzisekayo chemical ukuhlaziywa. ukuphendula qualitative ukufakazela ukuba khona phenol molecule imfuyo esiyingini elimnandi OH-amaqembu ngalinye:

1. Isixazululo phenol blue litmus liphepha lelibovu.
2. Ezinemibala ukuphendula phenols nawo lwenziwa konemimoya ababuthakathaka eziyisisekelo nge diazonium nosawoti. A yellow noma orange ukuhlolwa nodayi.
3. Ingabe wasithukuthelela uxhumano lokudlulisa amanzi ansundu kwenze livela tribromophenol emhlophe.
4. Ekusabeleni chloride isixazululo ferric phenoxide etholwe ferric - izidakamizwa okwesibhakabhaka, ezinsomi noma coloration oluhlaza.

Ukuthola phenols

Phenol Sokukhiqiza kule mboni ngezigaba ezimbili noma ezintathu. Esikhathini esigabeni sokuqala propylene futhi benzene khona aluminium chloride ekhiqizwa cumene (isopropylbenzene igama elivamile). I kwesibalo of ukusabela Friedel-yezandla yokusabela: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene futhi propylene e isilinganiso 3: 1 lidlulile i kulethe ene-asidi. Bayanda esikhundleni bendabuko kulethe - aluminium chloride - Isizalo zeolites okumsulwa. Ngesikhathi ngxenye yokugcina namachibi siqhutshwa oksijini khona sulfuric acid: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. I phenols kungenzeka ethathwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa amalahle, kukhona ushintsho emsebenzini wokukhiqiza nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ukusetshenziswa phenols

alcohols elimnandi kabanzi kule amapulasitiki umkhakha, udayi, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, kanye nezinye izinto. ukukhiqizwa carbolic acid ye-benzene kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ukudalwa eziningi polymers, kuhlanganise polycarbonates. Phenol is wasithukuthelela formaldehyde, inhlaka phenol-formaldehyde etholakala.

Cyclohexanol iyona impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa polyamides. Phenols ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo antiseptics futhi izibulali-magciwane e deodorants, lotions. Isetshenziswa ukuthola phenacetin, salicylic acid kanye nezinye izidakamizwa. Phenols asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni inhlaka ukuthi asetshenziswa imikhiqizo kagesi (ukushintshwa, nezinyawo). Asetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni ukuhlolwa udayi, ezifana phenylamine (aniline). Picric acid, okuyinto ahlobene nitro ka phenol esetshenziselwa staining kwezicubu, iziqhumane womshini.