Ukufunda uhlu Brodsky: Izibuyekezo

Uhlu Brodsky - kuyini? Lena akuyona nje uhlu lwezincwadi, wazalwa unhlangothi of the esibayeni imbongi ezivelele futhi umlobi. Kuyinto ngendlela yakhe yokufunda izincwadi. It elungiselelwe umuntu ohlala e-70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Phela, kumelwe ukuba abantu ukufunda okuningi ezincwadini ezinhle ngaphambi kokuba imbongi noma umbhali. Brodsky kubhekwa ukubaluleka kanye esenziwa aesthetes yesizukulwane sakhe ukuthi abantu wokwenza yakhe "kuphela umuzwa," kwavula indlela ukudalwa a lwesintu nobutha, isimiso, indawo wobushiqela.

Iosif Aleksandrovich - nomuntu emangalisayo. Uhlukile futhi yomlando wakhe. Aint it, kubukeka sengathi into ngendlela ekhethekile - ukuba imbongi kanye umlobi qamba kanyekanye uthi ezimbili okuphambene, eU.SSR USA, nokudlula imbongi kuze kube sekupheleni, ukuba angcwatshwe Venice, lapho kudabuka khona lolu Renaissance kanye X esifundeni uMbuso WaseRoma !

UNadezhda Mandelstam, isalukazi omaziyo owayeke wazama ukubikezela isiphetho Brodsky abasha: "Yena - nice ... amancane, kodwa ngiyesaba ukuthi kuzophela kabi." Kwenzeka kanjalo-ke nge Iosifom Aleksandrovichem: e-USSR, ke akabange esaba ukushicilela, futhi ngaleso sikhathi wayesesangweni e-United States.

ukuqashelwa Brodsky phesheya

Uhlu Brodsky is ukuthi yalotshwa nguye phakathi ngeminyaka yoma kwekhulu elidlule ezaziwayo, ngesikhathi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe ophoqelelwe e-United States. Ahamba phezu kolwandle enza he sala ngaphakathi isimo uprofesa wasekolishi namahlanu American. Isabelo iziqu academic umuntu wahlanganyela self-imfundo iminyaka engu-15, kwaba isibonelo kokubonwa ingqondo yakhe enamandla.

E-US, uProfesa njalo bahlala emizini emithathu: kuqala Ann Arbor ke New York ekugcineni - eNingizimu Hadley.

Umbandela ukukhethwa izincwadi ohlwini Brodsky

Thishela akamane nje wafuna ujike abafundi bayo ku abantu ababeyizazi izincwadi. Wazama okuguqula isimo sabo sengqondo kulimi.

Esizoqala ayekhuluma ngesihloko Balazwe ukuthola abalandeli (Brodsky uhlu) kuyinto ikhotheshini kusuka ElikaDavide waseBrithani uWilliam Auden sika "In Memory of U. B. Yeytsa", othi nje umuzwa isakhula ulimi kungaba "ekujuleni", "sivuselelane" indoda ubuciko senkondlo.

Futhi ukuze afeze lesi senzo engokomoya, hhayi sikhuthaze isifiso sokuziphakamisa imfundo, akunakwenzeka. Uprofesa eMelika Soviet imvelaphi abafundi uthenge kusuka enkazimulweni ome njengeqanda. Wayengumuntu umfundisi esiyingqayizivele, kudinga abafundi yokudala ukufunda sebuningini yizicucwana, ngasinye salezi intsha siqonde sobuhle bayo kombhali. Linganisa ohlakaniphile kudivayisi Pedagogical osolwazi akufanele kube kusukela umbono we isazi, ngokombono imbongi-umkhuba.

Sense kolimi ngokuthi uAlfa no-Omega yokuba imbongi

Ngubani kwadingeka siqu isipiliyoni olusankondlo ezinkulu nezihlala ukuze ngiwufeze ngesikhathi isiko emhlabeni, Iosif Aleksandrovich ekholisayo wagomela ngokuthi ukwakheka imbongi akuveli "ukoma ngobuciko" futhi hhayi nokuqonda okucacile imithetho ukudalwa izinkondlo. Isici esiyinhloko umuntu onjalo, ngokuvumelana Brodsky, nje "umuzwa ulimi." Ngaphandle kwakhe, izinkondlo ufile.

ngezinye izikhathi akhuluma isiRashiya abasebenzisi Inthanethi baveze badideke ephakama ngenxa ukungabi ohlwini imisebenzi imbongi Pushkin, Lermontov, niqonda ke sohlobo oluthile insinuations zezombusazwe. Nokho, empeleni, akunakwenzeka kungathunyelwa kubo abathintekayo.

Ngempela, uhlu Brodsky wabhala umfundisi American kubafundi bakhe. Futhi abanye abafundi zimila izipikha ngesiNgisi. Ngakho-ke, uhlu iyawakha eyalotshwa imbongi, abalobi ethulwa, bayavumelana kumanani Western. Ekugcineni, thina basolwe: izimbongi, "ngubani sicathulo emphethweni razor sika" futhi "ekunqunyweni egazini imiphefumulo ephilayo," kufanele wezwa ekhaya, waqonda, waqonda kwaba nabantu balo. Khona-ke ngabe Brodsky waboshwa futhi ababedingisiwe, nasemgwaqweni Ubhale uhlu kubafundi abakhuluma isiRashiya. Futhi in the sakamuva ngokuqinisekile kwakuyoba Pushkin, Lermontov, nabanye abaningi ...

Brodsky nokuqala umsebenzi olusankondlo

Iosif Aleksandrovich akazange enze imfihlo kwahluthulelwa ngokufuzula izinkondlo. Watshela abafundi ukuthi lapho esemusha, engu-15, wabhala izinkondlo babeyivakashela ngankathi kanye nemiyalezo. Kwake kwathi lapho eseneminyaka engu-16, lapho ngasebenza kwabosizo lokuqala uhambo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ngasebenza eduze nomngcele waseChina, esifundeni enyakatho. Amur.

Lolu hambo, wafunda umqulu zezinkondlo Baratynsky, imbongi we XIX leminyaka (umhlobo Pushkin). Kuyinto izinkondlo of Yevgeny Abramovich e umthelela wabo Brodsky inikwa amandla yi yakhe "umqondo ulimi." Impression lokusungula Baratynsky samenta ukuthuthukisa, wahola imbongi ukubhala inkondlo lebhaleke kahle ngempela.

Kamuva umbhali Petersburg abasha basiphawula amathiphu amaningi uzakwabo abaphezulu, imbongi Evgeniya Reyna, ngubani kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe uthathwa njengomunye wezinye best eRussia.

By the way, isixhumanisi yakhe yokuqala ngathunyelwa Iosif Aleksandrovich ngoba eyayisesandleni ngokuya ihogela isinyathelo amasevisi ekhethekile (bahlale wabukela casula Ahmatovoy, nobani imbongi wahlangana).

Thishela yasekuqaleni kakhulu futhi uhlu yakhe

umfundi wakhe, Sven Birkerts, eyaduma umhlaziyi tetemibhalo, uthi izingane afunda nazo Brodsky ukukhunjulwa njengombulali kokubili uthisha okubi kakhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, le onekhono kakhulu futhi - ngakolunye.

Kungani le okubi kakhulu (into engavamile ukuzwa ukuthi izwi esimeningcondvo igama imbongi edumile)? Sven uphendula lo mbuzo kahle. Iqiniso lokuthi uJoseph A. ngokuphelele Ayisebenzanga ugqozi omningi emzimbeni umfundi ezincwadi.

Wayengumuntu individualist, kanye nohlu Brodsky aphakanyisiwe ukuthuthukiswa yakhe siqu zonke nekhono. Kodwa labo abafundi abasabambelele uhlupho ukufunda incwadi, wabonisa kwakungase njalo sincika izeluleko, ukukhuluma Master. Ngokwe-Umlando wabantu ababephila, izwi Brodsky kwakungu anemibala te ngokungavamile. Wakhuluma kancane on the ekhaleni, bakubika uhlale ezithakazelisayo. Abangane Entela ebizwa "yindoda-zethusi band."

Amaminithi senkulumo yakhe etjhaphulukileko abafundi yentengo wayengekho.

Pedagogies Joseph Alexandrovich, ngokuvumelana izinkumbulo Sven Birkerts, yayihlukile. Mfundisi kunalokho abafundiswa izincwadi, futhi wazama ukudlulisela sengqondo.

I inkohliso ukucwiliswa ezincwadini

He is ekuqaleni umbhangqwana ethulwa kafushane omunye wemisebenzi oluvelele, okuyinto yagcwala ethusayo abanye abafundi uhlu lazy Brodsky. Bese Ngambuza ngesibonakaliso imizwa kubangelwa Akhmatova inkondlo nobe Montale ukudweba abafundi enkundleni, khuluma abadumile Sergeya Dyagileva lesisho: ". Mangaza kimi" Kwakulula umfana American noma intombazane ukuchaza hhayi, isibonelo, uma ephethwe ngempumelelo ziveza Akhmatova umlilo yesehlakalo namtjhana imbule asinazo izithombe "Iliad."

Akuwona wonke umuntu yayiya eliphakeme udumo Brodsky. Izwi Single "emangalisayo" Ngokuvamile, umfundi silinganiselwa banal uyembulile ukungaqondi kwakhe. Brodsky ngalesi sikhathi bahlangana esandleni usikilidi ezingenagesi ...

Kodwa ngemuva zonke lesi senzo kwaba nengxenye enkulu amahlaya. Ngemva kokulalela imizamo umfundi, Iosif Aleksandrovich ekhiqizwa umoya lwakhe olujulile abadumile, Liyaqalaqalaza lonke ikilasi wabe eseqala ukukhuluma. Yabuza imibuzo wabaphendula. Wayehola nabalandeli babo ngokusebenzisa sehlozi imisindo izinhlangano egcwele umcabango izilaleli ngokuqaphela kwakhe amandla ngendlela emangalisayo ulimi. Sven Birkerts nabafundi onjengaye, ngaya emhlanganweni ngomuzwa amabutho ongabonakali ezingqubuzanayo ezaziyaluzisa elibazungezile, kodwa engaphiwanga empilweni ejwayelekile.

US Humanities uhlu baziswa

uhlu Ukufunda Brodsky uvele isinyathelo ezintsha kwetinhlavu abasha baseMelika. Baqale abaqeqeshwe Dzhona Dyui uhlelo, banayo amakhono ukucabanga abazimele, ikhono ahlole ngalokujulile ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile. Kodwa Iosif Aleksandrovich alimazanga lesi simiso. Ekilasini lokuqala wanika abafundi bakhe i uhlu umxhwele zabalandeli ekwazisa kafushane ukuthi kule minyaka emibili ezayo yezimpilo zabo kufanele abazinikezele kuleli njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli.

Ngempela, kusukela uhlu esivelele imibhalo okukakhenoni Brodsky ufunde futhi iphela imisebenzi yobuciko 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule.

Ngokusobala, lolu hlu kungaba ukungezwa abafundi lanamuhla. Phakathi kolwandle izincwadi, kokuvela njalo ngonyaka futhi ngobuningi emashalofini, kufanele akhethe incwadi, kokuba real value kwezobuciko. Khumbula bona nenqubo esiyinhloko lokhu kumele kube umuzwa ulimi, ngekhono bachaza Brodsky.

Okuqukethwe Brodsky uhlu. "Bhavati Gita", "Mahabharata"

Iosifa Brodskogo uhlu iqala "bhavati-gita" (unkulunkulu ingoma). Inani lale umsebenzi itholakala nokugxila kwawo ekuthuthukiseni engokomoyeni lomuntu. Kuyasiza kuye ukuxazulula umbuzo oyinhloko: "? Ngingubani mina", Unika ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela isimo sangaphakathi ezidingekayo ukufeza izindinganiso ezingokomoya. I "Gita bhavati" uhlanganisa babethunywe zokuphila kwansuku zonke ukuze impilo engokomoya, futhi ihlobene eduze ngokoqobo.

Umsebenzi wesibili ukuthi libhekisela uhlu ukufundwa kubalulekile Brodsky, iyona "Mahabharata". It idlulisela yeqhawe, khomba izinkinga okushiwo yezenhlalakahle lomuntu, isilinganiso senkululeko kanye nomgomo wakho (isiphetho). Mahabharata, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yemukela nabugovu, futhi nomunye - ugceka renunciation ephelele izinzuzo bemvelo siqu.

iTestamente elidala

Iosif Aleksandrovich endaweni yesithathu phakathi amabhuku phezulu, kokuvula abadumile uhlu Brodsky ukhuluma imiBhalo Kholwa Juda - iTestamente Elidala. Njengoba wazi, ke lalibhalwe ngesiHebheru. Central ingxenye yefilosofi yokungakholelwa ngakho iyisivumelwano iSinayi - izibopho ebekwa uNkulunkulu phezu kwesizwe sakwa-Israyeli, futhi yaba isisekelo Torah (uMthetho ukuba abantu babulawelwe kuzo).

Kukhona uhlu imbongi owaziwa futhi behlele kithi e ethengwa kakhulu emhlabeni wokuqala - incwadi mayelana hero umhlaba wonke lasendulo, owenza, yimpumelelo futhi inkosi onekhono Gilmageshe.

izincwadi zasendulo

Uhlu Brodsky - uhlu voluminous izincwadi kungenziwa labizwa. Imbongi wayengeyena umuntu wokuqala owabhala uhlu olunjalo. uhlu eyaziwayo Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo olinganiselayo okwengeziwe kwezikhathi umthelela kokuqondisa ukufunda. Uhlu njengoba uJosefa Alexandrovich ihlose sibasekele "ukuxoxa ngendlela evamile."

angaphezu nje imisebenzi engokomoya, ngokuvumelana nala Brodsky, kumelwe azungeze block of izincwadi zasendulo: oSophocles Homer, uHerodotus, Horace, Mark Avrely, Aristophanes ... Lolu hlu akuphelele, ke unamagama-20. Brodsky yena kuxoxwa echazwe ukuzinikela kwakhe izincwadi lasendulo emhlabeni ukuthuthukiswa "umuzwa isikhathi." Ngakho wabiza ukuqonda kwakhe ngokuthi siyini isikhathi kanye nethonya layo abantu.

Kungani kunjalo ayikhathalelwa kangako ngesiGreki nezincwadi Roman Iosif Aleksandrovich? Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi emibuthanweni etemibhalo wabizwa wamaRoma. Ngakho ngijabulela conceptualized futhi akhululayo imaski etemibhalo. Nayo mayelana eSoviet Union, lapho euphemistically walibiza ngokuthi "Rome".

ukuqonda Deep we okushiwo umbuso (ukukhulekelwa ihlelo kuKhesari, amandla despotic) Kwakudida kuye, uziveza nembongi namahloni abadingisiwe Ovid.

Ngakho has hhayi okungaka iziphathimandla zaseSoviet (Roman), njengoba ongqondongqondo, sibekezelele ukuntuleka inkululeko.

Brodsky Uhlu luqukethe vosled zamabhuku Antique amabhlogo ezithile zilandelana. Okulandelayo - izincwadi Yempucuko. Kwethulwa incwadi Fransua Rable futhi Dante Alighieri, knight lothando kaPlato.

izinkondlo Western futhi Russian

Block elandelayo ohlwini iyona izincwadi West European wobunxiwankulu ukwakheka kwezenhlalo kanye Russian izinkondlo we Isiliva Age. Abalobi ekhethiwe ne ukunambitheka, ngokuvumelana ngamakhono abo futhi ukubaluleka ifa tetemibhalo letimisiwe:

• Russian Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, uBoris Pasternak, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolay Zabolotsky, Vladislav Khodasevich;
• WaseBrithani nowaseMelika Thomas Hardy, Tomas Eliot, Robert Frost, Marianna Mur, Uisten Oden, Elizabeth Bishop;
• German: Rainer Rilke, Ingeborg Bachmann, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn;
• Spanish: uFederico Garcia Lorca, Antonio Machado, Rafael Alberti, Juan Ramon Himenos;
• Polish: uZbigniew UHerbert, Czeslaw Milosz, Leopold Abasebenzi, Wislawa Szymborska;
• French: Zhyul Syupervel, Blez Sandrar, Giyom Apolliner, Maks Zhakob, Anri Misho;
• NgesiGreki: Giorgos Seferis, uKonstantin Kavafis, Yannis Ritsos;
• Swedish: Harry Martinson, Gunnar Ekellef.

isiphetho

Kuze kube manje, lo resonance kubangela uhlu Brodsky. Izibuyekezo yale ncwadi abathandi kukhona ngazwilinye ethi kulolu hlu uyakufanelekela ngempela ukunakwa, esekelwe wayeyisazi Brodsky.

Futhi kuphakama izingxabano. abafundi ngamunye inselele zibheke ukufunda ibutho elikhulu izincwadi zasendulo. Abanye waphendula ukuthi ukubaluleka izincwadi zasendulo mncane (manje ngakho ungabhali) le kwenaba lezokuphathwa kwabantu kuphela.

Abafundi abaningi amazwana kuhlelekile. Othile ukhumbula ukuthi kwesakhiwo "bhavati Gita" iyingxenye "Mahabharata". Ongabazayo ubuqiniso uhlu, echaza isikhundla sakhe khona kuwo imisebenzi UNikolai Klyuev, abantu anti-lwamaSemite futhi propartiynoy orientation.

Ngamafuphi, kuyafaneleka into esemqoka: incwadi kusukela uhlu Brodsky wakhonza njengephayona ukunyathela-amatshe ukuze ubuqambi kaJosefa Alexandrovich. Kuyinto indlela yabo ukuba nokuqaphela ubuhle izinkondlo Brodsky inikeza abafundi bayo uhlu.

Obani-ke inenzuzo yangempela? Akubona bonke abantu babe nemfundo ekhethekile philological nokulotshwa kwalo. Kodwa ezinye zazo kufihlwe ithalente olusankondlo noma prosaic. Indlela ngimvuse? Impendulo esobala okumelwe ifundwe izincwadi eziningi ezinhle. Futhi kusukela kule umbono uhlu oluphelele Brodsky - hhayi kukho okubi ukuqala.