Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ukwehluka - okungukuthi microevolution

Umqondo kwemvelo njengoba ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, bulukhuni amafomu ukuphila futhi ukubukeka amafomu yayo entsha namuhla kabanzi lisetshenziswe izincwadi ethandwa nasemithonjeni yezindaba. Ukuqagela kwemvelo futhi microevolution, ukusetshenziswa eside amafomu populist dilutes inani layo, ngokuletha ukunakekela inqubo essence. Kuyini micro-kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, ezakheke umphumela wokugcina - lawa imibuzo zihlanganiswe lesi sihloko.

Evolution njengoba inqubo yemvelo

imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ikhomba izinhlobo ezimbili okunemibandela - ukuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi microevolution - njengoba izindlela ukuthuthukisa ukuphila emhlabeni. Kwehlukanisa kanye kunemibandela kususelwe kusayizi amayunithi taxonomic, okuholela ukuhamba kwemvelo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusho ukwakheka taxa ezinkulu (uhlobo lwe, umndeni, ekilasini, nokunye) isikhathi eside. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi microevolution - kumiswa zilwane ezisanda kutholakala, ephansi iyunithi taxonomic. Ngakho-ke microevolution is ngenye ngokuthi speciation, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezintsha phakathi original ngokuzuza ngabodwa zokuzala nokuhlukaniswa endaweni taxon ehlukile.

amaphethini ukuthuthukiswa

kudlule Zonke imithetho yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengeyiqiniso speciation e macrotaxa ngokusebenzisa nesimo esifanayo futhi imithetho efanayo for lisisakhiwo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - izakhamuzi. Kuyini microevolution, eboniswa kalula isibonelo imfundo ezihlobene, phylogenetically zinhlobo eduze ngaphakathi uhlobo lwe efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Arctic, ekhaya kuya kwemithathu zinhlobo ehlobene eduze zamanzi - lwezimpawu Witt, ingwe kanye Ross seal. Ngaphandle ezincane umehluko zangaphandle, inyamazane zabo zihluke kakhulu, baye bahola ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo eduze ahlobene kodwa ezahlukene.

izinhlobo microevolution

Speciation, okuholela zokuzala neskreschivaemosti njengoba esigabeni yokugcina yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngabodwa iqembu ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo, has izindlela eziningana. Ngokusho uhlobo ukwahlukanisa indlela lakhomba inani amafomu. Ngu microevolution zihlanganisa:

• speciation Geographic.
• Speciation ngokuhlukana emvelweni kwenani.
• Speciation kude zokuzala efanele (dokopulyatsionnoy futhi poslekopulyatsionnoy).

Kuyini microevolution yendawo emvelweni?

Kulokhu, ngokucabangela panmictic ngabodwa indlela (ezocansi ekukhiqizweni) amaqembu eziphilayo, lapho kumiswa umbono omusha ngaphansi kwethonya izici zokuma kwezwe noma kwemvelo. ngabodwa Geographical kwenani kubhekwa factor izinguquko landscape eziholela ngabodwa yesikhashana noma ephelele imiphakathi yamazwe ephilayo yohlobo olufanayo. Isibonelo engokomfanekiso - kumiswa esiqhingini zilwane. Futhi kakhulu, mhlawumbe, eyaziwa kulo mongo - ke olwaluhlala bindweed, incazelo nokutadisha okwaholela uCharles Darwin ukuze inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela umsuka zilwane. Isibonelo okungukuthi microevolution njengoba speciation emvelweni elinikwe kakade - lwezimpawu Arctic. Endabeni lwezimpawu isici kwemvelo kwaba inyumbazana we kokudla. Kodwa isici kwemvelo futhi ukushayisana phakathi kwe-zizalela zonyaka ezingafani, izinhlanga ezahlukene emvelweni ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo, njalo njalo.

Dokopulyatsionnaya uhlobo ngabodwa ngenxa uhlobo microevolution

Endabeni ka nakwenzeka Ukunqamula khulula ngabanye ngenxa yokuba umtshingo ubethwa ngubani, kuhambisana ukuntuleka kwemfundo we zygote (bungu) zomzimba, uthi dokopulyativnoy atihambi todvwa. esifika ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene:

• Izinto zokuvala umoya, okuzovela ngenxa yesimo yokuziphatha kobulili (ethological). Isibonelo - eduze frog ezishisayo, futhi ngamazwi ahlukene zinhlobo ngokucacile kokuzalela ukucula.
• Ukuqhela kubangelwa izakhiwo ezahlukene izitho copulative futhi zokuzala. Isibonelo - kwezinhlobo ezahlukene orchid akheke ezithile imbali, ebavumela ukuba impova kuphela uhlobo oluthile hummingbird.

Ukuqhela okubangwa ukungafani gametes. Izibonelo ucwaningo kuphela uhlobo ithrekhi, leli washi kunzima.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya ukwahlukanisa njengoba inqubo speciation

Kulokhu-ke kusho ukuthi kwakheka zygote is. Kuyini micro-ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kule ndaba, bonisa amafomu alandelayo ukufeza bahlukaniswe ngokuphelele zokuzala kwenani ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo:

• Non-ukubaluleka zygote e kusaqalwa ontogeny.
• Ukufa usana olungakazalwa noma abantu abasha ukufinyelela yobudala zokuzala.
• I inzalo ka nzalo.

Mshini walesi uhlobo ukuzihlukanisa eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi lihlotshaniswa cytological, kwamakhemikhali kanye nezici humoral.

Micro-kwemvelo njengoba inqubo ekufezeni ngabodwa ngokugcwele zokuzala amaqembu ngaphakathi zohlobo olulodwa kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha of nye than amafomu umzali eziphilayo. Kodwa kungenjongo theory. Akuwona wonke kwemihlambi labantu kuzoholela ngabodwa zokuzala, hhayi njalo ngabodwa zokuzala kuzoholela kumiswa amafomu amasha. Yini imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - wukuthi microevolution iqala nge ukwahlukanisa futhi uphela.