Uhlelo State - Iyini? Izimpawu uhulumeni. Uyini polity kazwelonke

Polity namuhla isakhiwo enezici, okuyinto kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa neziphathimandla emaphakathi kanye nezinhlangano zokuphatha-indawo yangaphakathi. Empeleni, izimiso nokuxhumana phakathi amayunithi abamelwe wombuso kanye maphakathi iyisici ukuthi inquma ifomu yenhlangano. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwalezi ubudlelwano, degree of igunya nobukhosi futhi inquma imvelo zokubusa. Ezweni inhlangano yanamuhla kahulumeni ngokwethukela igxile wombuso weningi. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi isibonelo yombuso kanye uthi kazwelonke, okuyinto uyakucabangela izithakazelo bezinhlanga ezahlukene.

Umbono ovamile kahulumeni

Ngo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho, kunezinqubo eziningana ukubhekana imibuzo mayelana isakhiwo isimo. Njengomthetho, iningi izingxabano phakathi ochwepheshe iyona definition lesikhungo ngokuya amafomu ethize - isibonelo, federal noma ebumbeneko. Noma kunjalo, kwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi umthethosisekelo - isakhiwo indawo yezwe, elibangela ngokwahlukana yayo ibe izingxenye zalo ingxenye, kanye ukudalula ubudlelwane phakathi iziphathimandla. amafomu Ukwahlukanisa apharathasi buvezwa kakhulu ngezinga kobukhosi ngesikhathi izinhlangano ehlukile ngaphakathi isimo. Izinhlobo eziningana abahlukene amafomu, kodwa ngomqondo obanzi ukwehlukana iminonjana phakathi ebumbeneko kanye uthi federal. Futhi uzinake kuyinto ifomu, okuyinto ezakho kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kule ndaba ukunikeza umphakathi phakathi kwemibuso, izinyunyana kanye nomphakathi uthi ngabanye.

inarha ebumbeneko

Leli fomu zedivayisi ungachazwa ukuthi injalo ingxenye, ie amayunithi zokuphatha akudingeki izimpawu yokuzimela ezibanzi. Nokho ifomu eziyinkimbinkimbi namanje inikeza ngokunginika izinhlangano ungumnikazi usethe imithetho. Singasho ukuthi zesigaba esihlangene isimo isakhiwo - yilona hlaka inhlangano yezwe, lapho zonke izingxenye afakiwe kwelinye esigaba sabefundisi, ukulalela igunya, kodwa akanawo nobukhosi bawo siqu. Isibonelo elula yalolu hlobo engabondli abakubo division zokuphatha kanye indawo uqobo. Kodwa lena into engavamile - isibonelo, ezifana amazwe encane efana Singapore neMelitha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibonelo emazweni ifomu eziyinkimbinkimbi ebumbeneko kungafaka phakathi ukunikeza abanye ukuzimela amayunithi ephambili, okungaba indawo noma extraterritorial. Esimweni sokuqala, isibonelo, ukuzimela ongalinikeza endaweni ehlukile noma indawo, futhi okwesibili - zihlanganisa kuphela abantu bezinye izizwe ezithile.

Izimpawu kudivayisi ebumbeneko

Njengoba singabona, ifomu ebumbeneko angase abe umehluko, kodwa ukuqonda kangcono ngale ndlela yokuhlela isimo kufanele ichaze izimfanelo zaso. Ngakho, ifomu ebumbeneko kahulumeni lamazwe idivayisi libhekene izici ezilandelayo:

• Iziphathimandla akhiwa uhlelo olulodwa igxile kwakuwukuthi omunye isikhungo. Kulesi umzimba zomthetho angaba kudivayisi eyodwa-chamber.
• amandla ombuso is bagxila jikelele ezingeni wombuso, futhi izingxenye imfundo yezwe akudingeki ubukhosi, okungukuthi, lokho akusho ukuthi ezimele futhi kuncike isikhungo.
• yisakhamuzi Single.
• uhlelo lomthetho imelelwa iqophelo elilodwa. Kulokhu, umthethosisekelo olulodwa lonke.

ifomu Regional

Ngaphambi kokuvala kuhulumeni federal, kubalulekile ukwehlukanisa ifomu zesikhashana - yesifunda. Kulokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi ukwakheka umuntu othile ngaphakathi isimo angase abe yokuzimela, kanye ne amandla amakhulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi uhlelo enibaziyo uhlelo federal, kodwa kukhona umehluko othize. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo isimo lesifunda - uhlobo inhlangano yezwe lapho izikhonzi zawo sanikwa amandla ezibanzi, kodwa namanje sincike kuhulumeni. Isici yokugcina kungenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukene. Ngakho, nguye kuphela weNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo, kungathi kwamanye amazwe, izinqumo ezibalulekile zokwakheka zokuphatha-indawo. Ngendlela efanayo, futhi wenziwa ukulawula izingxenye ephambili kahulumeni. Ezimweni eziningi, kakhulu ukuzimela kuyinto okuzisholo kuphela. Kodwa kukhona izibonelo okuphambene, lapho izifunda afakwa ngokugcwele ikhono balolonge neziphathimandla zendawo, abaphathi, umthetho, nokunye. D.

federated isimo

Ngokungafani ifomu ebumbeneko, umfelandawonye kusho ukunikeza isimo izifundo eNgophezukonke ezithile, kodwa ngendlela elinganiselwe. Le ndlela yenhlangano futhi kusekelwe ukusatshalaliswa amandla phakathi kwesifunda ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi kanye phakathi nendawo. Ngu ubunjalo ukwakheka izingxenye isimo federal izigaba ezintathu:

• Federation yokuqondisa. Kulokhu, kucatshangwa uhlelo zokuphatha nezombusazwe konke lasungulwa yangaphakathi kwakheka isisekelo izici kwezomnotho, zomlando, ezindawo nezinye.
• ifomu kazwelonke imfundo. Encwadini umfelandawonye onjalo izifundo zihlukaniswe izici kazwelonke namalimi wemiphakathi, okuyinto abangela izizwe abahlala ensimini ka izwe.
• Federation ezixutshiwe. Futhi-ke kubizwa ngokuthi umumo kazwelonke indawo lapho kumiswa izingxenye esiyinhlanganisela is ngamakhasimende indawo futhi kazwelonke izimiso division.

Izimpawu isimo sikahulumeni

Omunye izici eziyinhloko lolu hlobo idivayisi iku ukwehlukana izinto kwamandla phakathi kwamakhamera ocingo umthombo wamandla kanye lo mfelandawonye. Isici elilandelayo ngezinga elithile kusukela esandulele - a ababili abaphuma isakhiwo iziphathimandla. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kulokhu sihlinzekela igatsha yombuso kanye izihloko ePhalamende, okuyinto unelungelo ukwakha abaphathi bendawo. Futhi ukuhlukanisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni kungaba uhlelo ezimbili abaphuma komthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthethosisekelo kanye nohlaka lomthetho kukhona kokubili ezingeni emaphakathi kanye ezingeni lebhizinisi. Kwezinye izimo, yezingxenye ingafakwa yisakhamuzi wendawo - ngaphezu federal jikelele.

ukuhlanganyela

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, uma kulesakhiwo uhulumeni indlela esiqinile, izinyunyana azisebenzi amafomu yenhlangano. Noma kunjalo, kukhona okuhlukile, ezinye zazo kungaba ivulwe futhi ukuhlanganyela. Kulokhu, kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo - uhlobo inyunyana lamazwe eziningana, okuyinto isetjenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe izinhloso zezomnotho, zezombangazwe noma ezinye. Eqinisweni, isisekelo Ukucabangela lesi zohulumeni yikhono uthumele umfelandawonye. Kufanele ikhumbule ematfuba kwamazinyo aso ezifundazweni eziningana ebumbeneko. ifomu Confederation eyaziwa izibonelo kumiswa wekuba sive eSwitzerland, eJalimane nase-United States. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, kula mazwe amelela inyunyana, okuyinto kamuva ashintshwa aba isimo agcwele.

izimpawu Confederation

Njengoba injalo manje le limise izimpawu polity ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokuvamile zingqubuzane isimo sangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, Switzerland efanayo ngokusemthethweni kusalokhu ukuhlanganyela, futhi ngempela eside elinesimo isakhiwo sikahulumeni. Noma kunjalo, phakathi izimpawu zakudala we ukuhlanganyela kukhona okulandelayo:

• Noma yimuphi State oyingxenye umfelandawonye, ungaba siqu amabutho akhe ahlomile amasha futhi iziphathimandla. Kulokhu, iziphathimandla ephakeme kuphela ukuxhumanisa izingxenye ingxenye akhiwa ezingeni emaphakathi.
• imfundo Yangaphakathi babe ubukhosi, okuyinto sivezwe kula ukugcwala amandla isimo.
• Wonke amalungu isimo inyunyana babe lomthethosisekelo zomthetho imizimba yayo siqu, futhi wazitholela umthethosisekelo ezivamile confederal ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Nokho, umzimba kuphela zomthetho e-Union level khona.
• Ubuzwe Confederation, njengoba umthetho, singanikezwanga.
• Phezu ukufinyelela imigomo yabo, ngamunye State kungase ngokuzithandela bahoxe ekungeneleni Union.

Uyini kazwelonke kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo?

wekuba sive kuyaqabukela kwenzeka ngaphandle kokucabangela izici of sovereignties kazwelonke bezizwe ezihlukahlukene abahlala kuleli zwe. Lokhu indlela ekuhlelweni kungathatha indawo ebumbeneko kanye isimo sikahulumeni. I-close kakhulu ohlelweni kazwelonke-state nje kuyindlela federal yenhlangano, ngoba maningi amathuba kusikisela ukuba khona izizwe eziningi ngaphakathi kwelinye izwe. Okungukuthi, ukuba baqonde lokho okufundiswa polity kazwelonke, kufanele aqondiswe umphakathi multi-yobuhlanga. Njengomthetho, uhlelo okuthiwa ithi lapho izakhamizi zihlale, emelela bezizwe ezihlukahlukene.

wezombusazwe

Ngaphansi kombuso kahulumeni ukuqonda ukulawula zezombusazwe, obonakaliswe nesigcino izindlela, amafomu kanye nezindlela ukuqaliswa kwe ubudlelwane emphakathini. It kungabonakala nakulokho njengendlela kumiswa kanye nokusebenza kwezimiso zezombusazwe. Kuze kube manje, imibuso enjalo ehambisana polity yeningi, authoritarianism kanye kobushiqela. Ngayinye yalezi izindlela libhekene izindlela ayo Ekusebenziseni amandla, sihileleke ngezinga elingakanani abantu ukuphathwa, noma isimo sengqondo lomthetho, nokunye. D. Kubalulekile sikhumbule ukuthi kungenzeka izakhi ukwakheka zokubusa zezombusazwe imodi esuselwe ezisekelweni ezahlukene, kuhlanganise amathuluzi lwezenhlalo, zezikhungo, kanye ngemibono.

uhlobo lukahulumeni

Enye incenye lebalulekile ngesimo state uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Nguye onqumayo ukuthi izimiso uyomenzela ohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ifomu ohlanga kahulumeni, umbuso uhulumeni, uhlelo zezombangazwe nenhlangano jikelele amandla okhonzile ngokuphelele intando yomuntu oyedwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-republic kuhlanganisa iqhaza kwetinhlavu kanye Ukwakheka kohlelo isimo kahulumeni ingxenye umphakathi, ikakhulukazi, zonke isakhamuzi. In an icala ngokwedlulele ilungelo enjalo onikwe izikhungo omele, okuyinto yena, banesibopho kuya zomphakathi.

isiphetho

izikhungo zikaHulumeni ezakhiwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, kodwa namuhla asikwazi ukuthi kukhona ukusebenzisana ngokufanayo nokucacisa kwinhlangano kahle ubudlelwane phakathi kuhulumeni futhi abadlali lesifunda. Okwamanje, uhlelo isimo isimo eqala ezinye tinkhulumo, oyinhloko okuyizinto amafomu ebumbeneko nokazwelonke. Ngamunye wabo inezici yaso ehlukile enhle, kodwa kunezindlela eziningi lokufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, sakhiwo esiphezulu komthetho ezimweni zombili kukhona imizimba kuhulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke akunakuphikwa ukuthi umfelandawonye inikeza amathuba amaningi self-inhlangano ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi ngaphakathi kwawo.